6. The recording and analysis of experiences of a society comprise the totality of a people’s history.
7. …the use of correlated disciplines is necessary to understand the reasons and consequence of human actions.
8. Challenge and response theory of Arnold Toynbee presents that man responds to situation placed before him. Thus, mankind’s approach in coping with challenges determines history.
12. The failure of a civilization to survive was a result of its inability to respond to challenges.
13. The exchange theory of Alvin Scaff on the other hand refers to the systematic statement of principles that govern the exchange of goods (tangible and intangible) between individuals, between groups, between organizations, and even nations.
14. For G.W.F Hegel, an idea is the moving force of history. He believes that man has a task to do so that events may happen. Hegel’s role of the historical man follows a principle, which he called Weltgeist or world spirit, which embodies ideals like patriotism, heroism, and unity.
15. Karl Marx’s the materialist concept of history asserts that the prevailing economic system determines tha form of societal organization and the political and intellectual history of the epoch, which thus attribute actions and events in history to economic motives.
16. Another approach to historical studies is the method of historiography developed by Fernand Braudel.
17. According to Braudel, human actions are not only based on human decision but also of ‘structures’ that may be natural or man-made.
19. For Rizal, history offers the key to national identity and the basis for future development.
20. Teodoro Agoncillo, considered the father of Filipino nationalist historiography, wrote the conditions of Philippines past by analyzing the conditions of the masses.
21. Agoncillo’s works where reactions to the traditional presentations of Philippine history being colonial and elitist.
22. On the other hand, Renato Constatino defined history as “the recorded struggle of people for ever increasing freedom, and for higher realization of the human person.
23. He presents the idea of the associated man, a man who interacts with nature and other men.
24. History is not just presenting a long, unbroken chain of events but instead, it illustrates movement of people and ideas over time and space.
25.
26. Religious orders which chronicled the history of the Philippines include Augustinian, Franciscans, Dominicans, Jesuits, and Recollects.
27. Fray Pedro Chirino (1604) a Jesuit, and Fray Juan Plasencia (1589) are among the religious friars who recorded observations of Filipino Society and culture.
28. Filipino Muslims were also able to preserve written materials of great historical value such as the sarsila or tarsila and kitab.
29. Philippine Insurgent Records (Philippine Revolutionary Records) represents the records during the US suppression of Filipino from 1899-1903.
30. Important repository of Filipiniana material is the National Library, which later separated into two entities, the National Library and the National Museum.
31. Historical Data Papers or Provincial Histories are records of history and culture of localities collected by teachers to replace government records destroyed during World War II.