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Unit 8. Structures of  Inequalities,[object Object],nadiadresscher,[object Object]
Objectives unit 8,[object Object],Explain the multidimensional concepts of social stratification and social inequalities,[object Object],Explain how social stratification is sustained by certain ideologies,[object Object],The classical theories perspective on social stratification,[object Object],Relate the experience of inequalities from a development perspective: enhancing capabilities,[object Object]
An experiment in wealth distribution, or in what we consider “just”, “fair” and “equal”…,[object Object]
This experiment is inspired by John Rawl’s theory of justice,[object Object],This is an experiment in the exploration of the following concepts: wealth, equality, fairness and justice,[object Object],(veil of ignorance/original position) You wake up one day andyou don’t have any information about particular characteristics of yourself: you don’t know your ethnicity, social status, gender and, crucially, your whole concept of what is The good dissolves. (This forces participants to select principles impartially and rationally),[object Object],Now you have to select principles that will determine the basic structure of the society you will live in. ,[object Object]
You can choose between 2 choices:(this is the simplified and modified  version of the experiment),[object Object],3 kind of societies where social and economic inequalities are to be arranged in the following form ,[object Object],The greatest benefit goes to the least advantaged,[object Object],Equality for all no matter who you are,[object Object],Wealth attached to offices and positions open to all under conditions of fair equality of opportunity.,[object Object]
Your choice,[object Object],What would you choose and most important why?,[object Object],This experiment shows us how values and believes about what you understand as “justice” and “equality” influences the way wealth and opportunities are being distributed in society,[object Object]
Social stratification, social divisions, process of inequality,[object Object]
What is social stratification,[object Object],A system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy ,[object Object],The degree of social closure and mobility that is allowed in the society. Closed systems allow little change in social position, while open systems permit some mobility ,[object Object],Degree of social inequalities,[object Object]
5 principles organizing social stratification,[object Object],Social stratification is a characteristic of society, not simply a reflection of individual differences,[object Object],Social stratification persists over generations,[object Object],Social stratification is universal but variable,[object Object],Social stratification involves not just inequalities but believes (ideologies),[object Object],Social stratification engenders shared identities ,[object Object]
Forms of social divisions ,[object Object],Social and economic divisions,[object Object],Gender and sexuality,[object Object],Ethnic and racialised divisions,[object Object],Age divisions,[object Object],Health and disablement,[object Object],Language/dialect and nationalities,[object Object]
Processes at work that sustain social stratifications,[object Object],Social exclusion and marginalization (groups are being expelled of participation in society),[object Object],Exploitation (the transfer of results of the labour of one social group to benefit another, dehumanizing labour conditions, e.g. forced prostitutions, or jobs where you work long hours without breaks/vacation days, they threaten you that you will lose your job, if you don’t follow instructions),[object Object],Powerlessness (people lack authority, status,power, sense of self,),[object Object],Cultural imperialism (e.g. the experience of colonization),[object Object],Violence,[object Object]
Intersectionality of inequalities,[object Object],The ways in which different forms of inequality and division interact with each other!,[object Object],E.g. social class and gender, gender and ethnicity, social class and education etc.,[object Object]
e.g. food, environment and social economic inequalities,[object Object],Watch trailer Food Inc.,[object Object]
e.g. not getting a job because of discrimination,[object Object]
3 experiences of inequality in the 21st century:,[object Object]
Living on a minimum wage,[object Object]
Let’s play spent!,[object Object],http://www.playspent.org/,[object Object]
Ideologies for the explanation of social inequalities,[object Object],Meritocracy: stratification as functional,[object Object],Marxist and neo- marxist ideas on stratification ,[object Object],Stratification and technology in global perspective,[object Object]
Meritocracy,[object Object]
Term coined by Micheal Young,[object Object]
Meritocracy: stratification as functional (SF theory),[object Object],A system of social stratification based on personal merit. Talents and effort,[object Object],Davis and Moore thesis (1945),[object Object],A pure system class would be meritocracy, rewarding everyone based on ability and effort. Such a society would have extensive social mobility, blurring social categories as individuals move up and down in the social system depending on their performance,[object Object],Are opportunities equal? Is meritocracy a fair system?,[object Object]
21st century new social inequalities,[object Object]
Some protesters of #ows,[object Object]
We are still on time, we can still revolutionize our social reality,[object Object],Why? Or why not a Marxist revolution?,[object Object]
If Marx was alive now, these are the con’s and pro’s he would hear:,[object Object]
Global expansion of capitalism,[object Object],Watch trailer: Manufactured landscapes,[object Object]
Other theories…,[object Object],Weber identified 3 distinct dimensions of social inequality:,[object Object],Economic class,[object Object],Social status/prestige,[object Object],Power,[object Object],Taken together these 3 dimensions form a complex hierarchy of socio-economic standing,[object Object]
Other theories…,[object Object],Lensky explained that historically technological advances have been associated with more pronounced social stratification. A limited reversal of this trend occurs in advanced industrial societies, as represented by the Kuznets curve,[object Object]
Unit 8 structures of inequality
Human Development perspective,[object Object]
HD video 2010,[object Object],http://link.brightcove.com/services/player/bcpid988092871?bctid=659474810001,[object Object]
Human development,[object Object],Human development is the expansion of people’s freedoms to live long, healthy and creative lives: to advance other goals they have reason to value; and to engage actively in shaping development equitability and sustainability on a shared planet. People are both the beneficiaries and drivers of human development, as individuals and in groups.,[object Object]
Extract from documentary,[object Object],“The Examined life”  (29:17 - 37:11),[object Object], Martha Nussbaum speaks about capabilities, the social contract and Rawl’s theory of Justice,[object Object]
Human development- 3 components,[object Object],Well-being: expanding people’s real freedoms, so that people can flourish,[object Object],Empowerment and agency: enabling people and groups to act, to drive valuable outcomes,[object Object],Justice: expanding equity, sustaining outcomes over time and respecting human rights and other goals of society,[object Object]
Paradigm shift: what is development?,[object Object],Move from GDP to Human Development Index,[object Object]
New discourses…,[object Object],Human development,[object Object],Human rights,[object Object],Participative culture, new forms for the expression of agency. ,[object Object],E.g.Digital activism ,[object Object]

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Unit 8 structures of inequality

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Notes de l'éditeur

  1. Ad 2. is there opportunities for social mobility (vertical and horizontal) social mobility: change in one’s position in a social hierarchy.Ad 3. what is unequal and how unequal it is varies from one society to another.Ad 4. defining of arrangements as being “fair”, the explanation of why people should be unequal. (ideologies, hegemonies) Development is normative. (think of differences between neo-liberal philosophy and Marxist’s philosophy (two extremes of a continuum). Meritocracy is also an ideology!Ad.5 identity serves to mark off one social division from others, often being closely linked to different kinds of culture as well. Think of Marx’s class identities and why the class consciousness was so important
  2. how intertwined our social realities are to our environmental realities. The video pairs the exploitation of low level workers in the food industry with the tragic conditions animals are raised and slaughtered in. At one point in the film someone says that corporate food producers treat workers exactly like the treat their animals. Both will be gone soon, so it just easier to design the system to acquire them quickly, use them up, and discard them.