1. SGDU 5024
LEADERSHIP IN EDUCATION
QUESTIONS
FOR THE PURPOSES OF REVIEW
AND PREPARATIONS
FOR FINAL EXAM
LECTURER’S NAME: PROF. DR. ABDUL MOQIM RAHMANZAI
ZAKARIA BIN OTHMAN
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2. TOPIC NO.4
HOW DOES
A LEADER KEEP TRACK
OF CRITICAL STEPS IN
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
2
OF ALL FOUR
CALIPH AR-RASHIDEEN,
WHICH ONE HAS THE BEST
LEADERSHIP PRACTICES
THAT COULD BE APPROPRIATE
TO THE CURRENT SITUATION?
EXPLAIN.
TOPIC NO.30

3. TOPIC NO.4
HOW DOES
A LEADER KEEP TRACK
OF CRITICAL STEPS IN
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
3

4. PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Project management is the discipline of
1.planning,
2.organizing,
3.motivating, and
4.controlling resources
to achieve specific goals. A project is a temporary
endeavor with a defined beginning and end
(usually time-constrained, and often constrained
by funding or deliverables),[1] undertaken to meet
unique goals and objectives,[2] typically to bring
about beneficial change or added value.
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5. PROJECT MANAGEMENT
The primary challenge of project management
is to achieve all of the project goals[4] and
objectives while honoring the preconceived
constraints.[5] The primary constraints are
scope, time, quality and budget.[6]
The secondary —and more ambitious—
challenge is to optimize the allocation of
necessary inputs and integrate them to
meet pre-defined objectives.
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6. CRITICAL CHAINS
Critical chain project management (CCPM) is a
method of planning and managing project
execution designed to deal with
uncertainties inherent in managing projects,
while taking into consideration limited
availability of resources (physical, human
skills, as well as management & support
capacity) needed to execute projects.
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7. CRITICAL CHAINS
CCPM is an application of the Theory of
Constraints (TOC) to projects. The goal is to
increase the flow of projects in an
organization (throughput). Applying the first
three of the five focusing steps of TOC, the
system constraint for all projects is identified
as are the resources. To exploit the
constraint, tasks on the critical chain are
given priority over all other activities. Finally,
projects are planned and managed to
ensure that the resources are ready when
the critical chain tasks must start,
subordinating all other resources to the
critical chain. 7

8. five focusing steps of TOC
1.Identify the system's constraint(s) (that which
prevents the organization from obtaining more of the
goal in a unit of time)
2.Decide how to exploit the system's constraint(s) (how
to get the most out of the constraint)
3.Subordinate everything else to the above decision
(align the whole system or organization to support
the decision made above)
4.Elevate the system's constraint(s) (make other major
changes needed to increase the constraint's capacity)
5.Warning! If in the previous steps a constraint has
been broken, go back to step 1, but do not allow
inertia to cause a system's constraint.[5]
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9. five focusing steps of TOC
The five focusing steps aim to ensure
ongoing improvement efforts are
centered on the organization's
constraint(s). In the TOC literature,
this is referred to as the
process of ongoing improvement
(POOGI).
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10. TOPIC NO.30
OF ALL FOUR
CALIPH AR-RASHIDEEN,
WHICH ONE HAS THE BEST
LEADERSHIP PRACTICES
THAT COULD BE APPROPRIATE
TO THE CURRENT SITUATION?
EXPLAIN.
10

11.  The subject of leadership is crucial in Islam.
 In most circumstances in life, Muslims are urged to appoint a
leader and follow him.
 Select a leader (imam) to lead the prayer.
 Choose a leader for other group activities.
 The husband is the leader of his family. In the absence
of her husband, the wife assumes the role of leader of
the house.
11

12. Vicegerency, the Islamic concept of Leadership
first emerged from the Qur'anic verse that
expressed Allah's wish to appoint His vicegerent
on earth soil as to maintain justice among the
creations both human beings and jinns that
would worship Him.
• I have only created Jinns and men, that they
may serve Me.
• (Al-Dhariyat, 51:56)
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13. The Qur'anic perspective of leadership is
modelled by Prophet Muhammad. As described
by the Qur'an he is the greatest model for all
Muslim leaders:
•
• You have indeed in the Apostle of God a
beautiful pattern (of conduct)
• (Al-Ahzab, 33:21)
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14. • Prophet Muhammad (saw) said,
•
• (Abu Da’ud on the authority of Abu Sa’id)
14

15. Islam views leadership as a responsibility which
is shared by all adults in a Muslim society. As
pointed out clearly by Prophet Muhammad in
one of the hadiths,
• Sahih Bukhari, hadith 3.733
15

16. 16
Servant-leader
Guardian-leader

17. The servant-leader is servant first… It begins with
the natural feeling that one wants to serve, to
serve first. […] The best test, and the most difficult
to administer, is: Do those served grow as
persons?
 The leader is the servant of his followers
 Seek their welfare and guide them towards
good
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18. • Prophet Muhammad (pbuh)
 He was nicknamed the ‘trustworthy’ by his compatriots;
 He provided help to those who sought his help especially those
who were weak, old and helpless; and he placed service before
self-interest (Ibn Hesham, 802).
 Hawwa (1990) narrates an incident when the Prophet (pbuh)
went on a trip with a group of Muslims. They decided to cook a
lamb for dinner. Three men from among the group volunteered
to prepare the dinner, one volunteered to cut the sheep, the
second volunteered to skin it, the third volunteered to cook it,
and the Prophet (pbuh) volunteered to collect the wood and
start the fire.
 Descriptions of the interaction between the Prophet (pbuh) and
his companions show that the criteria of Greenleaf’s have been
met by the Prophet (pbuh) and many of his companions (Al-
Ghazali, 1093).
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19.  One of the constructs of modern servant leadership
is the concept that the leader should be a role
model for the followers. This has certainly been the
case for the Prophet (pbuh) the early Muslim
leaders. The Quran commands the believers to take
the prophet as their role model.
 The concept of servant leadership in Islam is
enhanced by the principle that leaders should not,
normally, seek appointment to an office but they are
usually nominated by others (Hawwa, 1990). These
nominations are, usually, based on the track record
of the person. This provides a way to differentiate
between candidates who want to be “servantfirst”
and those who want to be “leader-first”.
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20. A commander (of the Muslims) is a shield for
them. […]
 To protect his community against tyranny and
oppression, to encourage God-conciousness
and taqwa, and to promote justice.
20

21.  In Islam every one is guardian and supervisor in his own
domain:
 husband is supervisor of home, wife and children;
 wife is guardian of house of her husband;
 teacher is guardian of students and so on.
 It has been narrated on the authority of Ibn 'Umar that the
Holy Prophet (pbuh) said: Beware every one of you is a
shepherd and every one is answerable with regard to his
flock. The Caliph is a shepherd over the people and shall be
questioned about his subjects (as to how he conducted
their affairs).
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22.  A man is a guardian over the members of his family and
shall be questioned about them (as to how he looked
after their physical and moral well-being).
 A woman is a guardian over the household of her
husband and his children and shall be questioned about
them (as to how she managed the household and
brought up the children).
 A slave is a guardian over the property of his master and
shall be questioned about it (as to how he safeguarded
his trust).
 Beware, every one of you is a guardian and every one of
you shall be questioned with regard to his trust.
(“Beware”, 2007)
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23. CALIPH AR-RASHIDEEN(632-661)
were four Caliphs (leaders) of
Islam first, which is believed
by Muslims as the successor
of the Prophet Muhammad's
leadership after he died.
23

24. CALIPH AR-RASHIDEEN
Four people were close
companions of Muhammad
who noted the closest and
most are in defense when he
brought the teachings of the
apostolic time of
Muhammad.
24

25. CALIPH AR-RASHIDEEN
The fourth caliph was chosen
not by lineage, but based on
mutual consensus of
Muslims.
25

26. CALIPH AR-RASHIDEEN
System selection for each a
leader is different, it happens
because the companions
assumes no explicit reference
left by Prophet Muhammad
about how the Muslim
leadership succession will
last.
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27. THE FOUR CALIPH AR-RASHIDEEN
1. Abu Bakr - 632–634
2. Umar ibn al-Khattab - 634–644
3. Uthman ibn Affan - 644–656
4. Ali ibn Abi Talib - 656–661
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28. 1. Abu Bakr – 632 -634
Caliph Abu Bakr Al-Shiddiq has soft
and firm character. Stir in the
national mood, the leader of a
character as the Caliph Abu Bakr as-
Shiddiq desperately needed. With
the softness, he can convince
people that talked into doing trick.
Meanwhile, the people who are
facing a decisive undermined by He.
28

29. 2. Umar ibn al-Khattab (634-644)
At the time of Caliph Umar bin
Khattab, the more peaceful
situation. In this case, the character
must have a leader like Umar Bin
Khattab, that is intelligent, decisive,
and the best interests of the
people. Umar bin Khattab
intelligence is necessary to develop
social policies that islami.
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30. Uthman ibn Affan (644-656)
The situation at the time of Caliph
Uthman bin Affan was really
peaceful. Prosperity has been
achieved in all walks of life. In cases
like this, the pious leaders of
character, kindness, and patience
are indispensable. With characters
like Caliph Uthman bin Affan, the
prosperity of the people can be
reached, either physical or spiritual.30

31. Ali ibn Abi Talib (656-661)
At the time of power transition from
the Caliph Uthman ibn Affan to the
Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib, the chaos
back occurs. In conditions like this
country, the character of leadership
and prioritize the truth is very
necessary. Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib
has the right character. Assertive
Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib in defense of
truth similar to the Caliph Umar ibn
Khattab.
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