1. © 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 6/ePrinciples of Economics, 6/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair
Short-Run Costs
and Output Decisions

2. © 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 6/ePrinciples of Economics, 6/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair
Decisions Facing Firms
DECISIONS
are based
on INFORMATION
1. The quantity of output
to supply
1. The price of output
2. How to produce that
output (which
technique to use)
2. Techniques of
production available*
3. The quantity of each
input to demand
3. The price of inputs*
*Determines production costs

3. © 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 6/ePrinciples of Economics, 6/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair
Costs in the Short Run
• The short run is a period of
time for which two conditions
hold:
1. The firm is operating under a
fixed scale (fixed factor) of
production, and
2. Firms can neither enter nor exit
an industry.
• In the short run, all firms have
costs that they must bear
regardless of their output.
These kinds of costs are called

4. © 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 6/ePrinciples of Economics, 6/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair
Costs in the Short Run
• Fixed cost is any cost that does not
depend on the firm’s level of output.
These costs are incurred even if the
firm is producing nothing.
• Variable cost is a cost that depends
on the level of production chosen.
T C T F C T V C= +
Total Cost = Total Fixed + Total Variable
Cost Cost

5. © 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 6/ePrinciples of Economics, 6/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair
Fixed Costs
• Firms have no control over fixed
costs in the short run. For this
reason, fixed costs are
sometimes called sunk costs.
• Average fixed cost (AFC) is the
total fixed cost (TFC) divided by
the number of units of output (q):
A F C
T F C
q
=

6. © 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 6/ePrinciples of Economics, 6/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair
Short-Run Fixed Cost (Total and
Average) of a Hypothetical Firm
• AFC falls as output
rises; a
phenomenon
sometimes called
spreading
(1)
q
(2)
TFC
(3)
AFC (TFC/q)
0 $1,000 $ −−
1 1,000 1,000
2 1,000 500
3 1,000 333
4 1,000 250
5 1,000 200

7. © 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 6/ePrinciples of Economics, 6/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair
Variable Costs
• The total variable cost curve is a
graph that shows the relationship
between total variable cost and the
level of a firm’s output.• The total variableThe total variable
cost is derived fromcost is derived from
productionproduction
requirements andrequirements and
input prices.input prices.

8. © 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 6/ePrinciples of Economics, 6/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair
Derivation of Total Variable Cost
Schedule from Technology and
Factor Prices
• The total variable cost curve shows the
cost of production using the best available
technique at each output level, given
PRODUCT
USING
TECHNIQU
E
UNITS OF
INPUT REQUIRED
(PRODUCTION
FUNCTION)
TOTAL VARIABLE
COST ASSUMING
PK = $2, PL = $1
TVC = (K x PK) + (L x
PL)K L
1 Units
of
A 4 4 (4 x $2)
+
(4 x $1) =$12
output B 2 6 (2 x $2)
+
(6 x $1) =
2 Units
of
A 7 6 (7 x $2)
+
(6 x $1) =$20
output B 4 10 (4 x $2)
+
(10 x $1)
=
$10
$18
$24

9. © 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 6/ePrinciples of Economics, 6/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair
Marginal Cost
• Marginal cost (MC) is the
increase in total cost that results
from producing one more unit of
output.
• Marginal cost reflects changes in
variable costs.M C
T C
Q
T F C
Q
T V C
Q
= = +
∆
∆
∆
∆
∆
∆

10. © 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 6/ePrinciples of Economics, 6/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair
Derivation of Marginal Cost from
Total Variable Cost
UNITS OF
OUTPUT
TOTAL VARIABLE
COSTS ($)
MARGINAL
COSTS ($)
0 0 0
1 10 10
2 18 8
3 24 6
• Marginal cost measures the
additional cost of inputs required
to produce each successive unit of
output.

11. © 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 6/ePrinciples of Economics, 6/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair
The Shape of the Marginal Cost
Curve in the Short Run
• The fact that in the short run every
firm is constrained by some fixed
input means that:
1. The firm faces diminishing returns to
variable inputs, and
2. The firm has limited capacity to
produce output.
• As a firm approaches that capacity,
it becomes increasingly costly to
produce successively higher levels

12. © 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 6/ePrinciples of Economics, 6/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair
The Shape of the Marginal Cost
Curve in the Short Run
• Marginal costs ultimately increase
with output in the short run.

13. © 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 6/ePrinciples of Economics, 6/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair
Graphing Total Variable Costs
and Marginal Costs
• Total variable costs
always increase with
output. The marginal
cost curve shows how
total variable cost
changes with single
unit increases in total
output.
• Below 100 units of output,Below 100 units of output,
TVCTVC increases at aincreases at a
decreasing ratedecreasing rate. Beyond. Beyond
100 units of output,100 units of output, TVCTVC
increases at anincreases at an increasingincreasing
rate.rate.

14. © 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 6/ePrinciples of Economics, 6/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair
Average Variable Cost
• Average variable cost (AVC) is
the total variable cost divided by
the number of units of output.
• Marginal cost is the cost of one
additional unit. Average variable
cost is the average variable cost
per unit of all the units being
produced.
• Average variable cost follows
marginal cost, but lags behind.

15. © 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 6/ePrinciples of Economics, 6/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair
Relationship Between Average
Variable Cost and Marginal
Cost
• When marginal cost is
below average cost,
average cost is
declining.
• When marginal cost isWhen marginal cost is
above average cost,above average cost,
average cost is increasing.average cost is increasing.
• Rising marginal costRising marginal cost
intersects average variableintersects average variable
cost at the minimum pointcost at the minimum point
ofof AVCAVC..
• At 200 units of output, AVC isAt 200 units of output, AVC is
minimum, andminimum, and MCMC == AVCAVC..

16. © 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 6/ePrinciples of Economics, 6/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair
Short-Run Costs of a
Hypothetical Firm
(1)
q
(2)
TVC
(3)
MC
(∆
TVC)
(4)
AVC
(TVC/q)
(5)
TFC
(6)
TC
(TVC + TFC)
(7)
AFC
(TFC/q)
(8)
ATC
(TC/q or AFC +
AVC)
0 $ 0 $ − $ − $ 1,00
0
$1,000 $ − $ −
1 10 10 10 1,00
0
1,010 1,00
0
1,010
2 18 8 9 1,00
0
1,018 500 509
3 24 6 8 1,00
0
1,024 333 341
4 32 8 8 1,00
0
1,032 250 258
5 42 10 8.4 1,00
0
1,042 200
208.4
− − − − − − − −
− − − − − − − −

17. © 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 6/ePrinciples of Economics, 6/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair
Total Costs
• Adding TFC to TVC
means adding the
same amount of total
fixed cost to every level
of total variable cost.• Thus, the total cost curveThus, the total cost curve
has the same shape as thehas the same shape as the
total variable cost curve; ittotal variable cost curve; it
is simply higher by anis simply higher by an
amount equal toamount equal to TFCTFC..
T C T F C T V C= +

18. © 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 6/ePrinciples of Economics, 6/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair
Average Total Cost
• Average total cost
(ATC) is total cost
divided by the number
of units of output (q).
A T C A F C A V C= +
A T C
T C
q
T F C
q
T V C
q
= = +
• BecauseBecause AFCAFC falls withfalls with
output, an ever-decliningoutput, an ever-declining
amount is added toamount is added to AVCAVC..

19. © 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 6/ePrinciples of Economics, 6/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair
Relationship Between Average
Total Cost and Marginal Cost
• If marginal cost is
below average total
cost, average total cost
will decline toward
marginal cost.
• If marginal cost is
above average total
cost, average total cost
will increase.
• Marginal cost intersects
average total cost and
average variable cost
curves at their

20. © 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 6/ePrinciples of Economics, 6/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair
Output Decisions: Revenues,
Costs, and Profit Maximization
• In the short run, a competitive firm faces a
demand curve that is simply a horizontal
line at the market equilibrium price.

21. © 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 6/ePrinciples of Economics, 6/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair
Total Revenue (TR) and
Marginal Revenue (MR)
• Total revenue (TR) is the total amount that
a firm takes in from the sale of its output.
T R P q= ×
M R
T R
q
=
∆
∆
=
P q
q
( )∆
∆
• Marginal revenue (MR)Marginal revenue (MR) is the additional revenueis the additional revenue
that a firm takes in when it increases output bythat a firm takes in when it increases output by
one additional unit.one additional unit.
• In perfect competition,In perfect competition, P = MRP = MR..
= P

22. © 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 6/ePrinciples of Economics, 6/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair
Comparing Costs and
Revenues to Maximize Profit
• The profit-maximizing level of output
for all firms is the output level where
MR = MC.
• In perfect competition, MR = P,
therefore, the profit-maximizing
perfectly competitive firm will produce
up to the point where the price of its
output is just equal to short-run
marginal cost.
• The key idea here is that firms will
produce as long as marginal revenue

23. © 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 6/ePrinciples of Economics, 6/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair
Profit Analysis for a Simple Firm
(1)
q
(2)
TFC
(3)
TVC
(4)
MC
(5)
P = MR
(6)
TR
(P x q)
(7)
TC
(TFC + TVC)
(8)
PROFIT
(TR −
TC)
0 $ 10 $ 0 $ − $ 15 $ 0 $ 10 $ -10
1 10 10 10 15 15 20 -5
2 10 15 5 15 30 25 5
3 10 20 5 15 45 30 15
4 10 30 10 15 60 40 20
5 10 50 20 15 75 60 15
6 10 80 30 15 90 90 0

24. © 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 6/ePrinciples of Economics, 6/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair
The Short-Run Supply Curve
• At any market price, the marginal cost curve shows the
output level that maximizes profit. Thus, the marginal
cost curve of a perfectly competitive profit-maximizing firm

25. © 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 6/ePrinciples of Economics, 6/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair