2. BASIC CONCEPTS OF OOP
The OOP approach is based on
certain concepts that help it attain its
goal of overcoming the drawbacks or
short comings of convectional
programming approaches.
3. DATA ABSTRACTION
Abstraction is the concept of simplifying
a real world concept into its essential
elements. To understand the
abstraction, let us take an example. You
are driving a car. You know essential
features to drive a car e.g. gear
handling, steering handling use of
clutch, accelerator, brakes etc. This is
abstraction where we only know the
essential things to drive a car without
including the background details or
4. ENCAPSULATION
Encapsulation is the wrapping up of
the data and operations/
functions(that operate on the data)
into a single unit(called class).
Encapsulation is the way to implement
data abstraction. Encapsulation hides
the details of the implementation of an
object.
5.
6. MODULARITY
Modularity is the property of a system
that has been decomposed into a set
of cohesive loosely coupled modules.
The justification for partioning a
program is that
(i) It reduces its complexity to some
degree and
(ii) It creates a number of well
defined, documented boundaries
within the program
7. INHERITANCE
inheritance is the capability of one
class of things to inherit capabilities or
properties from another class. For e.g.
in scientific calculator it inherits the
features of simple calculator
too(addition, subtraction, multiplication
, division).
8. WHY INHERITANCE?
The inheritance was introduced in OO
languages because
It ensures the closeness with the real
world models.
Inheritance allows the addition of
additional features to n existing class
without modifying it.
Of its transitive nature. (if A inherits
from B and B inherits from C, then A
also inherits from C )
9. IS-A RELATIONSHIP
This type of relationship is
represented via inheritance. When a
class(say B) inherits from another
class, (say A) it becomes a “a kind of”
its base class. That is, one can say
that class „B‟ IS-A kind of class „A‟.
E.g. A „car‟ IS-A vehicle.
10. HAS-A RELATIONSHIP
In contract to inheritance, when a
class owns an object of another class
then it is class HAS-A relationship.
For e.g. car engine is an object of
class type and a class CAR owns
engine. i.e , car HAS-A ENGINE. But it
is not an engine. Thus no IS-A
relationship, just HAS-A relationship.
This relationship is also called
composition or containership.
11. Polymorphism
Polymorphism is the ability for a
message or data to be processed in
more than one form . Languages that
support classes but not polymorphism
are called object-based languages.
Ada is such a language.
Polymorphism is a property by which
the same message can be send to
objects of several different
classes, when each object can
respond in a different way depending
upon it class.
12. Advantages and disadvantages
of OOP
Advantages
Re-use of code. Linking of code to
object and explicit specification of
relations between objects allows
related objects to share code.
Encapsulation allows class definitions
to be re-used in other application. The
availability of a consistent interface to
objects lessens code duplication and
thereby improves code reusability
13. Ease of comprehension: the classes can
be set up to closely represent the generic
application concepts and processes. OOP
codes are more near to real-world models
than other programming methodologies‟
codes.
14. Ease of fabrication and maintenance:
The concepts such as
encapsulation, data abstraction allow
for every clean designs. When an
object is going into disallows
states, which are not permitted, only
its methods need be investigated e.g.
if student is getting more than
maximum marks, only the functions
are to be retested. This narrows down
search for problems.
15. Easy redesign and extension: the
same concepts above facilitate easy
redesign and extension.
16. Disadvantages of OOP
With OOP, classes tend to be overly
generalized.
The relations among classes become
artificial at times.
The OOP programs‟ design is tricky.
Also one need to do proper planning
and design for OOP programming.
To program with OOP, programmer need
proper skills such as design skills,
programming skills, thinking in terms of
objects etc.
