1. Reproductive System
By: Nadia Hernandez

2. The Three Stages of Labor and
Delivery are the…
The first stage is referred to as the dilation
stage. This is when the uterine muscle
contracts strongly to expel the fetus. During
this process the fetus presses on the cervix
and causes it to dilate or expand. As the
cervix dilates, it also becomes thinner, also
known as effacement. Once the cervix is
completely dilated to 10 centimeters, the
next stage is ready to begin.

3. Dilation Stage…

4. Expulsion Stage
The second stage of labor is the
expulsion stage. Normally, the head
of the baby will appear first, referred
to as crowning. In some cases the
baby’s buttocks will appear first, this
is known as breech presentation. This
stage results in the delivery of the
baby.

5. Expulsion Stage…

6. Placental Stage
The last stage of labor is the
placental stage. Immediately after
delivering the child, the uterus
continues to contract, causing the
placenta to be expelled through the
vagina.

7. Placental Stage…

8. Menopause
The cessation of menstruation is called menopause. This
natural biological process usually occurs in women between
the ages of 40 and 55. Menopause also indicates the end of
fertility for a female. A woman has not officially said to have
gone through menopause until it has been one year since her
last menstruation.
Some signs and symptoms include:
Irregular periods
Decreased fertility
Vaginal dryness
Hot flashes
Sleep disturbances
Mood swings
Increased abdominal fat
Thinning hair
Loss of breast fullness

9. Treatments for Menopause
There are not really any treatments for
menopause itself. However there can be
medications prescribed to alleviate the
signs and symptoms. The method most
used is hormone therapy.
Hormone therapy, or estrogen therapy is
used to help lessen the hot flashes, which
are the main complaint females have
during menopause.

10. Total Abdominal Hysterectomy
One of the longest terms used in
medical terminology refers to the
removal of the uterus, cervix, ovaries,
and fallopian tubes. The term is total
abdominal hysterectomy or bilateral
salpingo-oophorectomy.
They can be removed by an incision
in the abdomen, or through an
incision in the vagina.

11. Reasons to get a Hysterectomy
Gynecologic cancer.
Fibroids.
Endometriosis.
Uterine prolapse.
Persistent vaginal bleeding.
Chronic pelvic pain.

12. Risks
Blood clots
Infection
Excessive bleeding
Adverse reaction to anesthesia
Damage to your urinary tract, bladder,
rectum or other pelvic structures during
surgery, which may require further
surgical repair
Early onset of menopause
Rarely, death

13. Post-Hysterectomy
After the hysterectomy the female will
no longer have menstrual periods,
and therefore will not be able to bare
children.
The female will most likely feel
complete relief from the symptoms
and reasons she needed the
procedure in the first place.

14. References
Medical Terminology. A Living
Language. Fourth Edition. Bonnie F.
Fremgen & Suzanne S. Frucht.
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/hysterectomy
www.google.com/stagesoflaboranddelivery