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Grid Computing

Seminar report

By:
Neha Bhambu
00CE035
B.Tech Final yr
Computer Science
Introduction
A Grid is a collection of distributed
heterogeneous computing and data
resources available through network
tools and protocols which enable
controlled and coordinated sharing
and appear as a single large virtual
computing system




SETI@Home made the idea of finding extraterrestrial
life exciting by allowing the public to process radio logs
for peaks and regular signals by providing the
computing power of a supercomputer by utilizing
scavenging CPU cycles of so many idle PCs disperserd
at so many diverse locations all around the world .
Distributed.net concentrates on the computational
needs of solving encrypted strings through brute force
methods .
NSPA ,Globus grid project ,Teragrid ,zetagrid are
providing viable grid services through the use of Web

Services based on OGSA/OGSI standards.


A virtual organization is a collaboration of various
individuals or institutions with a common goal sharing
resources like storage , computing power , software,
data ,file sharing in a highly controlled way with clearly
defined access rights .
Types of grid
: of shared
1.On the basis
resources:
Computational grid
Data Grid

Scavenging grid
2.On the basis of
topology :
Cluster grid
Intra grid

Inter grid
Extra grid
3. On the basis of
behavior:

Enterprise grid
Partner grid
Service grid
Grid Layered
Structure
OGSA

• OGSA is a distributed interaction and computing
architecture that is based around the Grid service,
assuring interoperability on heterogeneous systems so
that different types of systems can communicate and
share information.It is itself evolving and attempts to
describe the core capabilities of the grid. definition of
standard service interfaces and protocols.
• Some of the facilitites provided:
• Naming: Each grid service instance is globally, uniquely,
and for all time named by a Grid Service Handle (GSH).
• Factories: Create new grid service instances and
maintain a group of service data elements that can be
queried. A factory will also have an associated registry
to keep track of these instances and enable discovery.
s.
• Stateful: A grid service instance has a state. A process
can be initiated via a method call on a service port type
and its state checked using the GSR.
OGSI
• The Open Grid Services Interface (OGSI) specification
is a
• companion standard that defines the interfaces and
protocols that will be used between the various services
in a grid environment. The OGSI is the standard that will
provide the inter-operability between grids designed
using OGSA.
• OGSI consists of specifications on how work is
managed, distributed, and how service providers and
grid services are described. Web services, particularly
the Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) and Web
Services Description Language (WSDL), are a major
part of this specification.
Grid Service Semantics
• Web Services model used as it is a distributed object
model.
• The Grid service interface is described by WSDL to
use the service. A new tag gsdl has been added to the
WSDL document for Grid service description. The
UDDI registry and WSIL document are used to locate
Grid service. The transport protocol SOAP is used to
connect data and application for accessing Grid
service .
• The interfaces of Grid services address discovery,
dynamic service instance creation, life-time
management, notification, and manageability.
Grid Service Handling
Service versioning and upgrading
The portTypes of a Grid service and the
versioning information are specified in
the Grid service's serviceType in
OGSA. Grid Services in a distributed
system can be independently upgraded
based on the versioning information
defined in WSDL. The compatibility
between Grid services can be managed
in OGSA based on the versioning
information. The service client can
easily find and invoke a Grid service
with right method signatures.
Grid service instance creation and
invocation
The user application invokes create Grid
service requests on the factory
interface to create a new service
instance. An initial lifetime of the
instance can be specified before the
service instance is created.The newly
created service instance will keep the
user credentials for interacting with
other systems over the Internet. The
newly created Grid service instance will
be automatically assigned a globally
unique name called the Grid Service
Handle (GSH). In a transient stateful
service if a failed operation happens,
the keeplive messages stop . Then the
Grid service instance automatically
times out .
Grid Service Commands
Grid Service Deployment
• The Remote Procedure Call (RPC) servlet of Simple
Object Access Protocol (SOAP) and the real
implementation of the Grid service can be deployed on
an application server . All the invocation messages will
be captured by the SOAP RPC servlet, which routes the
messages to the corresponding Grid service. Grid
services can be published to a Universal Description,
Discovery and Integration (UDDI )egistry, or WSInspection (WSIL ) documents .
GRAM
GRAM is the module that provides the remote execution and
status management of the execution. When a job is submitted
by a client, the request is sent to the remote host and handled
by the gatekeeper daemon located in the remote host. Then
the gatekeeper creates a job manager to start and monitor
the job. When the job is finished, the job manager sends the
status information back to the client and terminates.
MDS(Monitoring and Discovery Service)
MDS gives users the ability to obtain vital information about the
grid and grid resources. It utilizes LDAP(lightweight directory
access protocol) to execute queries. MDS provides access to
static and dynamic information of resources. Basically, it contains
the following components:
Grid Resource Information Service (GRIS)
Grid Index Information Service (GIIS)
Information Provider
MDS client
GSI
• The infrastructure is based on the SSL protocol (Secure
Socket Layer), public key encryption, and x.509
certificates.
• GSI authentication
GSI offers users a secure authentication option by
creating a time-stamped proxy based on the user's
private key. Users can't submit jobs to run or transfer
data without creating the proxy. Once created, the proxy
is used to grant -- or deny -- access to resources found
throughout the grid. Because the proxy is used across
the system, this gives the end user the ability to sign on
only once. In a PKI, all entities (users and resources)
are identified by a globally unique name known as a
Distinguished Name (DN).
• GSI authorization
The GSI handles user authorization by mapping the
user to a local user on the system being accessed. In a
GSI-enabled grid, the system receiving the request
reads the user's name from the proxy, and then
accesses a local file to map that name to a local user.
• GSI secure communication
By default, GSI secures communications using digital
certificates for mutual authentication and SSL/TLS for
data encryption. The Toolkit contains OpenSSL, which it
uses create an encrypted tunnel between grid clients
and servers.
• A proxy credential is a short-term credential that is
created by a user,which can be used in place of the
long-term credential to authenticatethat user .
Grid FTP
GridFTP provides a secure and
reliable data transfer among grid
nodes. The word GridFTP can
referred to a protocol, a server, or a
set of tools.
GridFTP protocol
GridFTP is a protocol intended to
be used in all data transfers on the
grid.
GridFTP server and client
Globus Toolkit provides the
GridFTP server and GridFTP client,
which are implemented by the
in.ftpd daemon and by the globusurl-copy command, respectively.
They support most of the features
defined on the GridFTP protocol.
The GridFTP server and client
support two types of file transfer:
standard and third-party. The
standard file transfer is where a
client sends the local file to the
remote machine, which runs the
FTP server. Third-party file transfer
is where there is a large file in
remote storage and the
client wants to copy it to another
remote server.
Grid service working :
•
•
•
•

Grid Computing
Environment system where
This describes the “user side” of a computing
users interact via which controls a set of distributed back end
resources. GCE‟s fulfill (at least) two functions :
“Programming the User Side of the Grid”
Controlling user interaction – rendering any output and
allowing user input in some (web) page. This includes
aggregation of multiple data sources in a single portal page.
A nugget is defined as a code module individually
programmed to provide a particular service like SQL interface
. GCE programming refers to their integration.This integration
is termed as workflow and in acommon modelled paradigm a
graphical interface where one can choose nuggets from a
palette and link „ports‟ or channels of the nugget.
•

Catalog of primitive
functions needed to
program the grid
enabled as a command
line interface .
GCE Shell must express:
• Negotiated interaction
between nuggets and
users.
• Files and services
hirarchies at all levels of
system .
• Distinction between
object and its metadata.
GCE Shell must have
following features:
• Search
• Discovery
• Registration
• Security
• Better workflow
• Groups and
collaboration features
• Meta-data handling
• Management and
Scheduling
• Networks
• Negotiation primitives
for service interaction

GCE
Shell
Problem Solving
Environments
• A problem solving environment is a
computational system that provides a
complete and convenient set of high level tools
for solving problems from a specific domain.
The PSE allows users to define and modify
problems, choose solution strategies, interact
with and manage appropriate hardware and
software resources, visualize and analyze
results, and record and coordinate extended
problem solving tasks.
User Portal
with multiple grid services
SandBox
Grid Bandwidth
Management
Bandwidth considerations
comprise :
CPU usage The CPU bandwidth
of the grid is the maximum rate
at which the grid can operate.
Network usage. The bandwidth
available to
a grid and that used by the grid in
its normal operation. Larger
bandwidth availability enables
us to build more complex, high
power grids.
• Bandwidth will be affected by a
number of factors :
• Number of clients in the grid
• Number of work units distributed
each time
• Period required to process each
unit
• Work unit size (source and
response)

• A WorkQueue table holds
the information about all of
the work units in the system
and their status, such as
waiting, assigned to a client,
or completed. A second
table, ActiveUnits, holds the
information about which
clients have which units.

Cooperative
computing
using a
dynamic server
.Each client can
measure its
own
performance
and then
report it to
broker.
• Serial job flow
In this case there is a single
thread of job execution
where each of the
subsequent jobs has to wait
for its predecessor to end
and deliver output data as
input to the next job. This
means any job is a
consumer of its
predecessor, the data
producer.

Parallel job Flow
Each job may receive a
discrete set
of data, and fulfills its
computational task
independently and delivers
its output.

Network job flow
More analysis needs to be
done to determine how best
to split the application into
individual jobs, maximizing
parallelism. It also adds
more dependencies on the
grid infrastructure services

Job Flow
Conclusion
• Grids have become viable by the use of
standards like OGSA and OGSI and are
instrumental in harnessing huge
computing power and storage resources
by coordinated and controlled sharing on
heterogeneous systems.
• In future grid computing will become
ubiquitous and use of web services will
become even more pronounced as web
services are based on distributed
computing model .
• Grid services are transient ,autonomus
and are being developed as large inter
grids .
• Grid services are being sponsored by
industrial and techno bigwigs like IBM,
Entropia, NSPA and standards being
constructed at Global Grid Forum .
• Globus toolkit versions are being
developed which provide features for grid
services development.
• Security is a big consideration and GSI
norms enforcement assures reliability.
References
IBM Redbooks:
Louis Ferriera , Victor Bersotis. 2002. Introduction to
Grid Computing with Globus
Bart Jacobs, Norbert Breinstein 2002. Enabling
Applications for Grid Computing with globus
White Papers
Ian Foster Carl Kesselman Steven Tuecke 2001 The
Anatomy of the Grid
Ian Foster Carl Kesselman Steven Tuecke 2002
The Physiology of the Grid
AIan Foster Carl Kesselman Steven Tuecke 2002
Security Architecture for Grids
Geoffery Fox 2001
Grid Computing Environments
Gregor von Laszewski et.al 2000. Problem Solving
Environments and Portals
Web Pages:
Qun Zhou Leng Zheing 2002 . Developing Grid
computing applications, Part 1_files,
Part2_files.html
Martin C.Brown 2003 .Merging grids and web
services.html

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Grid computing

  • 1. Grid Computing Seminar report By: Neha Bhambu 00CE035 B.Tech Final yr Computer Science
  • 2. Introduction A Grid is a collection of distributed heterogeneous computing and data resources available through network tools and protocols which enable controlled and coordinated sharing and appear as a single large virtual computing system   SETI@Home made the idea of finding extraterrestrial life exciting by allowing the public to process radio logs for peaks and regular signals by providing the computing power of a supercomputer by utilizing scavenging CPU cycles of so many idle PCs disperserd at so many diverse locations all around the world . Distributed.net concentrates on the computational needs of solving encrypted strings through brute force methods . NSPA ,Globus grid project ,Teragrid ,zetagrid are providing viable grid services through the use of Web Services based on OGSA/OGSI standards.  A virtual organization is a collaboration of various individuals or institutions with a common goal sharing resources like storage , computing power , software, data ,file sharing in a highly controlled way with clearly defined access rights .
  • 3. Types of grid : of shared 1.On the basis resources: Computational grid Data Grid Scavenging grid 2.On the basis of topology : Cluster grid Intra grid Inter grid Extra grid 3. On the basis of behavior: Enterprise grid Partner grid Service grid
  • 5. OGSA • OGSA is a distributed interaction and computing architecture that is based around the Grid service, assuring interoperability on heterogeneous systems so that different types of systems can communicate and share information.It is itself evolving and attempts to describe the core capabilities of the grid. definition of standard service interfaces and protocols. • Some of the facilitites provided: • Naming: Each grid service instance is globally, uniquely, and for all time named by a Grid Service Handle (GSH). • Factories: Create new grid service instances and maintain a group of service data elements that can be queried. A factory will also have an associated registry to keep track of these instances and enable discovery. s. • Stateful: A grid service instance has a state. A process can be initiated via a method call on a service port type and its state checked using the GSR.
  • 6. OGSI • The Open Grid Services Interface (OGSI) specification is a • companion standard that defines the interfaces and protocols that will be used between the various services in a grid environment. The OGSI is the standard that will provide the inter-operability between grids designed using OGSA. • OGSI consists of specifications on how work is managed, distributed, and how service providers and grid services are described. Web services, particularly the Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) and Web Services Description Language (WSDL), are a major part of this specification.
  • 7. Grid Service Semantics • Web Services model used as it is a distributed object model. • The Grid service interface is described by WSDL to use the service. A new tag gsdl has been added to the WSDL document for Grid service description. The UDDI registry and WSIL document are used to locate Grid service. The transport protocol SOAP is used to connect data and application for accessing Grid service . • The interfaces of Grid services address discovery, dynamic service instance creation, life-time management, notification, and manageability.
  • 8. Grid Service Handling Service versioning and upgrading The portTypes of a Grid service and the versioning information are specified in the Grid service's serviceType in OGSA. Grid Services in a distributed system can be independently upgraded based on the versioning information defined in WSDL. The compatibility between Grid services can be managed in OGSA based on the versioning information. The service client can easily find and invoke a Grid service with right method signatures. Grid service instance creation and invocation The user application invokes create Grid service requests on the factory interface to create a new service instance. An initial lifetime of the instance can be specified before the service instance is created.The newly created service instance will keep the user credentials for interacting with other systems over the Internet. The newly created Grid service instance will be automatically assigned a globally unique name called the Grid Service Handle (GSH). In a transient stateful service if a failed operation happens, the keeplive messages stop . Then the Grid service instance automatically times out .
  • 10. Grid Service Deployment • The Remote Procedure Call (RPC) servlet of Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) and the real implementation of the Grid service can be deployed on an application server . All the invocation messages will be captured by the SOAP RPC servlet, which routes the messages to the corresponding Grid service. Grid services can be published to a Universal Description, Discovery and Integration (UDDI )egistry, or WSInspection (WSIL ) documents .
  • 11. GRAM GRAM is the module that provides the remote execution and status management of the execution. When a job is submitted by a client, the request is sent to the remote host and handled by the gatekeeper daemon located in the remote host. Then the gatekeeper creates a job manager to start and monitor the job. When the job is finished, the job manager sends the status information back to the client and terminates.
  • 12. MDS(Monitoring and Discovery Service) MDS gives users the ability to obtain vital information about the grid and grid resources. It utilizes LDAP(lightweight directory access protocol) to execute queries. MDS provides access to static and dynamic information of resources. Basically, it contains the following components: Grid Resource Information Service (GRIS) Grid Index Information Service (GIIS) Information Provider MDS client
  • 13. GSI • The infrastructure is based on the SSL protocol (Secure Socket Layer), public key encryption, and x.509 certificates. • GSI authentication GSI offers users a secure authentication option by creating a time-stamped proxy based on the user's private key. Users can't submit jobs to run or transfer data without creating the proxy. Once created, the proxy is used to grant -- or deny -- access to resources found throughout the grid. Because the proxy is used across the system, this gives the end user the ability to sign on only once. In a PKI, all entities (users and resources) are identified by a globally unique name known as a Distinguished Name (DN). • GSI authorization The GSI handles user authorization by mapping the user to a local user on the system being accessed. In a GSI-enabled grid, the system receiving the request reads the user's name from the proxy, and then accesses a local file to map that name to a local user. • GSI secure communication By default, GSI secures communications using digital certificates for mutual authentication and SSL/TLS for data encryption. The Toolkit contains OpenSSL, which it uses create an encrypted tunnel between grid clients and servers. • A proxy credential is a short-term credential that is created by a user,which can be used in place of the long-term credential to authenticatethat user .
  • 14. Grid FTP GridFTP provides a secure and reliable data transfer among grid nodes. The word GridFTP can referred to a protocol, a server, or a set of tools. GridFTP protocol GridFTP is a protocol intended to be used in all data transfers on the grid. GridFTP server and client Globus Toolkit provides the GridFTP server and GridFTP client, which are implemented by the in.ftpd daemon and by the globusurl-copy command, respectively. They support most of the features defined on the GridFTP protocol. The GridFTP server and client support two types of file transfer: standard and third-party. The standard file transfer is where a client sends the local file to the remote machine, which runs the FTP server. Third-party file transfer is where there is a large file in remote storage and the client wants to copy it to another remote server.
  • 16. • • • • Grid Computing Environment system where This describes the “user side” of a computing users interact via which controls a set of distributed back end resources. GCE‟s fulfill (at least) two functions : “Programming the User Side of the Grid” Controlling user interaction – rendering any output and allowing user input in some (web) page. This includes aggregation of multiple data sources in a single portal page. A nugget is defined as a code module individually programmed to provide a particular service like SQL interface . GCE programming refers to their integration.This integration is termed as workflow and in acommon modelled paradigm a graphical interface where one can choose nuggets from a palette and link „ports‟ or channels of the nugget.
  • 17. • Catalog of primitive functions needed to program the grid enabled as a command line interface . GCE Shell must express: • Negotiated interaction between nuggets and users. • Files and services hirarchies at all levels of system . • Distinction between object and its metadata. GCE Shell must have following features: • Search • Discovery • Registration • Security • Better workflow • Groups and collaboration features • Meta-data handling • Management and Scheduling • Networks • Negotiation primitives for service interaction GCE Shell
  • 18. Problem Solving Environments • A problem solving environment is a computational system that provides a complete and convenient set of high level tools for solving problems from a specific domain. The PSE allows users to define and modify problems, choose solution strategies, interact with and manage appropriate hardware and software resources, visualize and analyze results, and record and coordinate extended problem solving tasks.
  • 19. User Portal with multiple grid services
  • 21. Grid Bandwidth Management Bandwidth considerations comprise : CPU usage The CPU bandwidth of the grid is the maximum rate at which the grid can operate. Network usage. The bandwidth available to a grid and that used by the grid in its normal operation. Larger bandwidth availability enables us to build more complex, high power grids. • Bandwidth will be affected by a number of factors : • Number of clients in the grid • Number of work units distributed each time • Period required to process each unit • Work unit size (source and response) • A WorkQueue table holds the information about all of the work units in the system and their status, such as waiting, assigned to a client, or completed. A second table, ActiveUnits, holds the information about which clients have which units. Cooperative computing using a dynamic server .Each client can measure its own performance and then report it to broker.
  • 22. • Serial job flow In this case there is a single thread of job execution where each of the subsequent jobs has to wait for its predecessor to end and deliver output data as input to the next job. This means any job is a consumer of its predecessor, the data producer. Parallel job Flow Each job may receive a discrete set of data, and fulfills its computational task independently and delivers its output. Network job flow More analysis needs to be done to determine how best to split the application into individual jobs, maximizing parallelism. It also adds more dependencies on the grid infrastructure services Job Flow
  • 23. Conclusion • Grids have become viable by the use of standards like OGSA and OGSI and are instrumental in harnessing huge computing power and storage resources by coordinated and controlled sharing on heterogeneous systems. • In future grid computing will become ubiquitous and use of web services will become even more pronounced as web services are based on distributed computing model . • Grid services are transient ,autonomus and are being developed as large inter grids . • Grid services are being sponsored by industrial and techno bigwigs like IBM, Entropia, NSPA and standards being constructed at Global Grid Forum . • Globus toolkit versions are being developed which provide features for grid services development. • Security is a big consideration and GSI norms enforcement assures reliability.
  • 24. References IBM Redbooks: Louis Ferriera , Victor Bersotis. 2002. Introduction to Grid Computing with Globus Bart Jacobs, Norbert Breinstein 2002. Enabling Applications for Grid Computing with globus White Papers Ian Foster Carl Kesselman Steven Tuecke 2001 The Anatomy of the Grid Ian Foster Carl Kesselman Steven Tuecke 2002 The Physiology of the Grid AIan Foster Carl Kesselman Steven Tuecke 2002 Security Architecture for Grids Geoffery Fox 2001 Grid Computing Environments Gregor von Laszewski et.al 2000. Problem Solving Environments and Portals Web Pages: Qun Zhou Leng Zheing 2002 . Developing Grid computing applications, Part 1_files, Part2_files.html Martin C.Brown 2003 .Merging grids and web services.html