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Building Information Modeling
Uses in Design
Project Execution Planning for Building Information Modeling




Nevena Zikic
Master of Science Thesis 
CIC Research Program
AE Dept | Penn State University




                                                               1
Introduction to the Research

 Project Execution Planning for BIM intended for facility owners and project          
 participants to help them reach decisions on BIM implementation  
 Four phases of a capital facility project: 

 Planning

   Design

     Construction

        Operations


 BIM currently used for targeted tasks but not accepted as a whole due to lack of 
 planning in general and few disparate guidelines available for team members


                                                                                     2
Goal and Objectives

 Goal: Create structure for BIM uses in design based on expert interviews after 
 completing detailed content analysis of available literature on BIM and its uses
 Research objectives: 

                      Determine the current status of BIM in design


                            Identify the trends in design firms


                 Document the most important success and failure factors 


                           Identification of BIM  uses in design


                               Develop BIM uses in design


                    Disseminate the results through the BIM Ex Guide
                                                                                    3
Scope Definition and Limitations

  Scope:
  “Design Facility comprises all the functions 
  required to define and communicate the 
  owner’s needs to the builder. These 
  activities translate the program and 
  executions plan into bid and construction 
  documents and operations and 
  maintenance documents that allow the 
  facility to meet the owner’s needs” 
  (Sanvido, 1995: IBPM)

  Limitation: US firms with Mid‐Atlantic 
  focus




                                                  4
Literature Review: Topics

      BIM in Design

      State of the Industry

      Design Services

      Design Coordination Process

      Integrated Project Delivery

      BIM Benefits and Challenges

      BIM Design Productivity Benefits

      New and Changed Staffing within Design Firms

      BIM Contractual Terms


                                                     5
Literature Review: BIM in Design

   BIM as a paradigm change has the potential to modernize the AEC industry
   “Strength in the possibility to communicate easily and in a more appropriate 
   format the design intent and complex construction information to the project 
   team” (Eastman et al., 2007)
   Construction industry the only one that does not use the full benefits of virtual 
   modeling prior to construction to reduce flaws as opposed to automobile, aircraft, 
   spacecraft and shipbuilding industry 




Source: http://www.zimdaily.com/images/Beijing.jpg      http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/id7453_2.jpg
                                                                                                     6
Literature Review: State of the Industry
    Estimated efficiency losses in the US capital facilities industry approximately $15.8 
    billion per year (2002 data) due to inadequate interoperability (NIST’s study “Cost 
    Analysis of Inadequate Interoperability in the US Capital Facilities Industry”)
    State of the Industry: FMI/CMAA Eight Annual Survey of Owners              
    Rate benefits that BIM solutions provide/Rate hurdles that slow or prevent 
    adoption of BIM solutions
                                             • 1. Improved communication and collaboration
     BIM Benefits                            • 2. Higher quality project execution/decision‐making
                                             • 3. Greater assurance of project archival

                                             • 1. Lack of expertise
      BIM Hurdles                            • 2. Greater system complexity
                                             • 3. Lack of industry standards

    State of the Industry:                                                                                      
•
    Monthly AIA Work‐on‐the‐Boards                                                                            
                                                       Benefit: Enhanced               Concern/risk: A higher 
    survey panel of firm leaders (2007):             project quality through           percent of project costs 
                                                    fewer change orders and              are incurred earlier, 
                                                                      more accurate           changing the traditional 
                                                                       documents                phase client billing


                                                                                                                          7
Literature Review: Conclusion

  Few sources provide specific data on implementation of BIM in design practice 
  Currently some guidelines available to lead the project team members in how to 
  develop an executive plan for BIM: Autodesk Communication Specs, AGC 
  Consensus Docs, AIA E202 Model Program Specs
  Intention to identify, define and create structure for BIM uses in design that would 
  assist in preparing customized project execution plan for BIM




                                                                                   8
Research Steps

1. Literature Review: clarify the definition of BIM along with identifying various 
   topics on BIM, its current status, challenges and success factors
       Review performed from the industry aspect 
       Published research: journal papers, BIM guides and various expert articles 


2. Semi‐structured Interviews: Interview questions identified after the review of 
   the available literature and brainstorming sessions with the CIC team members
       Modified and pre‐tested in two pilot interviews with industry members
       Interviews with 18 design professionals and engineers, industry experts and 
       BIM champions: data analyzed, summarized and the conclusions drawn
       Goal is not to get representative or typical responses, but the data have a 
       certain structure
       Interviewees free to talk about the subject but their talk guided
       Eliminate bias: reliability and validity
       Rationale: operating in discovery, rather than verification mode (Guba and 
       Lincoln, 1981)
                                                                                      9
Research Steps
                                                                               Cont.
3.   Content Analysis: data analysis of BIM expert interviews in design done using 
     mapping to organize the information
       More quantifiable data averaged and organized based upon frequencies 
       Interview data collected in the following categories:
          I.     Background Information
          II.    BIM Execution Planning
          III.   Uses of BIM
          IV.    BIM Impact Analysis
          V.     Case Study
          VI.    Concluding Questions
4.  BIM Uses in Design: creating structure and developing BIM uses in design in 
     more detail
     .




                          .




                                           .




                                                          .
         Literature           Expert           Content        BIM Uses 
         Review               Interviews       Analysis       in Design




                                                                                10
Interview Questions Mind Map




                               11
Sample Interview Content Analysis




                                    12
Background Information: Title/Position

Title/position of the interviewed industry experts:



               Applications             Architectural             Design 
                Manager/              Intern/Associate       Manager/Digital 
                                          Architect         Design Coordinator
             Administrator (2)


                                         Project 
                                                              Senior Analyst/
                                      Eng/Manager/
               Principal (8)
                                                                   Senior VP
                                         Designer



                         Technical/Design/
                                                    VDC Engineer
                       Research Director (2)


                                                                                 13
Background Information: Company Size

Number of employees in the interviewees’ companies or design offices:

      Small size company/design office 1‐30 employees: 22% or 4 out of 18
      Medium size company/design office 31‐150 employees: 28% or 5 out of 18
      Large size company/design office 150+employees: 50% or 9 out of 18




                                    22%
                                                     Small size 1‐30
                                                     Medium size 31‐150
                   50%
                                                     Large size 150+

                                     28%




                                                                               14
Background Information: Personal Experience

 Interviewees’ years of experience with BIM:

       Beginner level (less than 1 year of experience): 28% or 5 out of 18 
       Intermediate level (1 to 5 years of experience): 33% or 6 out of 18
       Advanced level (more than 5 years of experience): 39% or 7 out of 18




                                                 Beginner level < 1 year
                                    28%
                     39%
                                                 Intermediate level 1‐5 years

                                                 Advanced level > 5 years
                                 33%



                                                                                15
Background Information: Company Experience

 Company/Design office’s years of experience with BIM:

       Beginner level (less than 1 year of experience): 11% or 2 out of 18 
       Intermediate level (1 to 5 years of experience): 50% or 9 out of 18
       Advanced level (more than 5 years of experience): 39% or 7 out of 18



                               11%
                                                 Beginner level < 1 year
                  39%
                                                 Intermediate level 1‐5 years

                                                 Advanced level > 5 years
                                     50%



                                                                                16
BIM Execution Plan: Developed or Not?

BIM Execution Plan developed or not?

      1/3 of the respondents did not have a specific plan
      2/3 had some form of plan usually informal
      Only one design office had an extensive implementation plan



                                                       No Plan
                                                       Some Form of Plan
                                                       Extensive Plan




The need for existence of such plan and establishment of standards and guidelines!


                                                                                17
BIM Execution Plan: Participants

Who was involved in the creation of the BIM Execution Plan? 

                                                         Corporate BIM 
                                                           manager
                                 Steering/executive 
                                     committee
                                                             BIM 
                                                        champion/team 
                                                           captain
          Senior firm leaders 
              (partners,                                      BIM 
              principals)                              coordinator/Model 
                                                             master

                                    Management 
                                                           Project 
                                 team/key technical 
                                                       manager/architect
                                       staff


                                                          Design team 
                                                           members


                                                                            18
BIM Execution Plan: Decisions
What are some of the decisions made in the creation of BIM Ex Plan?

     Commit!: The absolute first decision
     • Everyone adaptive and come together as a team

     Open to considering other ways of doing business
     • BIM as a tool not the end result or the goal

     Bring the level of understanding throughout the firm
     • BIM savvy people build synergy; cohesive understanding and acceptance of BIM

     Create new position/job descriptions
     • Explore new options, move forward, etc

     Early involvement of the constructor 
     • Collocation of the design and construction team

     Develop BIM standards
     • Standards are the key; create manual how to do BIM along with templates 

     Execution of the model set up
                                                                                       19
     • One or multiple, model uses, shared with client or used internally, team size
BIM Execution Plan: Decisions
                                                                                     Cont.


    Division of work
   • Decide on performance spec items, level of detail, access to the model, legal

    Record everything
   • How to do work/train, how much detail, etc

    Learn to work in multiple platforms 
   • Agree on version, software, level of detail, etc

    Start with humble initial aspirations
   • Good set of coordinated drawings, simpler project

    Market and present BIM outside of the office
   • Spread the message to consultants and owners

    Explore new capabilities
   • Prefabrication, advanced energy modeling, new workflows, different alliances

    Set goals 
                                                                                     20
   • Levels of implementation and number of years to accomplish these goals 
BIM Execution Plan: Process

   What was the process used to develop a BIM Ex plan?

         • Leverage core competencies and broaden market appeal
    1

         • Align technology with business goals and core competencies
    2

         • Change of mindset is essential: from cost based to value based 
           business propositions
    3

         • Develop plan for how to train the company and set goals
    4

         • Execute fast tracked pilot project and compare to the traditional 
           approach
    5

         • Prepare for trial and error since no BIM standards exist yet
    6
                                                                                21
BIM Execution Plan: Process
                                                                                  Cont.


         • Hire software representative or 3rd party consultant to assist 
    7

         • Set up a plan with software vendors on how to start a project in BIM
    8

         • Develop process diagrams and distribute to the whole team
    9

         • Consider outsourcing the information that goes into these models
    10

         • Consider expanding services with analytical applications 
    11

         • Enable design build or integrated project delivery
    12

                                                                                  22
BIM Uses in Design: Categories

BIM uses in design can be classified in these 4 categories:



                  Design 
                                         System Analysis
               Communication



                  Estimating                Scheduling 




                                                              23
BIM Uses in Design

  The following BIM uses in design were identified during the expert interviews:




                                                                                  BIM Uses in Design




Arch Design                  Existing Conditions           Site                                                         Engineering              Sustainability                      Phase Planning (4D 
               Programming                                               Design Reviews         Code Checking                                                      Cost Estimating
 Authoring                        Modeling          Analysis/Selection                                                    Analysis             (LEED) Evaluation                         Modeling)


                                                                                                       Emergency 
                                                                                                       Evacuation 
                                                                             Constructability                            Structural Analysis
                                                                                                        Planning


                                                                               3D Design 
                                                                                                  Security Validation     Energy Analysis
                                                                              Coordination




                                                                            Virtual Mock‐ups                              Lighting Analysis




                                                                                                                           HVAC Analysis




                                                                                                                                                                                        24
BIM Uses in Design: Design Communication



                                                                                    BIM Uses in Design




       Arch Design                                                       • Visualize the project and help understand 
Arch Design                  Existing Conditions           Site                                                           Engineering              Sustainability                      Phase Planning (4D 
               Programming                                                 Design Reviews         Code Checking                                                      Cost Estimating
 Authoring                        Modeling          Analysis/Selection                                                      Analysis             (LEED) Evaluation                         Modeling)

                                                                           the design
        Authoring                                                                                        Emergency 
                                                                                                         Evacuation 
                                                                               Constructability                            Structural Analysis
                                                                                                          Planning


                                                                                 3D Design 
                                                                                                    Security Validation     Energy Analysis
                                                                                Coordination




                                                                              Virtual Mock‐ups                              Lighting Analysis




                                                                                                                             HVAC Analysis




                                                                                                                                                                                          25
BIM Uses in Design: Design Communication



                                                                                  BIM Uses in Design


                                                                 • Design discovery/definition: critical decisions made
   Programming
Arch Design                  Existing Conditions           Site                                                         Engineering              Sustainability                      Phase Planning (4D 
               Programming                                               Design Reviews         Code Checking                                                      Cost Estimating
                                                                 • Blocking/stacking: tremendous labor saving device 
 Authoring                        Modeling          Analysis/Selection                                                    Analysis             (LEED) Evaluation                         Modeling)



                                                                 • Help get funding and communicate designer’s vision
                                                                                                       Emergency 
                                                                                                       Evacuation 
                                                                             Constructability                            Structural Analysis
                                                                                                        Planning


                                                                               3D Design 
                                                                                                  Security Validation     Energy Analysis
                                                                              Coordination




                                                                            Virtual Mock‐ups                              Lighting Analysis




                                                                                                                           HVAC Analysis




                                                                                                                                                                                        26
BIM Uses in Design: Design Communication




           Existing                                                                 BIM Uses in Design

                                                                         • 3D laser scanning: far less expensive and 
                                                                           more efficient
          Conditions 
Arch Design                  Existing Conditions           Site                                                           Engineering              Sustainability                      Phase Planning (4D 
               Programming                                                 Design Reviews         Code Checking                                                      Cost Estimating
 Authoring                        Modeling          Analysis/Selection                                                      Analysis             (LEED) Evaluation                         Modeling)

                                                                         • Historic preservation: complex interiors and 
                                                                                                         Emergency 


          Modeling                                                         lots of detail                Evacuation 
                                                                               Constructability                            Structural Analysis
                                                                                                          Planning


                                                                                 3D Design 
                                                                                                    Security Validation     Energy Analysis
                                                                                Coordination




                                                                              Virtual Mock‐ups                              Lighting Analysis




                                                                                                                             HVAC Analysis




                                                                                                                                                                                          27
BIM Uses in Design: Design Communication




                                                                          • Orientation studies, topography, 
                                                                                     BIM Uses in Design



   Site Analysis/                                                           existent/future underground utilities, 
Arch Design                   Existing Conditions           Site                                                           Engineering              Sustainability                      Phase Planning (4D 
                Programming                                                 Design Reviews         Code Checking                                                      Cost Estimating
                                                                            calculations, etc
 Authoring                         Modeling          Analysis/Selection                                                      Analysis             (LEED) Evaluation                         Modeling)




               Selection                                                  • Environmental/civil engineering or 
                                                                                                          Emergency 
                                                                                                          Evacuation 
                                                                                Constructability                            Structural Analysis
                                                                                                           Planning
                                                                            outsourced to consultants
                                                                                  3D Design 
                                                                                                     Security Validation     Energy Analysis
                                                                                 Coordination




                                                                               Virtual Mock‐ups                              Lighting Analysis




                                                                                                                              HVAC Analysis




                                                                                                                                                                                           28
BIM Uses in Design: Design Communication



                                                                                     BIM Uses in Design

                                                                          • BIM used mostly for arch design authoring 
                Design                                                      and design reviews
Arch Design                   Existing Conditions           Site                                                           Engineering              Sustainability                      Phase Planning (4D 
                Programming                                                 Design Reviews         Code Checking                                                      Cost Estimating
 Authoring                         Modeling          Analysis/Selection                                                      Analysis             (LEED) Evaluation                         Modeling)



               Reviews                                                    • Early in design: effective value engineering, 
                                                                                                          Emergency 

                                                                            fewer questions and less miscommunication
                                                                                                          Evacuation 
                                                                                Constructability                            Structural Analysis
                                                                                                           Planning


                                                                                  3D Design 
                                                                                                     Security Validation     Energy Analysis
                                                                                 Coordination




                                                                               Virtual Mock‐ups                              Lighting Analysis




                                                                                                                              HVAC Analysis




                                                                                                                                                                                           29
BIM Uses in Design: Design Communication



                                                                                    BIM Uses in Design

                                                                         • Frequent BIM use: precise, fast and visual 
                                                                           review
Arch Design                  Existing Conditions           Site                                                           Engineering              Sustainability                      Phase Planning (4D 

  Constructability
               Programming                                                 Design Reviews         Code Checking                                                      Cost Estimating
 Authoring                        Modeling          Analysis/Selection                                                      Analysis             (LEED) Evaluation                         Modeling)

                                                                         • Easier to communicate construction details 
                                                                                                         Emergency 

                                                                           in 3D                         Evacuation 
                                                                               Constructability                            Structural Analysis
                                                                                                          Planning


                                                                                 3D Design 
                                                                                                    Security Validation     Energy Analysis
                                                                                Coordination




                                                                              Virtual Mock‐ups                              Lighting Analysis




                                                                                                                             HVAC Analysis




                                                                                                                                                                                          30
BIM Uses in Design: Design Communication



                                                                       • Most frequent BIM use: up to designer/consultants to 
                                                                                   BIM Uses in Design

                                                                         resolve coordination issues
         3D Design                                  Analysis/Selection • Increased communicability with consultants: potential 
Arch Design                  Existing Conditions           Site                                                   Engineering            Sustainability                  Phase Planning (4D 
               Programming                                                Design Reviews        Code Checking                                            Cost Estimating
 Authoring                        Modeling                                                                          Analysis           (LEED) Evaluation                     Modeling)

                                                                         to illuminate a lot of errors
        Coordination                                                                                  Emergency 
                                                                       • Biggest bonus: error checking, conflict avoidance and 
                                                                                                      Evacuation 
                                                                              Constructability                     Structural Analysis
                                                                                                       Planning
                                                                         resolution
                                                                               3D Design 
                                                                                               Security Validation   Energy Analysis
                                                                              Coordination




                                                                            Virtual Mock‐ups                         Lighting Analysis




                                                                                                                      HVAC Analysis




                                                                                                                                                                              31
BIM Uses in Design: Design Communication




                                                                         • Complicated projects: construction details or 
                                                                                    BIM Uses in Design




       Virtual Mock‐                                                       certain chosen spaces
Arch Design                  Existing Conditions           Site                                                           Engineering              Sustainability                      Phase Planning (4D 
               Programming                                                 Design Reviews         Code Checking                                                      Cost Estimating
                                                                         • Review and testing spaces by their future end 
 Authoring                        Modeling          Analysis/Selection                                                      Analysis             (LEED) Evaluation                         Modeling)


            ups                                                            users and clients: healthcare facilities/courtrooms
                                                                                                         Emergency 
                                                                                                         Evacuation 
                                                                               Constructability                            Structural Analysis

                                                                         • Marketing aspect in high end projects
                                                                                                          Planning


                                                                                 3D Design 
                                                                                                    Security Validation     Energy Analysis
                                                                                Coordination




                                                                              Virtual Mock‐ups                              Lighting Analysis




                                                                                                                             HVAC Analysis




                                                                                                                                                                                          32
BIM Uses in Design: System Analysis



                                                                       • Egress/circulation paths, fire rated walls, ADA 
    Emergency 
                                                                                   BIM Uses in Design

                                                                         requirements, turning radiuses, etc
     Security                                       Analysis/Selection • International Code Council project Smart Codes
    Evacuation 
Arch Design                  Existing Conditions           Site                                                   Engineering            Sustainability                  Phase Planning (4D 

   Code Validation
               Programming                                                Design Reviews        Code Checking                                            Cost Estimating
 Authoring                        Modeling                                                                          Analysis           (LEED) Evaluation                     Modeling)



    Validation                                                         • Codes very open to local interpretation
                                                                                                      Emergency 


     Planning                                                          • Code officials unable to use electronic data for code 
                                                                                                      Evacuation 
                                                                              Constructability                     Structural Analysis
                                                                                                       Planning
                                                                         review yet
                                                                               3D Design 
                                                                                               Security Validation   Energy Analysis
                                                                              Coordination




                                                                            Virtual Mock‐ups                         Lighting Analysis




                                                                                                                      HVAC Analysis




                                                                                                                                                                              33
BIM Uses in Design: System Analysis



                                                                                  BIM Uses in Design




     Engineering 
Arch Design                  Existing Conditions           Site                                                         Engineering              Sustainability                      Phase Planning (4D 
               Programming                                               Design Reviews         Code Checking                                                      Cost Estimating
 Authoring                        Modeling          Analysis/Selection                                                    Analysis             (LEED) Evaluation                         Modeling)



      Analyses                                                                                         Emergency 
                                                                                                       Evacuation 
                                                                             Constructability                            Structural Analysis
                                                                                                        Planning


                                                                               3D Design 
                                                                                                  Security Validation     Energy Analysis
                                                                              Coordination




                                                                            Virtual Mock‐ups                              Lighting Analysis




                                                                                                                           HVAC Analysis




                                                                                                                                                                                        34
BIM Uses in Design: System Analysis



                                                                                     BIM Uses in Design


                                                                          • BIM used for drawing and avoiding conflicts
               Structural 
Arch Design                   Existing Conditions           Site                                                           Engineering              Sustainability                      Phase Planning (4D 
                Programming                                                 Design Reviews         Code Checking                                                      Cost Estimating
 Authoring                         Modeling          Analysis/Selection
                                                                          • Using external applications to create            Analysis             (LEED) Evaluation                         Modeling)


                Analysis                                                    analytical models             Emergency 
                                                                                                          Evacuation 
                                                                                Constructability                            Structural Analysis
                                                                                                           Planning


                                                                                  3D Design 
                                                                                                     Security Validation     Energy Analysis
                                                                                 Coordination




                                                                               Virtual Mock‐ups                              Lighting Analysis




                                                                                                                              HVAC Analysis




                                                                                                                                                                                           35
BIM Uses in Design: System Analysis



                                                                                    BIM Uses in Design

                                                                         • Effective for value engineering: abundance 
                                                                           of energy modeling and analysis software
Arch Design                  Existing Conditions           Site                                                           Engineering              Sustainability                      Phase Planning (4D 

   Energy Analysis
               Programming                                                 Design Reviews         Code Checking                                                      Cost Estimating
 Authoring                        Modeling          Analysis/Selection                                                      Analysis             (LEED) Evaluation                         Modeling)

                                                                         • Help fine tune the design: site analysis and 
                                                                                                         Emergency 

                                                                           sustainability efforts        Evacuation 
                                                                               Constructability                            Structural Analysis
                                                                                                          Planning


                                                                                 3D Design 
                                                                                                    Security Validation     Energy Analysis
                                                                                Coordination




                                                                              Virtual Mock‐ups                              Lighting Analysis




                                                                                                                             HVAC Analysis




                                                                                                                                                                                          36
BIM Uses in Design: System Analysis



                                                                                    BIM Uses in Design

                                                                         • Part of sustainability evaluation: tools very 
               Lighting                                                    rudimentary
Arch Design                  Existing Conditions           Site                                                           Engineering              Sustainability                      Phase Planning (4D 
               Programming                                                 Design Reviews         Code Checking                                                      Cost Estimating
 Authoring                        Modeling          Analysis/Selection                                                      Analysis             (LEED) Evaluation                         Modeling)



               Analysis                                                  • Hopefully lighting/sustainability analyses 
                                                                                                         Emergency 

                                                                           soon integrated in one rich database 
                                                                                                         Evacuation 
                                                                               Constructability                            Structural Analysis
                                                                                                          Planning


                                                                                 3D Design 
                                                                                                    Security Validation     Energy Analysis
                                                                                Coordination




                                                                              Virtual Mock‐ups                              Lighting Analysis




                                                                                                                             HVAC Analysis




                                                                                                                                                                                          37
BIM Uses in Design: System Analysis



                                                                                    BIM Uses in Design


                                                                         • Not as developed since tools lagging behind
Arch Design                  Existing Conditions           Site                                                           Engineering              Sustainability                      Phase Planning (4D 

     HVAC Analysis
               Programming                                                 Design Reviews         Code Checking                                                      Cost Estimating
 Authoring                        Modeling          Analysis/Selection
                                                                         • Time for more integrated design solutions        Analysis             (LEED) Evaluation                         Modeling)



                                                                           to emerge                     Emergency 
                                                                                                         Evacuation 
                                                                               Constructability                            Structural Analysis
                                                                                                          Planning


                                                                                 3D Design 
                                                                                                    Security Validation     Energy Analysis
                                                                                Coordination




                                                                              Virtual Mock‐ups                              Lighting Analysis




                                                                                                                             HVAC Analysis




                                                                                                                                                                                          38
BIM Uses in Design: System Analysis



                                                                                    BIM Uses in Design

       Sustainability                                                    • No full BIM capabilities yet: energy and 
                                                                           lighting analysis complement LEED 
Arch Design                  Existing Conditions           Site                                                           Engineering              Sustainability                      Phase Planning (4D 

          (LEED) 
               Programming                                                 Design Reviews         Code Checking                                                      Cost Estimating
 Authoring                        Modeling          Analysis/Selection                                                      Analysis             (LEED) Evaluation                         Modeling)

                                                                         • Software disconnected from the rating 
        Evaluation
                                                                                                         Emergency 

                                                                           system: USGBC working with Autodesk 
                                                                                                         Evacuation 
                                                                               Constructability                            Structural Analysis
                                                                                                          Planning


                                                                                 3D Design 
                                                                                                    Security Validation     Energy Analysis
                                                                                Coordination




                                                                              Virtual Mock‐ups                              Lighting Analysis




                                                                                                                             HVAC Analysis




                                                                                                                                                                                          39
BIM Uses in Design: Estimating




                                                                         • Designers not asked to provide the service 
                                                                                    BIM Uses in Design


                                                                           yet: back checking suspicious aspects and 
Arch Design                  Existing Conditions           Site                                                           Engineering              Sustainability                      Phase Planning (4D 

  Cost Estimating
               Programming                                                 Design Reviews         Code Checking                                                      Cost Estimating
                                                                           offer early estimates 
 Authoring                        Modeling          Analysis/Selection                                                      Analysis             (LEED) Evaluation                         Modeling)



                                                                         • Crucial for model to be 100% accurate: 
                                                                                                         Emergency 
                                                                                                         Evacuation 
                                                                               Constructability                            Structural Analysis
                                                                                                          Planning
                                                                           better if model shared in design build or IPD
                                                                                 3D Design 
                                                                                                    Security Validation     Energy Analysis
                                                                                Coordination




                                                                              Virtual Mock‐ups                              Lighting Analysis




                                                                                                                             HVAC Analysis




                                                                                                                                                                                          40
BIM Uses in Design: Scheduling



                                                                                    BIM Uses in Design




   Phase Planning                                                        • Tenant fit‐out, renovations, design options, 
Arch Design                  Existing Conditions           Site                                                           Engineering              Sustainability                      Phase Planning (4D 
               Programming                                                 Design Reviews         Code Checking                                                      Cost Estimating
                                                                           space utilizations, phased projects by cost 
 Authoring                        Modeling          Analysis/Selection                                                      Analysis             (LEED) Evaluation                         Modeling)



   (4D Modeling)                                                           loaded schedules, etc         Emergency 
                                                                                                         Evacuation 
                                                                               Constructability                            Structural Analysis
                                                                                                          Planning


                                                                                 3D Design 
                                                                                                    Security Validation     Energy Analysis
                                                                                Coordination




                                                                              Virtual Mock‐ups                              Lighting Analysis




                                                                                                                             HVAC Analysis




                                                                                                                                                                                          41
42
BIM Uses in Design: Content/Level of Detail

1. Define the best level of detail and extensive but 
limited list of model contents: BIM application ability 
to embody tremendous amount of detail 


      2. Develop BIM standards and best practices for 
      model manageability: set up the model properly to be 
      shared; components modeled much simpler


            3. Precise BIM modeling and properly dividing up 
            worksets crucial: everyone has the same information; 
            avoid manufacturers’ components 


                  4. Decision when to stop with modeling and avoid 
                  getting lost in detail: common sense and rule of 
                  thumb; full BIM models yet rare to find
                                                                      43
BIM Uses in Design: Content/Level of Detail
                                                                          Cont.

5. Establish model level of detail per project by design 
team: mechanical ducts 10” or more, electrical 
conduit 2.5” or more, slab penetrations over 6x6”, etc


      6. Manufacturers to provide model contents with 
      product information: library of products with 
      selections hesitant to share due to liability


            7. Build central library with generic content not 
            manufacturer specific: track specific information at 
            project level; special group to create content 

                  8. Consider external manufacturers’ database 
                  (Architect’s Design Studio Tool): contains data not 
                  library of objects; take chosen products’ attributes 
                  back to the model
                                                                          44
BIM Uses in Design: Processes/Applications

Most frequent software used: Bentley Triforma and Microstation, Autodesk AutoCAD, 
ADT, ABS and Revit, NavisWorks, Archicad, Gehry Technologies, IES, Ecotech, etc




                                                                          Ideally 
                                                                          sharing the 
                                                         Start with 
                                                                          model in 
                                                         light BIM and 
                                                                          design build 
                                                         progress to 
                                          Track BIM 
                                                                          or IPD
                                                         full BIM: 
                                          model uses, 
                                                         lonely vs. 
                                          type and 
                           Build                         social BIM 
                                          quantity of 
                           templates                     concept
                                          information 
                           to start       included
                           projects 
              Ideally to 
                           with 
              cross 
                           customizing 
              train staff 
                           a standard 
              on both 
                           BIM file
              major 
              BIM 
              platforms                                                                   45
BIM Uses in Design: Team Competencies



     > Understanding BIM on corporate 
     and strategic level by management
     > Imperative for 
                                             > Cultural shift of 
     senior people to    > Good solid BIM 
                                             modeling instead 
    lead the building        training
                                                of drafting
    technology effort

        > Team 
    composition and      > Team building     > Teamwork and 
        level of          from day one       synergy of team
      experience
                                                                    46
BIM Uses in Design: Top Skills

                                 Coordination


                 Knowledge of 
                                                Collaboration
                  design tools




                                  Top 
        Knowledge of 
           design                                         Communication

                                 skills
         disciplines




                                                  Problem 
                   Flexibility
                                                   solving


                                   Positive 
                                   attitude


                                                                          47
BIM Uses in Design: Legal/Insurance/Contract

 What are some of the legal/insurance/contractual considerations?


 Legal issues considered the most important to address 
   • Adding BIM contract language to limit liability: BIM model for information only; no case law yet 

 Contractual language to develop partnerships with people and teams you can trust
   • First BIM documents published: Consensus DOCs and BIM Addendum

 Full not partial BIM would lead to revised legal and insurance considerations
   • Sharing drawings with disclaimer or electronic paralegal agreement or deliver them in read only format

 If everyone is sharing the benefits, everyone needs to share the risk together
   • Best environment in design build or IPD contractual relationship; ongoing effort to do IPD and share 
     profit pool 
 Insurance addresses BIM in a neutral way
   • No case work to show BIM project is more or less risky; downstream BIM is seen as less risky leading to 
     reducing the rates for everyone

                                                                                                         48
BIM Impact Analysis: Done or Not?



                                                                                     Anecdotal data 
                                    Metrics: no 
                                                                                        report:
                                                     • Starts with 35% less 
                                  measurable data 
• Based on project                                     productivity
                                   available yet
  data, performances                                 • After 4‐5 months        • 80% decrease in 
  and hours tracked                                    back to the same 
                            • Hours to complete                                  clashes
• Mostly profitable as                                 level
                              the project                                      • Savings in cost for 
  before if not more                                 • Following projects 
                            • RFI tracking system                                rework
• No RFIs on conflicts                                 having increase
                            • Conflicts resolved                               • Time savings
  or document quality                                • Compare two similar 
                            • The number or                                    • RFIs answered in 
                                                       projects
                              people using BIM
       Detailed analysis                                                         two weeks
      rarely done and no    • Percentage of                                    • Reduced 
                              projects done in BIM
          metrics yet                                                            productivity due to 
                                                          BIM implementation
                                                                                 training




                                                                                                  49
BIM Impact Analysis: Cost and Design Fees

         Cost Up
         • Hardware/software 
         • Training staff 
         • Schematic design phase




               Cost Down
               • Unit cost of professional services
               • Decrease in errors and omissions 
               • Bids under budget 
               • Construction and change order cost
               • Design better communicated




         Design fees restructured to affect the reality of building the model:
                                                                          50
BIM Impact Analysis: Time


                                              Time negatively affected
                                              • Gearing up the company to 
                                                execute BIM




      Time positively affected
      • Architectural practice and design 
        in general 
      • Reduction in overall delivery time 
        by eliminating conflicts
      • Overall design schedule: time 
        savings in CD and CA phase

                                                                             51
BIM Impact Analysis: Quality


                                           Quality negatively affected
                                           • Overall project delivery quality still 
                                             lacking 
                                           • Only quality improved not time or 
                                             cost




        Quality positively affected
        • Project quality in general goes up
        • Better coordination: issues caught 
          immediately 
        • Much less RFIs initiated
        • No last minute adding of the staff

                                                                                       52
BIM Impact Analysis: Staff Composition

Did composition of the design staff change with BIM implementation?


Changing technology and practice management:
                                                                                          Leadership
 •Challenge to motivate individuals and lead them through the process
 •1/3 of respondents said the design staff composition did not change dramatically

More technological and less academic background needed for designers
                                                                                          Management
Change in time having no drafters just designers and also having specialty occupations


BIM champions need to be trained first, then work with newbies and applications manager
                                                                                           Mentoring
Large design offices completely restructured its staff: BIM users, BIM leaders, BIM 
coordinator, Digital Design Coordinator, etc

Small design offices cut the number of their staff: remaining staff more experienced
                                                                                           Incentives

Others still same roles, but might have total collapse of the hierarchy with BIM
                                                                                                 53
BIM Impact Analysis: New Roles


                                 BIM Users

             BIM                                      BIM Model 
                                                      Manager/
           Manager in 
              IT                                     Model Master




                                  BIM 
                                 Model                     BIM Leaders 
        BIM MEP                                             Corporate/
        Manager
                                                              Local




                       BIM                      BIM 
                    Integrator               Coordinator


                                                                          54
BIM Impact Analysis: Critical Success Factors

       What are some of the critical success factors for BIM implementation?

        • Organizational change management/motivational challenge for staff: crucial in 
          changing practice
 1. 


        • Understanding of what BIM is, what to expect from it and how to operate
 2. 


        • Practice/process driven approach important since BIM not just technology
 3. 


        • Full application of BIM leads to full award
 4. 


        • Owner requirements drive BIM implementation
 5. 


        • Upper management must strongly support the BIM implementation 
 6.
                                                                                     55
BIM Impact Analysis: Critical Success Factors
                                                                                       Cont.


       • Investment of more senior people upfront to have good working model
 7. 


       • Staff needs to be open minded, want change, research and learn BIM
 8. 


       • Quality incremental training, project focused and with continuous commitment
 9. 


       • Best practices /standards: BIM model set up with defined contents/all disciplines
10. 


       • Capability, flexibility of the team, communication and adopting changes critical
11. 


       • BIM process seriously pre‐planned: BIM Project Execution Planning
12.
                                                                                       56
BIM Impact Analysis: Issues/Concerns
 What are some of the issues or concerns rising with BIM implementation?

       Implementation business model for      Losing control of information major 
            BIM does not exist yet                     fear of designers


                                                   Address technical issues: 
        Benefit of BIM worth the cost just 
                                              interoperability and data exchange 
             for new construction?
                                                 (IFC format and NavisWorks)


        Design decisions need to be made       Adapt to changes in the software 
                  much faster                    due to upgrades each year


       BIM authoring tools make it easy to    Libraries/components still missing 
          do a bad building or design          and need to be more developed


          Model has to be accurate: no 
                                               Poorly trained people and lack of 
          hidden information or forced 
                                                 experience of junior people 
                   dimensions                                                        57
BIM Impact Analysis: Risks
  What are some of the risks incurred in the BIM implementation?

 Choose a wrong type of project to 
  start and change practice to BIM

                                          Duty risks:                  Unknown risks:
                                          • Knowingly assumed based    • Changed by increasing 
Project managers who do not accept          on signed contracts and      knowledge and carefully 
         the technology yet                 professional licensure       executing BIM




 Legal protection when sharing the 
  model not being set in place yet



Manufacturer’s product data/objects 
  incorrect and represent liability



IPD carrying a lot of risk that we are 
          not aware of yet
                                                                                                    58
Concluding: Future Industry Trends

 What are some of the future trends in the BIM implementation?

          • BIM momentum changing the industry: BIM more prevalent and more of 
    1.      a norm like green technologies


          • Organizational structure changing: Arch + AE firms merging into one 
    2.      enterprise (design build, big conglomerates or developers)


          • Transition to BIM as consistent trend for owners: BIM tied much more 
    3.      with FM, O&M and into fabrication and supply chain


          • IPD, teams that work frequently together and have mutual trust in IPD
    4.    • IPD and design build emerging as clients’ method of delivery preference


          • Delivering projects in BIM and CDs replaced by the BIM model
    5.    • 2D drawings might disappear or be second to the model
                                                                                      59
Concluding: Future Industry Trends
                                                                                           Cont.


         • BIM software more interoperable and compatible: IFC format becoming 
   6.      more robust and universal, leading to database standards


         • More fabrication expected from digital model: components built off site, 
   7.      laser cut and assembled in controlled environment and brought to site


         • Increase in staff specialization: people highly skilled in certain areas and 
   8.      workforce expected to be versed in many different BIM software


         • Academia investing time and resources in BIM education: creating new 
   9.      curriculum for BIM and VDC and introducing leadership programs


         • Virtual collaboration and communication with people, clients and 
   10.     disciplines around the globe: BIM Storm
                                                                                           60
Acknowledgments: Participants

                              Design 
     Burt Hill    Cagley                  DMJM
                              Byline

                    Fox 
      Gensler                  HDR        Jacobs
                 Architects

       Kling                  Lessard    O’Neil and 
                 Leo A Daly
     Stubbins                  Group      Manion

                               Rast 
      ONYX          OPP                    RTKL
                              Studio

                   Smith 
                               VOA
                   Group
                                                       61
Building Information Modeling
Uses in Design
Project Execution Planning for Building Information Modeling

      A buildingSMART Alliance project sponsored by:
             The Charles Pankow Foundation
             Construction Industry Institute (CII)
             Clark Construction
             Penn State Office of Physical Plant (OPP)
             PACE




                                                               62

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BIM Uses In Design

  • 1. Building Information Modeling Uses in Design Project Execution Planning for Building Information Modeling Nevena Zikic Master of Science Thesis  CIC Research Program AE Dept | Penn State University 1
  • 2. Introduction to the Research Project Execution Planning for BIM intended for facility owners and project           participants to help them reach decisions on BIM implementation   Four phases of a capital facility project:  Planning Design Construction Operations BIM currently used for targeted tasks but not accepted as a whole due to lack of  planning in general and few disparate guidelines available for team members 2
  • 3. Goal and Objectives Goal: Create structure for BIM uses in design based on expert interviews after  completing detailed content analysis of available literature on BIM and its uses Research objectives:  Determine the current status of BIM in design Identify the trends in design firms Document the most important success and failure factors  Identification of BIM  uses in design Develop BIM uses in design Disseminate the results through the BIM Ex Guide 3
  • 4. Scope Definition and Limitations Scope: “Design Facility comprises all the functions  required to define and communicate the  owner’s needs to the builder. These  activities translate the program and  executions plan into bid and construction  documents and operations and  maintenance documents that allow the  facility to meet the owner’s needs”  (Sanvido, 1995: IBPM) Limitation: US firms with Mid‐Atlantic  focus 4
  • 5. Literature Review: Topics BIM in Design State of the Industry Design Services Design Coordination Process Integrated Project Delivery BIM Benefits and Challenges BIM Design Productivity Benefits New and Changed Staffing within Design Firms BIM Contractual Terms 5
  • 6. Literature Review: BIM in Design BIM as a paradigm change has the potential to modernize the AEC industry “Strength in the possibility to communicate easily and in a more appropriate  format the design intent and complex construction information to the project  team” (Eastman et al., 2007) Construction industry the only one that does not use the full benefits of virtual  modeling prior to construction to reduce flaws as opposed to automobile, aircraft,  spacecraft and shipbuilding industry  Source: http://www.zimdaily.com/images/Beijing.jpg      http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/id7453_2.jpg 6
  • 7. Literature Review: State of the Industry Estimated efficiency losses in the US capital facilities industry approximately $15.8  billion per year (2002 data) due to inadequate interoperability (NIST’s study “Cost  Analysis of Inadequate Interoperability in the US Capital Facilities Industry”) State of the Industry: FMI/CMAA Eight Annual Survey of Owners               Rate benefits that BIM solutions provide/Rate hurdles that slow or prevent  adoption of BIM solutions • 1. Improved communication and collaboration BIM Benefits • 2. Higher quality project execution/decision‐making • 3. Greater assurance of project archival • 1. Lack of expertise BIM Hurdles • 2. Greater system complexity • 3. Lack of industry standards State of the Industry:                                                                                       • Monthly AIA Work‐on‐the‐Boards                                                                             Benefit: Enhanced  Concern/risk: A higher  survey panel of firm leaders (2007):   project quality through  percent of project costs  fewer change orders and  are incurred earlier,  more accurate  changing the traditional  documents phase client billing 7
  • 8. Literature Review: Conclusion Few sources provide specific data on implementation of BIM in design practice  Currently some guidelines available to lead the project team members in how to  develop an executive plan for BIM: Autodesk Communication Specs, AGC  Consensus Docs, AIA E202 Model Program Specs Intention to identify, define and create structure for BIM uses in design that would  assist in preparing customized project execution plan for BIM 8
  • 9. Research Steps 1. Literature Review: clarify the definition of BIM along with identifying various  topics on BIM, its current status, challenges and success factors Review performed from the industry aspect  Published research: journal papers, BIM guides and various expert articles  2. Semi‐structured Interviews: Interview questions identified after the review of  the available literature and brainstorming sessions with the CIC team members Modified and pre‐tested in two pilot interviews with industry members Interviews with 18 design professionals and engineers, industry experts and  BIM champions: data analyzed, summarized and the conclusions drawn Goal is not to get representative or typical responses, but the data have a  certain structure Interviewees free to talk about the subject but their talk guided Eliminate bias: reliability and validity Rationale: operating in discovery, rather than verification mode (Guba and  Lincoln, 1981) 9
  • 10. Research Steps Cont. 3. Content Analysis: data analysis of BIM expert interviews in design done using  mapping to organize the information More quantifiable data averaged and organized based upon frequencies  Interview data collected in the following categories: I. Background Information II. BIM Execution Planning III. Uses of BIM IV. BIM Impact Analysis V. Case Study VI. Concluding Questions 4.  BIM Uses in Design: creating structure and developing BIM uses in design in  more detail . . . . Literature  Expert  Content  BIM Uses  Review Interviews Analysis in Design 10
  • 13. Background Information: Title/Position Title/position of the interviewed industry experts: Applications  Architectural  Design  Manager/ Intern/Associate  Manager/Digital  Architect Design Coordinator Administrator (2) Project  Senior Analyst/ Eng/Manager/ Principal (8) Senior VP Designer Technical/Design/ VDC Engineer Research Director (2) 13
  • 14. Background Information: Company Size Number of employees in the interviewees’ companies or design offices: Small size company/design office 1‐30 employees: 22% or 4 out of 18 Medium size company/design office 31‐150 employees: 28% or 5 out of 18 Large size company/design office 150+employees: 50% or 9 out of 18 22% Small size 1‐30 Medium size 31‐150 50% Large size 150+ 28% 14
  • 15. Background Information: Personal Experience Interviewees’ years of experience with BIM: Beginner level (less than 1 year of experience): 28% or 5 out of 18  Intermediate level (1 to 5 years of experience): 33% or 6 out of 18 Advanced level (more than 5 years of experience): 39% or 7 out of 18 Beginner level < 1 year 28% 39% Intermediate level 1‐5 years Advanced level > 5 years 33% 15
  • 16. Background Information: Company Experience Company/Design office’s years of experience with BIM: Beginner level (less than 1 year of experience): 11% or 2 out of 18  Intermediate level (1 to 5 years of experience): 50% or 9 out of 18 Advanced level (more than 5 years of experience): 39% or 7 out of 18 11% Beginner level < 1 year 39% Intermediate level 1‐5 years Advanced level > 5 years 50% 16
  • 17. BIM Execution Plan: Developed or Not? BIM Execution Plan developed or not? 1/3 of the respondents did not have a specific plan 2/3 had some form of plan usually informal Only one design office had an extensive implementation plan No Plan Some Form of Plan Extensive Plan The need for existence of such plan and establishment of standards and guidelines! 17
  • 18. BIM Execution Plan: Participants Who was involved in the creation of the BIM Execution Plan?  Corporate BIM  manager Steering/executive  committee BIM  champion/team  captain Senior firm leaders  (partners,  BIM  principals) coordinator/Model  master Management  Project  team/key technical  manager/architect staff Design team  members 18
  • 19. BIM Execution Plan: Decisions What are some of the decisions made in the creation of BIM Ex Plan? Commit!: The absolute first decision • Everyone adaptive and come together as a team Open to considering other ways of doing business • BIM as a tool not the end result or the goal Bring the level of understanding throughout the firm • BIM savvy people build synergy; cohesive understanding and acceptance of BIM Create new position/job descriptions • Explore new options, move forward, etc Early involvement of the constructor  • Collocation of the design and construction team Develop BIM standards • Standards are the key; create manual how to do BIM along with templates  Execution of the model set up 19 • One or multiple, model uses, shared with client or used internally, team size
  • 20. BIM Execution Plan: Decisions Cont. Division of work • Decide on performance spec items, level of detail, access to the model, legal Record everything • How to do work/train, how much detail, etc Learn to work in multiple platforms  • Agree on version, software, level of detail, etc Start with humble initial aspirations • Good set of coordinated drawings, simpler project Market and present BIM outside of the office • Spread the message to consultants and owners Explore new capabilities • Prefabrication, advanced energy modeling, new workflows, different alliances Set goals  20 • Levels of implementation and number of years to accomplish these goals 
  • 21. BIM Execution Plan: Process What was the process used to develop a BIM Ex plan? • Leverage core competencies and broaden market appeal 1 • Align technology with business goals and core competencies 2 • Change of mindset is essential: from cost based to value based  business propositions 3 • Develop plan for how to train the company and set goals 4 • Execute fast tracked pilot project and compare to the traditional  approach 5 • Prepare for trial and error since no BIM standards exist yet 6 21
  • 22. BIM Execution Plan: Process Cont. • Hire software representative or 3rd party consultant to assist  7 • Set up a plan with software vendors on how to start a project in BIM 8 • Develop process diagrams and distribute to the whole team 9 • Consider outsourcing the information that goes into these models 10 • Consider expanding services with analytical applications  11 • Enable design build or integrated project delivery 12 22
  • 23. BIM Uses in Design: Categories BIM uses in design can be classified in these 4 categories: Design  System Analysis Communication Estimating Scheduling  23
  • 24. BIM Uses in Design The following BIM uses in design were identified during the expert interviews: BIM Uses in Design Arch Design  Existing Conditions  Site  Engineering  Sustainability  Phase Planning (4D  Programming Design Reviews Code Checking Cost Estimating Authoring Modeling Analysis/Selection Analysis (LEED) Evaluation Modeling) Emergency  Evacuation  Constructability Structural Analysis Planning 3D Design  Security Validation Energy Analysis Coordination Virtual Mock‐ups Lighting Analysis HVAC Analysis 24
  • 25. BIM Uses in Design: Design Communication BIM Uses in Design Arch Design  • Visualize the project and help understand  Arch Design  Existing Conditions  Site  Engineering  Sustainability  Phase Planning (4D  Programming Design Reviews Code Checking Cost Estimating Authoring Modeling Analysis/Selection Analysis (LEED) Evaluation Modeling) the design Authoring Emergency  Evacuation  Constructability Structural Analysis Planning 3D Design  Security Validation Energy Analysis Coordination Virtual Mock‐ups Lighting Analysis HVAC Analysis 25
  • 26. BIM Uses in Design: Design Communication BIM Uses in Design • Design discovery/definition: critical decisions made Programming Arch Design  Existing Conditions  Site  Engineering  Sustainability  Phase Planning (4D  Programming Design Reviews Code Checking Cost Estimating • Blocking/stacking: tremendous labor saving device  Authoring Modeling Analysis/Selection Analysis (LEED) Evaluation Modeling) • Help get funding and communicate designer’s vision Emergency  Evacuation  Constructability Structural Analysis Planning 3D Design  Security Validation Energy Analysis Coordination Virtual Mock‐ups Lighting Analysis HVAC Analysis 26
  • 27. BIM Uses in Design: Design Communication Existing  BIM Uses in Design • 3D laser scanning: far less expensive and  more efficient Conditions  Arch Design  Existing Conditions  Site  Engineering  Sustainability  Phase Planning (4D  Programming Design Reviews Code Checking Cost Estimating Authoring Modeling Analysis/Selection Analysis (LEED) Evaluation Modeling) • Historic preservation: complex interiors and  Emergency  Modeling lots of detail Evacuation  Constructability Structural Analysis Planning 3D Design  Security Validation Energy Analysis Coordination Virtual Mock‐ups Lighting Analysis HVAC Analysis 27
  • 28. BIM Uses in Design: Design Communication • Orientation studies, topography,  BIM Uses in Design Site Analysis/ existent/future underground utilities,  Arch Design  Existing Conditions  Site  Engineering  Sustainability  Phase Planning (4D  Programming Design Reviews Code Checking Cost Estimating calculations, etc Authoring Modeling Analysis/Selection Analysis (LEED) Evaluation Modeling) Selection • Environmental/civil engineering or  Emergency  Evacuation  Constructability Structural Analysis Planning outsourced to consultants 3D Design  Security Validation Energy Analysis Coordination Virtual Mock‐ups Lighting Analysis HVAC Analysis 28
  • 29. BIM Uses in Design: Design Communication BIM Uses in Design • BIM used mostly for arch design authoring  Design  and design reviews Arch Design  Existing Conditions  Site  Engineering  Sustainability  Phase Planning (4D  Programming Design Reviews Code Checking Cost Estimating Authoring Modeling Analysis/Selection Analysis (LEED) Evaluation Modeling) Reviews • Early in design: effective value engineering,  Emergency  fewer questions and less miscommunication Evacuation  Constructability Structural Analysis Planning 3D Design  Security Validation Energy Analysis Coordination Virtual Mock‐ups Lighting Analysis HVAC Analysis 29
  • 30. BIM Uses in Design: Design Communication BIM Uses in Design • Frequent BIM use: precise, fast and visual  review Arch Design  Existing Conditions  Site  Engineering  Sustainability  Phase Planning (4D  Constructability Programming Design Reviews Code Checking Cost Estimating Authoring Modeling Analysis/Selection Analysis (LEED) Evaluation Modeling) • Easier to communicate construction details  Emergency  in 3D Evacuation  Constructability Structural Analysis Planning 3D Design  Security Validation Energy Analysis Coordination Virtual Mock‐ups Lighting Analysis HVAC Analysis 30
  • 31. BIM Uses in Design: Design Communication • Most frequent BIM use: up to designer/consultants to  BIM Uses in Design resolve coordination issues 3D Design  Analysis/Selection • Increased communicability with consultants: potential  Arch Design  Existing Conditions  Site  Engineering  Sustainability  Phase Planning (4D  Programming Design Reviews Code Checking Cost Estimating Authoring Modeling Analysis (LEED) Evaluation Modeling) to illuminate a lot of errors Coordination Emergency  • Biggest bonus: error checking, conflict avoidance and  Evacuation  Constructability Structural Analysis Planning resolution 3D Design  Security Validation Energy Analysis Coordination Virtual Mock‐ups Lighting Analysis HVAC Analysis 31
  • 32. BIM Uses in Design: Design Communication • Complicated projects: construction details or  BIM Uses in Design Virtual Mock‐ certain chosen spaces Arch Design  Existing Conditions  Site  Engineering  Sustainability  Phase Planning (4D  Programming Design Reviews Code Checking Cost Estimating • Review and testing spaces by their future end  Authoring Modeling Analysis/Selection Analysis (LEED) Evaluation Modeling) ups users and clients: healthcare facilities/courtrooms Emergency  Evacuation  Constructability Structural Analysis • Marketing aspect in high end projects Planning 3D Design  Security Validation Energy Analysis Coordination Virtual Mock‐ups Lighting Analysis HVAC Analysis 32
  • 33. BIM Uses in Design: System Analysis • Egress/circulation paths, fire rated walls, ADA  Emergency  BIM Uses in Design requirements, turning radiuses, etc Security  Analysis/Selection • International Code Council project Smart Codes Evacuation  Arch Design  Existing Conditions  Site  Engineering  Sustainability  Phase Planning (4D  Code Validation Programming Design Reviews Code Checking Cost Estimating Authoring Modeling Analysis (LEED) Evaluation Modeling) Validation • Codes very open to local interpretation Emergency  Planning • Code officials unable to use electronic data for code  Evacuation  Constructability Structural Analysis Planning review yet 3D Design  Security Validation Energy Analysis Coordination Virtual Mock‐ups Lighting Analysis HVAC Analysis 33
  • 34. BIM Uses in Design: System Analysis BIM Uses in Design Engineering  Arch Design  Existing Conditions  Site  Engineering  Sustainability  Phase Planning (4D  Programming Design Reviews Code Checking Cost Estimating Authoring Modeling Analysis/Selection Analysis (LEED) Evaluation Modeling) Analyses Emergency  Evacuation  Constructability Structural Analysis Planning 3D Design  Security Validation Energy Analysis Coordination Virtual Mock‐ups Lighting Analysis HVAC Analysis 34
  • 35. BIM Uses in Design: System Analysis BIM Uses in Design • BIM used for drawing and avoiding conflicts Structural  Arch Design  Existing Conditions  Site  Engineering  Sustainability  Phase Planning (4D  Programming Design Reviews Code Checking Cost Estimating Authoring Modeling Analysis/Selection • Using external applications to create  Analysis (LEED) Evaluation Modeling) Analysis analytical models Emergency  Evacuation  Constructability Structural Analysis Planning 3D Design  Security Validation Energy Analysis Coordination Virtual Mock‐ups Lighting Analysis HVAC Analysis 35
  • 36. BIM Uses in Design: System Analysis BIM Uses in Design • Effective for value engineering: abundance  of energy modeling and analysis software Arch Design  Existing Conditions  Site  Engineering  Sustainability  Phase Planning (4D  Energy Analysis Programming Design Reviews Code Checking Cost Estimating Authoring Modeling Analysis/Selection Analysis (LEED) Evaluation Modeling) • Help fine tune the design: site analysis and  Emergency  sustainability efforts Evacuation  Constructability Structural Analysis Planning 3D Design  Security Validation Energy Analysis Coordination Virtual Mock‐ups Lighting Analysis HVAC Analysis 36
  • 37. BIM Uses in Design: System Analysis BIM Uses in Design • Part of sustainability evaluation: tools very  Lighting  rudimentary Arch Design  Existing Conditions  Site  Engineering  Sustainability  Phase Planning (4D  Programming Design Reviews Code Checking Cost Estimating Authoring Modeling Analysis/Selection Analysis (LEED) Evaluation Modeling) Analysis • Hopefully lighting/sustainability analyses  Emergency  soon integrated in one rich database  Evacuation  Constructability Structural Analysis Planning 3D Design  Security Validation Energy Analysis Coordination Virtual Mock‐ups Lighting Analysis HVAC Analysis 37
  • 38. BIM Uses in Design: System Analysis BIM Uses in Design • Not as developed since tools lagging behind Arch Design  Existing Conditions  Site  Engineering  Sustainability  Phase Planning (4D  HVAC Analysis Programming Design Reviews Code Checking Cost Estimating Authoring Modeling Analysis/Selection • Time for more integrated design solutions  Analysis (LEED) Evaluation Modeling) to emerge Emergency  Evacuation  Constructability Structural Analysis Planning 3D Design  Security Validation Energy Analysis Coordination Virtual Mock‐ups Lighting Analysis HVAC Analysis 38
  • 39. BIM Uses in Design: System Analysis BIM Uses in Design Sustainability  • No full BIM capabilities yet: energy and  lighting analysis complement LEED  Arch Design  Existing Conditions  Site  Engineering  Sustainability  Phase Planning (4D  (LEED)  Programming Design Reviews Code Checking Cost Estimating Authoring Modeling Analysis/Selection Analysis (LEED) Evaluation Modeling) • Software disconnected from the rating  Evaluation Emergency  system: USGBC working with Autodesk  Evacuation  Constructability Structural Analysis Planning 3D Design  Security Validation Energy Analysis Coordination Virtual Mock‐ups Lighting Analysis HVAC Analysis 39
  • 40. BIM Uses in Design: Estimating • Designers not asked to provide the service  BIM Uses in Design yet: back checking suspicious aspects and  Arch Design  Existing Conditions  Site  Engineering  Sustainability  Phase Planning (4D  Cost Estimating Programming Design Reviews Code Checking Cost Estimating offer early estimates  Authoring Modeling Analysis/Selection Analysis (LEED) Evaluation Modeling) • Crucial for model to be 100% accurate:  Emergency  Evacuation  Constructability Structural Analysis Planning better if model shared in design build or IPD 3D Design  Security Validation Energy Analysis Coordination Virtual Mock‐ups Lighting Analysis HVAC Analysis 40
  • 41. BIM Uses in Design: Scheduling BIM Uses in Design Phase Planning  • Tenant fit‐out, renovations, design options,  Arch Design  Existing Conditions  Site  Engineering  Sustainability  Phase Planning (4D  Programming Design Reviews Code Checking Cost Estimating space utilizations, phased projects by cost  Authoring Modeling Analysis/Selection Analysis (LEED) Evaluation Modeling) (4D Modeling) loaded schedules, etc Emergency  Evacuation  Constructability Structural Analysis Planning 3D Design  Security Validation Energy Analysis Coordination Virtual Mock‐ups Lighting Analysis HVAC Analysis 41
  • 42. 42
  • 43. BIM Uses in Design: Content/Level of Detail 1. Define the best level of detail and extensive but  limited list of model contents: BIM application ability  to embody tremendous amount of detail  2. Develop BIM standards and best practices for  model manageability: set up the model properly to be  shared; components modeled much simpler 3. Precise BIM modeling and properly dividing up  worksets crucial: everyone has the same information;  avoid manufacturers’ components  4. Decision when to stop with modeling and avoid  getting lost in detail: common sense and rule of  thumb; full BIM models yet rare to find 43
  • 44. BIM Uses in Design: Content/Level of Detail Cont. 5. Establish model level of detail per project by design  team: mechanical ducts 10” or more, electrical  conduit 2.5” or more, slab penetrations over 6x6”, etc 6. Manufacturers to provide model contents with  product information: library of products with  selections hesitant to share due to liability 7. Build central library with generic content not  manufacturer specific: track specific information at  project level; special group to create content  8. Consider external manufacturers’ database  (Architect’s Design Studio Tool): contains data not  library of objects; take chosen products’ attributes  back to the model 44
  • 45. BIM Uses in Design: Processes/Applications Most frequent software used: Bentley Triforma and Microstation, Autodesk AutoCAD,  ADT, ABS and Revit, NavisWorks, Archicad, Gehry Technologies, IES, Ecotech, etc Ideally  sharing the  Start with  model in  light BIM and  design build  progress to  Track BIM  or IPD full BIM:  model uses,  lonely vs.  type and  Build  social BIM  quantity of  templates  concept information  to start  included projects  Ideally to  with  cross  customizing  train staff  a standard  on both  BIM file major  BIM  platforms  45
  • 46. BIM Uses in Design: Team Competencies > Understanding BIM on corporate  and strategic level by management > Imperative for  > Cultural shift of  senior people to  > Good solid BIM  modeling instead  lead the building  training of drafting technology effort > Team  composition and  > Team building  > Teamwork and  level of  from day one synergy of team experience 46
  • 47. BIM Uses in Design: Top Skills Coordination Knowledge of  Collaboration design tools Top  Knowledge of  design  Communication skills disciplines Problem  Flexibility solving Positive  attitude 47
  • 48. BIM Uses in Design: Legal/Insurance/Contract What are some of the legal/insurance/contractual considerations? Legal issues considered the most important to address  • Adding BIM contract language to limit liability: BIM model for information only; no case law yet  Contractual language to develop partnerships with people and teams you can trust • First BIM documents published: Consensus DOCs and BIM Addendum Full not partial BIM would lead to revised legal and insurance considerations • Sharing drawings with disclaimer or electronic paralegal agreement or deliver them in read only format If everyone is sharing the benefits, everyone needs to share the risk together • Best environment in design build or IPD contractual relationship; ongoing effort to do IPD and share  profit pool  Insurance addresses BIM in a neutral way • No case work to show BIM project is more or less risky; downstream BIM is seen as less risky leading to  reducing the rates for everyone 48
  • 49. BIM Impact Analysis: Done or Not? Anecdotal data  Metrics: no  report: • Starts with 35% less  measurable data  • Based on project  productivity available yet data, performances  • After 4‐5 months  • 80% decrease in  and hours tracked back to the same  • Hours to complete  clashes • Mostly profitable as  level the project • Savings in cost for  before if not more • Following projects  • RFI tracking system rework • No RFIs on conflicts  having increase • Conflicts resolved • Time savings or document quality • Compare two similar  • The number or  • RFIs answered in  projects people using BIM Detailed analysis  two weeks rarely done and no  • Percentage of  • Reduced  projects done in BIM metrics yet productivity due to  BIM implementation training 49
  • 50. BIM Impact Analysis: Cost and Design Fees Cost Up • Hardware/software  • Training staff  • Schematic design phase Cost Down • Unit cost of professional services • Decrease in errors and omissions  • Bids under budget  • Construction and change order cost • Design better communicated Design fees restructured to affect the reality of building the model: 50
  • 51. BIM Impact Analysis: Time Time negatively affected • Gearing up the company to  execute BIM Time positively affected • Architectural practice and design  in general  • Reduction in overall delivery time  by eliminating conflicts • Overall design schedule: time  savings in CD and CA phase 51
  • 52. BIM Impact Analysis: Quality Quality negatively affected • Overall project delivery quality still  lacking  • Only quality improved not time or  cost Quality positively affected • Project quality in general goes up • Better coordination: issues caught  immediately  • Much less RFIs initiated • No last minute adding of the staff 52
  • 53. BIM Impact Analysis: Staff Composition Did composition of the design staff change with BIM implementation? Changing technology and practice management: Leadership •Challenge to motivate individuals and lead them through the process •1/3 of respondents said the design staff composition did not change dramatically More technological and less academic background needed for designers Management Change in time having no drafters just designers and also having specialty occupations BIM champions need to be trained first, then work with newbies and applications manager Mentoring Large design offices completely restructured its staff: BIM users, BIM leaders, BIM  coordinator, Digital Design Coordinator, etc Small design offices cut the number of their staff: remaining staff more experienced Incentives Others still same roles, but might have total collapse of the hierarchy with BIM 53
  • 54. BIM Impact Analysis: New Roles BIM Users BIM  BIM Model  Manager/ Manager in  IT Model Master BIM  Model BIM Leaders  BIM MEP  Corporate/ Manager Local BIM  BIM  Integrator Coordinator 54
  • 55. BIM Impact Analysis: Critical Success Factors What are some of the critical success factors for BIM implementation? • Organizational change management/motivational challenge for staff: crucial in  changing practice 1.  • Understanding of what BIM is, what to expect from it and how to operate 2.  • Practice/process driven approach important since BIM not just technology 3.  • Full application of BIM leads to full award 4.  • Owner requirements drive BIM implementation 5.  • Upper management must strongly support the BIM implementation  6. 55
  • 56. BIM Impact Analysis: Critical Success Factors Cont. • Investment of more senior people upfront to have good working model 7.  • Staff needs to be open minded, want change, research and learn BIM 8.  • Quality incremental training, project focused and with continuous commitment 9.  • Best practices /standards: BIM model set up with defined contents/all disciplines 10.  • Capability, flexibility of the team, communication and adopting changes critical 11.  • BIM process seriously pre‐planned: BIM Project Execution Planning 12. 56
  • 57. BIM Impact Analysis: Issues/Concerns What are some of the issues or concerns rising with BIM implementation? Implementation business model for  Losing control of information major  BIM does not exist yet  fear of designers Address technical issues:  Benefit of BIM worth the cost just  interoperability and data exchange  for new construction? (IFC format and NavisWorks) Design decisions need to be made  Adapt to changes in the software  much faster due to upgrades each year BIM authoring tools make it easy to  Libraries/components still missing  do a bad building or design and need to be more developed Model has to be accurate: no  Poorly trained people and lack of  hidden information or forced  experience of junior people  dimensions 57
  • 58. BIM Impact Analysis: Risks What are some of the risks incurred in the BIM implementation? Choose a wrong type of project to  start and change practice to BIM Duty risks: Unknown risks: • Knowingly assumed based  • Changed by increasing  Project managers who do not accept  on signed contracts and  knowledge and carefully  the technology yet professional licensure executing BIM Legal protection when sharing the  model not being set in place yet Manufacturer’s product data/objects  incorrect and represent liability IPD carrying a lot of risk that we are  not aware of yet 58
  • 59. Concluding: Future Industry Trends What are some of the future trends in the BIM implementation? • BIM momentum changing the industry: BIM more prevalent and more of  1.  a norm like green technologies • Organizational structure changing: Arch + AE firms merging into one  2.  enterprise (design build, big conglomerates or developers) • Transition to BIM as consistent trend for owners: BIM tied much more  3. with FM, O&M and into fabrication and supply chain • IPD, teams that work frequently together and have mutual trust in IPD 4. • IPD and design build emerging as clients’ method of delivery preference • Delivering projects in BIM and CDs replaced by the BIM model 5. • 2D drawings might disappear or be second to the model 59
  • 60. Concluding: Future Industry Trends Cont. • BIM software more interoperable and compatible: IFC format becoming  6.  more robust and universal, leading to database standards • More fabrication expected from digital model: components built off site,  7.  laser cut and assembled in controlled environment and brought to site • Increase in staff specialization: people highly skilled in certain areas and  8. workforce expected to be versed in many different BIM software • Academia investing time and resources in BIM education: creating new  9. curriculum for BIM and VDC and introducing leadership programs • Virtual collaboration and communication with people, clients and  10. disciplines around the globe: BIM Storm 60
  • 61. Acknowledgments: Participants Design  Burt Hill Cagley DMJM Byline Fox  Gensler HDR Jacobs Architects Kling  Lessard  O’Neil and  Leo A Daly Stubbins Group Manion Rast  ONYX OPP RTKL Studio Smith  VOA Group 61
  • 62. Building Information Modeling Uses in Design Project Execution Planning for Building Information Modeling A buildingSMART Alliance project sponsored by: The Charles Pankow Foundation Construction Industry Institute (CII) Clark Construction Penn State Office of Physical Plant (OPP) PACE 62