10 Of The Best Books About TCP/IP And Networking 1.Internet Core Protocols: The Definitive Guide: Help for Network Administrators 2.Effective TCP/IP Programming: 44 Tips to Improve Your Network Programs 3.TCP/IP Explained 4.High-Speed Networks TCP/IP and ATM Design Principles 5.TCP/IP: Architecture, Protocols, and Implementation with IPv6 and IP 6.SNMP, SNMPv2, SNMPv3, and RMON 1 and 2 7.SNMP: A Guide to Network Management 8.TCP/IP Network Administration 9.Teach Yourself Tcp/Ip in 14 Days 10.UNIX Network Programming

1. AD
N

2. TCP/IP
Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol...

3. Communications Protocol
• All communications between devices require that the devices agree on the format
of the data. The set of rules defining a format is called a protocol. At the very least,
a communications protocol must define the following:
• rate of transmission (in baud or bps)
• whether transmission is to be synchronous or asynchronous
• whether data is to be transmitted in half-duplex or full-duplex mode
• In addition, protocols can include sophisticated techniques for detecting and
recovering from transmission errors and for encoding and decoding data.

4. TCP/IP
• The Internet protocol suite is the set of
communications protocols which is used
for the Internet and similar networks.
• Generally the most popular protocol stack
for wide area networks.
• It is occasionally known as the DoD model
due to the foundational influence of the
ARPANET.
• TCP/IP provides end-to-end connectivity
• Basically it contain 4 layers.

5. • Creates a reliable connection between
two computers. TCP is one of the main
protocols in TCP/IP networks. Whereas
the IP protocol deals only with packets,
TCP enables two hosts to establish a
connection and exchange streams of
data. TCP guarantees delivery of data
and also guarantees that packets will be
delivered in the same order in which
they were sent.
Transmission Control
Protocol (TCP)
INTERNET PROTOCOL
(IP)
• Provides addressing scheme.. IP specifies the
format of packets, also called datagrams, and
the addressing scheme. Most networks
combine IP with a higher-level protocol called
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), which
establishes a virtual connection between a
destination and a source.
• IP by itself is something like the postal system. It
allows you to address a package and drop it in
the system, but there's no direct link between
you and the recipient. TCP/IP, on the other hand,
establishes a connection between two hosts so
that they can send messages back and forth for
a period of time.
• The current version of IP is IPv4. A new version,
called IPv6 or IPng, is under development.

6. TCP Header
• Before data is sent, the transmitting host
contacts the receiving host to set up a
connection-P n known as a virtual circuit. This
makes T-Connection-oriented. During the
handshake the two hosts agree upon the
amount of information to be sent before an
acknowledgment is needed (Windowing). TCP
takes the large blocks of data from the upper
layers and breaks them up into segments that it
numbers and sequences. TCP will the pass the
segments to the network layer, which will route
them through the Internetwork. The receiving
TCP can put the segments back into order. After
packets are sent, TCP waits for an
acknowledgment from the receiving end of the
virtual circuit. If no acknowledgment is received
then the sending host will retransmit the
segment

7. Main Function of TCP/IP...
TCP accepts data from applications and segments it into a desirable
size for transmission between itself and the remote devices. The
segment size is determined while TCP is negotiating the connection
between the two devices. Either device can dictate the segment size.
TCP maintains timers to identify when packets have taken too long to
get to their destination. When an acknowledgment is not received for
a packet and the timer expires, TCP will resend the packet to the
destination.
TCP/IP uses sequence numbers to ensure that all packets sent by an
application on one device are read in the correct order by an
application on another device. The packets might not be received at
the transport layer in the correct order, but TCP sequences them in
their original order before passing them to the application layer.
Any time two devices are communicating, the possibility exists that
one device can send data faster than the other can accept it. If this
happens, the receiving device puts the extra packets into a buffer to
be read at the first chance it gets. When this data overflow persists,
however, the buffer is eventually filled and packets begin to drop. TCP
performs some preventive maintenance called flow control to avoid
the problem.
Provides acknowledgment times
Segments application layer data stream
Enables sequence number checking
Provides buffer management

8. Main Function of TCP/IP..
TCP uses the concept of the three-way handshake to initiate a
connection between two devices.
• A TCP connection begins with a device sending a request to
synchronize sequence numbers (a SYN packet) and initiate a
connection.
• The other device receives the message and responds with a SYN
message and the sequence number increased by one.
• The first device responds by sending an acknowledgment
message (an ACK) to the second device, indicating that the device
received the sequence number it expected.
TCP uses a checksum to identify packets that have changed during
transport. If a device receives a packet with a bad checksum, it
drops the packet and does not send an acknowledgment for the
packet. So the sending device will resend the packet. Any time TCP
receives a duplicate packet it will drop the duplicate.
Any time a TCP device sends data to another device, it must wait for
the acknowledgment that this data was received, To increase the
bandwidth utilization, TCP can change the window size. Whatever
the window size is negotiated to be, acknowledgments will only be
sent after that many packets have been received at the receiving
device. TCP sets the window size dynamically during a connection,
allowing either device involved in the communication to slow down
the sending data rate based on the other devices capacity. This
process is known as sliding window because of TCP's ability to
Initiates connections with 3-way handshake
Performs acknowledgment windowing
Performs error and duplication checking

9. Layer
Name
Common
Components
OSI
Reference
Application
HTTP, SMTP, POP3
FTP, DNS
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport TCP, UDP Transport
Network
IP, ICMP Network
Physical
Ethernet, FDDI
Data Link
Physical
TCP-IPModel

10. Working..
APPLICATION LAYER
• This layer makes the Communication B/w
Program and Transport protocol.
• Protocols :-
HTTP,SMTP,FTP,SNMP,DNS,TELNET
• Application Layer talks to the transport
layer through a port . SMTP-25, HTTP-80,
FTP-20,21
APPLICATION
TRANSPORT

11. • The Transport Layer get data from
the Application Layer and Divided it
into several data packets.
• Both UDP and TCP will get the data
from the Application layer and add a
HEADER to it when transmitting
data. On this header there are
several control information, in a
particular the source port number.
• UDP header has 8bytes while TCP
header has 20 or 24 Bytes.
Working..
NETWORK LAYER

12. • The network layer is responsible for
packet forwarding including routing
through intermediate routers,
whereas the data link layer is
responsible for media access
control, flow control and error
checking.
• The network layer provides the
functional and procedural means of
transferring variable length data
sequences from a source to a
destination host via one or more
networks while maintaining the
quality of service functions.
Working..
TRANSPORT LAYER

13. Working..
PHYSICAL LAYER
• This layer is define by what type of
Physical Network your computer is
connected to. Almost always connected
to an Ethernet Network.
• TCP/IP is the set of protocol that deals
with layers 3 to 7 from OSI reference
model, while Ethernet is a set of
protocol that deals with layer 1 and 2
form OSI.
• Ethernet has three Layers
1. Logic Link control (LLC)
2. Media Access Control (MAC)
3. Physical

14. Logic Link Control (LLC)
•The Logic Link layer (LLC) is in charge of
adding information of which protocol on the
Internet layer delivered data to be
transmitted, so when receiving a frame from
the network this layer on the receiving
computer has to know to which protocol
from the Physical layer it should deliver data.
This Layer is Define by IEEE 808.2 Protocol.

15. Media Access Control (MAC)
• The Media Access Control layer (MAC) is in change of assembling
the frame that will be sent over the network.
• This Layer is in charge of adding the source MAC address and the
target MAC address – as we explained before.
• MAC address is the physical address of a network Card
• Frames That are targeted to another network will use the router
MAC address as the target address.
• This Layer is defined by IEEE 802.3 Protocol, if a cabled network is
being used, or by IEEE 802.11 Protocol, if a wireless network is Being
Used.

16. Physical Layer
• The Physical layer is in charge of converting the
frame Generated by the MAC layer into electricity
(if a cable network is used) or into
electromagnetic waves (if a wireless network is
being used).
• This layer is also defined by IEEE 802.3 Protocol, If
a Cable network is used, or by IEEE 802.11 Protocol,
if a Wireless network is used

17. Full Physical Layer..

19. Some Universal References..
• http://www.google.com
• http://www.Wikipedia.org
• http://computer.howstuffworks.com/osi1.htm
• http://www.hardwaresecrets.com/article/How-TCP-IP-Protocol-Works-Part-1/433
• http://netcert.tripod.com/ccna/internetworking/dod.html

20. By :-
NIKET.CH & VIKAS
PANDEY
E-mail :-
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niket786@hotmail.com
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