Metadata interoperability With JPSearch

FIB - Barcelona School of Informatics
Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)
Barcelona, Spain
Metadata Interoperability
with JPSearch
Nicos Demetriou
Master in Computer Architecture Networks and Systems
Barcelona, Spain July 3, 2013

Outline
1. Introduction
2. State of the art
3. Problem definition
4. Resolving the problem
5. Experiments
6. Conclusion
Nicos Demetriou: Metadata Interoperability with JPSearch 2

Nicos Demetriou: Metadata Interoperability with JPSearch
Introduction1

Introduction
Source: http://grabworthy.com/300-million-photos-uploaded-to-facebook-daily/
January 2013

Introduction
 Increasing number of digital images cause:
 Organization issues
 Search and retrieval difficulties
 The need to semantically describe them (annotations)
 Portability problems
 Metadata: “Data about data”
 Plenty of metadata standards (MPEG-7)
 JPSearch
 New standard from JPEG
 Tries to solve the aforementioned problems
 Still improving

Introduction
 Goal
 Embed JPSearch data to image files
 Easily create translation rules
 Evaluate JPSearch standard
 Possible lacks, improvements
 Does JPSearch resolves the problem?
 Research and application work

State of the art2

State of the art
 Metadata
 Describes the characteristics of a resource
 Distinguished from the main content of the resource
 E.g. Image {Content = Pixels, Metadata = Properties}
 Improve organizing resources
 Search mechanism
 Embedded to the resource or externally
 Digital images
 Many proprietary formats such as JPEG, PNG
 Contain metadata, method differs
 Native metadata (e.g. EXIF)
 Metadata in XML format (e.g. XMP)
 Handful of metadata standards

State of the art
 Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG)
 Lossy compression / adjustable compression
 Standards: JFIF  EXIF & ICC profile (color space)
 JPEG Interchange Format (JIF) byte layout
 Segments of JPEG: Application Markers (0xFFEn)
 JFIF – APP0
 EXIF – APP1
 XMP – APP1
 ICC – APP2
 JPSearch – APP3
 Photoshop – APP13

State of the art
 JPSearch
 Suite of specifications
 Enrichment with metadata in JPEG, JPEG 2000
 Abstract framework
 Modular
 Flexible search architecture
 Six parts:
1. System framework and components
2. Schema and ontology
3. Query format
4. File format for embedded metadata
5. Data interchange format between repositories
6. Reference software

Problem definition3

Problem definition
 Metadata Interoperability
 Metadata exchanged without loss of information
 Different processes express metadata in certain way
 Distinct services exchange query messages

Problem definition
 Challenges
 Manipulation of image collections’ metadata
 Image search and retrieval
 Image repository maintenance and synchronization
 Metadata storage
 Reuse of metadata without regenerating it
 Transferability between various image formats
 Semantic meaning differs among formats
 Approach to the solution: JPSearch
 What is missing?
 Lack of approaches and applications

Resolving the problem4
4.1 Approach
4.2 JPSearch Part 2
4.3 JPSearch Part 4
4.4 Tools Developed

Resolving the problem
 4.1 Approach
 Implement tools
 JPSearch Editor for JPEG files
 Translation Rule generator
 Analyze transformation rules for different metadata sets
 Evaluate JPSearch
 Find lacks
 Suggest improvements

 4.2 JPSearch Part 2
 JPSearch Core Metadata Schema
 Rules for machine readable translation

 JPSearch Core Metadata Schema
 19 Basic elements
 XML syntax
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"
standalone="yes"?>
<ImageDescription
xmlns="JPSearch:schema:coremetadata">
<Creators>
<GivenName>Leonardo</GivenName>
<FamilyName>DaVinci</FamilyName>
</Creators>
<Publisher>
<PersonName>
<GivenName>Paris</GivenName>
<FamilyName></FamilyName>
</PersonName>
<OrganizationInformation>
<Name>Museum of Louvre</Name>
<Address>
<Name>Lourve, Paris</Name>
</Address>
</OrganizationInformation>
</Publisher>
<CreationDate>1503-01-
01T00:00:00.0Z</CreationDate>
<ModifiedDate>2013-06-
24T13:30:41.395+03:00</ModifiedDate>
<Description>The portrait of Mona
Lisa</Description>
<Keyword>Image</Keyword>
<Keyword>fr</Keyword>
<Title>Mona Lisa</Title>
<CollectionLabel>Painting</CollectionLabel>
<Width>677</Width>
<Height>1024</Height>
</ImageDescription>
Elements
Identifier Title
Modifiers CollectionLabel
Creators PreferenceValue
Publisher Rating
CreationDate OriginalImageIdentifier
ModifiedDate GPSPositioning
Description RegionOfInterest
RightsDescription Width
Source Height
Keyword
Example

 Rules for machine readable translation
 JPSearch Translation Rules Declaration Language
 Rule types: OneToOne, OneToMany, ManyToOne
 Dublin Core to JPSearch example
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"?>
<TranslationRules xmlns="JPSearch:schema:translation" fromFormat="http://purl.org/dc/terms/"
toFormat="JPSearch:schema:coremetadata">
<TranslationRule xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:type="OneToManyFieldTranslationType">
<FromField xsi:type="FilteredSourceFieldType">
<XPathExpression>/creator</XPathExpression>
<FilterWithRegExpr>(S+) (S+)</FilterWithRegExpr>
<VariableBinding>
<ExplicitPrefixBinding>$name</ExplicitPrefixBinding>
<ExplicitPostfixBinding>$lastname</ExplicitPostfixBinding>
</VariableBinding>
</FromField>
<ToField xsi:type="FormattedTargetFieldType">
<XPathExpression>/JPSearchCore/Creators/GivenName</XPathExpression>
<ReplaceWithRegExpr>$name</ReplaceWithRegExpr>
</ToField>
<ToField xsi:type="FormattedTargetFieldType">
<XPathExpression>/JPSearchCore/Creators/FamilyName</XPathExpression>
<ReplaceWithRegExpr>$lastname</ReplaceWithRegExpr>
</ToField>
</TranslationRule>
</TranslationRules>

 File format – extension of JPEG-1/JPEG 2000
 Additional metadata can co-exist
 JPSearchMetadata. ElementaryMetadata, Data blocks

 4.4 Tools developed
JPSearch Editor
 Features:
 Opens .jpeg files
 Shows JPSearch metadata
 Embeds JPSearch
 Alters JPSearch metadata
 Saves JPSearch to XML
 Saves metadata to DB
 Imports external XML
instance with its
translation rules
 Region Tagging

JPSearch Editor
 Features:
 Opens .jpeg files
 Shows JPSearch metadata
 Embeds JPSearch
 Alters JPSearch metadata
 Saves JPSearch to XML
 Saves metadata to DB
 Imports external XML
instance with its
translation rules
 Region Tagging

Rule generator
 Features
 Opens XML instance
 Shows XML elements
 Element selection
 All three rule type
supported
 Rule type details
 Show saved rules
 Update/Deletion of
saved rules
 Save rules in XML file

Experiments5

Experiments
 Methodology
 Creating mappings of multiple XML instances
 Use rule generator tool
 Based on a practical approach
 Standards experimented with:
 MPEG-7
 Dublin Core
 EBU core
 XMP
 Other formats (DeviantArt)
 Evaluate JPSearch
 Detect lacks and tool improvements

Experiments
 MPEG-7
 Large schema
 Favors moving pictures and audio
 Impossible to map all elements
 Work on a subset of the schema
 Valid sample documents found online
 Conclusions
 Some elements not trivial to be mapped
 Title name of a person e.g. Doctor, Professor
 Version element exists
 Audio and Video metadata encountered
 Element selection using attributes issue

Experiments
 MPEG-7 to JPSearch mappings
MPEG-7 element JPSearch element
../MediaIdentification/EntityIdentifier Identifier
../Creator/Agent[@type="PersonType"]/Name/GivenName Creators/GivenName
../Creation/Abstract/FreeTextAnnotation Description
../MediaLocator/MediaUri OriginalImageIdentifier/OriginationOfID
../CreationInformation/Creation/Title Title
../CreationPreferences/@preferenceValue PreferenceValue
../MediaReview/Rating/RatingValue Rating/LabelValue
../Place/GeographicPosition/Point/@latitude GPSPositioning/latitude
../SpatialDecomposition/StillRegion/SpatialLocator/Box RegionOfInterest/RegionLocator
../Subject/KeywordAnnotation/Keyword RegionOfInterest/Keyword
../DescriptionMetadata/Version Description (Regex: “Version: $a”)
../DescriptionMetadata/LastUpdate ModifiedDate
../MediaProfile/MediaFormat/Medium/Name Source/CreationMethod
../CreationInformation/Classification/Genre/Name CollectionLabel (Regex: “Genre: $a”)

Experiments
 Dublin Core
 Simple schema
 15 basic elements
 Qualified Dublin Core adds 6 more elements
 Online samples and manually created
 Conclusions
 Some elements not so clear how to be mapped
 Qualified Dublin Core elements
 Elements can appear multiple times
 Multiple elements map to Creators/Modifiers/Region of Interest

Experiments
 Dublin Core to JPSearch mappings
Dublin Core element JPSearch Core element
contributor Publisher/OrganizationInformation/Name
creator Creators/GivenName, FamilyName
rights RightsDescription/Description
source Source/SourceElementType
relation OriginalImageIdentifier/Identifier
coverage Publisher/OrganizationInformation/Address/Name
rightsholder RightsDescription/ActualRightsDescription
accrualperiodicity Source/SourceElement/SourceElementDescription

Experiments
 EBUcore
 Extension to Dublin Core
 Additional elements for video, audio and image
 Extra contact details
 Merely based on attributes
 Manually created samples
 Conclusions
 Similar mapping problems as Dublin Core
 Version element exists
 Optional elements can be ignored
 Special repeated attributes
 typeGroup, typeLabel, typeLink and typeDefinition

Experiments
 EBUcore to JPSearch mappings
EBUCore elements JPSearch elements
coreMetadata/publisher/entity/contactDetails/
name
Publisher/PersonName/GivenName,
FamilyName
coreMetadata/publisher/entity/contactDetails/
organisationDetails/details
Publisher/OrganizationInformation/Name
coreMetadata/format/imageFormat/width Width
coreMetadata/coverage/spatial/location RegionOfInterest/ContentDescription/Place/
Description
coreMetadata/version RegionOfInterest/ContentDescription/Object/
Name
coreMetadata/rating/ratingValue Rating/LabelValue

Experiments
 XMP
 Different than other standards
 Incorporates multiple standards in the same schema
 Mixture
 Namespace required
 EXIF, Dublin Core, Photoshop tags
 Heavily based on Resource Description Framework (RDF)
 Consists of Description XMP packets
 Stored in APP1 of JPEG
 External file .xmp
 Online valid samples
 Conclusions
 Large set of elements from different standards
 Hard to map certain elements (camera raw metadata)

Experiments
 Other formats
 Third party web services use their own format
 DeviantArt, Flickr and Youtube use oEmbed
 12 basic elements
 Most of them are optional
 Use API to obtain metadata
 No attributes
 Samples got using API
 Conclusions
 URL elements
 Thumbnail sizes

Experiments
 oEmbed example of a DeviantArt image

Experiments
 Execution of Tools
 Rule generator
 JPSearch metadata Editor

Experiments
Rule generator
Dublin Core XML instance

Experiments
Rule generator

Experiments
Rule generator
Dublin core
XML
instance

Experiments
Rule generator

Experiments
Rule generator
JPSearch
Translation
Rules

Experiments
Rule generator
JPSearch Translation Rules

Experiments
JPSearch Editor

Experiments
JPSearch Editor
Photo of
Mona Lisa

Experiments
JPSearch Editor

Experiments
JPSearch Editor
44
Dublin core
XML instance
JPSearch
Translation
Rules

Experiments
JPSearch Editor

Conclusion6

Conclusion
 JPSearch is powerful international standard
 Well documented/defined and still improving
 Two tools were developed
 JPSearch metadata Editor
 Translation Rule generator
 Evaluation of the standard through experimentation
 JPSearch
 provides storage of big set of metadata
 allows many metadata sets to be mapped
 gives a solution to the metadata interoperability issue

Conclusion
 Future work
 Tools
 Complete database support
 Support JPSearch native metadata
 JPEG 2000 file type support
 Load XML schema (xsd files) to rule generator
 Load XML rules to rule generator
 Read and translate EXIF to JPSearch

Conclusion
 Future work
 JPSearch
 Attribute support
 Additional helpful elements
 Extended Contact details (profession title, email, suffix)
 Version
 URLs and Thumbnail details
 Dictionary based values e.g. “Perfect” in Rating

Metadata interoperability With JPSearch

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