2. WHY THIS BOOKLET
WAS PRODUCED
T here is a lot of talk about drugs in the world—on the streets, at
school, on the Internet and TV. Some of it is true, some not.
Much of what you hear about drugs actually comes from those selling
them. Reformed drug dealers have confessed they would have said
anything to get others to buy drugs.
Don’t be fooled. You need facts to avoid becoming hooked on drugs
and to help your friends stay off them. That is why we have prepared
this booklet—for you.
Your feedback is important to us, so we look forward to hearing from
you. You can visit us on the web at drugfreeworld.org and e-mail us
at info@drugfreeworld.org.
2
3. What is Ritalin?
R italin is the common name for
methylphenidate, classified by the
Drug Enforcement Administration
suicidal thoughts and
psychotic behavior, as
well as aggression or
as a Schedule II narcotic—the same violent behavior.
classification as cocaine, morphine and
One writer put it this
amphetamines.* It is abused by teens for its
way: “Parents are
stimulant effects. never told: ‘Oh, by the
Even when Ritalin is used as a prescription way, once in a while
drug, it may have severe effects including a child dies simply by
nervousness, insomnia, anorexia, loss of taking their prescribed
appetite, pulse changes, heart problems and medication.’ Or ‘By the way, children on
weight loss. The manufacturer says it is a stimulant medications have twice the future
drug of dependency. rate of drug abuse.’ Or ‘By the way, one third
of all children on these medications develop
In June 2005, the US Food and Drug
symptoms of obsessive-compulsive behavior
Administration issued a series of public
within the first year.’”
health advisories warning that Ritalin and
drugs like it may cause visual hallucinations, * amphetamine: a powerful central nervous system
(brain and spinal cord) stimulant, often called “speed.”
3
4. Where is it found?
U nfortunately, Ritalin and related
“hyperactivity” type drugs can
be found almost anywhere. If you
Why is it so common? It is all too easy for a
“friend” to take some of his little brother’s
prescription pills and turn around and sell
are in high school or college, you them at $5 a pop. Or a student eager for a
are likely to have a quick fix tells a school nurse he has a “study
large supply readily disorder” and “can’t concentrate.” He gets
to hand, with a prescription and stocks up on the pills for
“pushers” (your future use, handing out extras to his friends.
fellow students) While the law forbids unrestricted
eager to make an distribution of these powerful stimulants,*
easy profit from you.
the sad fact remains that these substances
In some schools, as many as 20% of the are freely available almost anywhere.
students take the drug regularly. The Drug Kiddie Cocaine, as it has been called, is
Enforcement Administration found that handed out like candy.
many of these schools had more of these
* stimulant: a drug that increases immediate energy and
drugs than the neighborhood pharmacy. alertness but that is accompanied by increases in blood
pressure, heart rate and breathing.
4
5. T he symptoms
of almost an
overdose kick in.
The person gets very
hyper, hyper‑sensitive,
hyper‑alert, with very
intense mood swings.
It’s crazy.” — Jake
5
6. How Ritalin
abuse starts
I t seems so simple at first. A student gets a
little behind in his studies. An exam comes
up and he needs to prepare. He’ll have to stay
up late to have even a chance of making the
grade. Coffee gives him the jitters, but many
of his friends use these pills to give the extra
energy they need. Why not? A couple of bucks;
one pill; an entire night of study; a feeling of
“focus.”
That may be where it starts, but it is very often
not where it ends.
Some students are chopping up Ritalin and
snorting it like cocaine for faster absorption.
“It keeps you awake for hours,” said one.
And just like cocaine or any other stimulant,
6
7. that nice “up feeling” is inevitably followed
by a “crash,” a feeling of fatigue, depression
and decreased alertness. One student on
I first tried Ritalin when I was in
7th grade. It was prescribed to
me—they thought I had slight ADD
Adderall, another stimulant widely abused on [attention deficit disorder], because
college campuses, recounted that a feeling of
I pretended to so I could have an
“utmost clarity” turned into a state of being
excuse for not doing well in school
“crashed out and overdone” the next day. As
one user put it, “I usually go into a crash coma (I was just lazy). I never realized that
afterwards.” I was getting myself addicted, and
then I was no different than any other
And, of course, the user soon comes to know
habitual drug user.
that this “crashed out” feeling can be relieved
with the “help” of another pill that gets him “I took about 40 mg a day and I felt it
back up again. And so it goes. put me at the top of my game. I would
Next may be larger doses, or snorting it for a stay up for days in a row, to the point
bigger rush. Tolerance increases, so one has to I suffered a severe psychotic episode.
use more. In these larger doses, Ritalin can lead It was terrifying! Everything seemed
to convulsions, headaches and hallucinations. to be melting and morphing and I was
The powerful amphetamine-like substance can terrified.” — Andrea
even lead to death, as in the many tragic cases
of children who have died of heart attacks
caused by damage linked to the drug.
7
8. What does Ritalin
look like?
And other facts
R italin comes in small pills, about the size
and shape of aspirin tablets, with the
word “Ciba” (the manufacturer’s name)
stamped on it. The 5 mg tablets are pale
yellow, 10 mg tablets are pale green, and
the 20 mg tablets are both white and pale
yellow.
It is described as a central nervous system
stimulant. However, even its manufacturer,
in the drug’s package insert, admits that no
one really knows how it affects the human
body: “The mode of action in man is not
completely understood.”
9. Abusers grind the tablets into a powder and
snort it. The drug is water-soluble, making
it easy to convert into a liquid which can be
injected.
As noted by the Drug Enforcement
Administration, “pharmaceutical products
diverted from legitimate channels are the
only sources of methylphenidate available
for abuse.” In other
words, every tablet
of the drug that
is abused, either
in its original
form or ground
into a powder or
dissolved with water,
N ow I have built up a
tolerance to taking two to
three 20 mg pills to get the high.
originated from the
manufacturer. None I recognize my dependence . . .
of it is manufactured I have become ‘cracked-out’ or
on the streets. zombie-like.” — Alex
9
10. Street names
Ritalin is called by a variety of names on
the street, including:
• Diet Coke • oor man’s
P
• Kiddie Cocaine cocaine
• Kiddie Coke • Rids
• Vitamin R • Skittles
• R-ball • Smarties
11. Poor man’s T est subjects
who were given
cocaine cocaine and Ritalin
could not tell
the difference.
R italin is easy to get, and cheap. Taken
from someone’s prescription, stolen
from a sibling or obtained by a fraudulent
prescription, these tablets are then broadly
sold. The price runs from a dollar or two in
school to $20 per pill on the black market.
The comparison of Ritalin to cocaine is not
just a slogan. Ritalin is chemically similar to
cocaine. When injected as a liquid, it sends
that “jolt” that addicts crave so much.
In 2000, the Drug Enforcement
Administration (DEA) revealed the results
of studies on both animals and humans who
were given cocaine and Ritalin. The test
subjects could not tell the difference. The
DEA concluded that, “They produce effects
that are nearly identical.” 11
12. Scope of
Ritalin abuse
A buse of prescription drugs such as Ritalin is
increasing.
By 2006, nearly 7 million Americans abused
prescription drugs, including Ritalin—more
than the number who abused cocaine,
heroin, hallucinogens, Ecstasy and inhalants,
combined. That 7 million was just 3.8 million
in 2000—an 80% increase in only six years.
In 2007, 3.8% of 12th graders reported having
used Ritalin without a prescription at least once
in the past year.
A major factor contributing to the
abuse is the huge increase in the
number of prescriptions written
for Ritalin and other stimulants.
13. In the US, the number of stimulant prescriptions
soared from around 5 million in 1991 to nearly
35 million in 2007.
I ended up doing
a lot of stronger
amphetamines that
brought me down pretty
In 2004, methylphenidate (Ritalin) was involved
in an estimated 3,601 hospital emergency quick, and I don’t know
department visits, compared to 271 in 1990. if I would have gotten
interested in them if I
From 1990 to 2000, 186 deaths
in the US were linked to Ritalin. hadn’t started using
Ritalin.” — Andy
The risk is highest for those who
snort large amounts of the drug.
2004
Emergency
room visits
Since 1995, it has ranked involving
on the Drug Enforcement Ritalin
Administration’s list of
“most‑stolen” medications.
13 times more
Ritalin abusers
checked into 1990
Emergency room
emergency rooms
visits involving
in 2004 than Ritalin
in 1990.
14. The vicious effects
of prescription stimulants
T his amphetamine-like substance
causes the same types of effects on
the body as other forms of speed—loss of
also contain tiny particles of insoluble
fillers. These solid materials block the small
blood vessels when injected into the blood
appetite, insomnia, increased heart rate. stream, causing serious damage to the
The abuse of this drug in larger doses, lungs and to the eyes.
especially through injection or snorting, Aside from the physical impact, there are
puts an even greater strain on the body. also severe emotional conditions caused
The stress on the heart can be fatal. by even short-term use of this drug.
Take the case of a teenager—a long-term Hallucinations and psychotic behavior
user of Ritalin—who collapsed one day are not uncommon.
while skateboarding. Dead of a heart A researcher in Texas found that Ritalin
attack. use may heighten the danger of cancer. This
An injection of Ritalin has an additional, study found every one of a dozen children
horrible effect on the body. While the treated with methylphenidate experienced
chemical compound methylphenidate genetic abnormalities associated with an
dissolves completely in water, the tablets increased risk of cancer.
14
15. Short-term effects Long-term effects • Strong
• oss of appetite
L • ermanent damage to
P psychological
• ncreased heart rate,
I blood vessels of heart dependence
blood pressure, body and brain, high blood • Psychosis
temperature pressure leading to • Depression
• Dilation of pupils heart attacks, strokes • amage to the
D
• Disturbed sleep patterns and death brain including
• Nausea • iver, kidney and lung
L strokes and
• izarre, erratic,
B damage possibly epilepsy
sometimes violent • estruction of tissues in
D
behavior nose if sniffed
• allucinations,
H • Respiratory (breathing)
hyper‑excitability, problems if smoked
irritability • nfectious diseases and
I
• Panic and psychosis abscesses if injected
• onvulsions, seizures and
C • Malnutrition, weight loss
death from high doses • isorientation, apathy,
D
confused exhaustion
15
16. Ritalin leads
to other drugs
A study supported by the National Institute on
Drug Abuse found that users of Ritalin and
similar drugs “showed the highest percentage of
cocaine abuse.”
Because a tolerance builds up, abuse of Ritalin can
lead users to consume stronger drugs to achieve the
same high. When the effects start to wear off, the
person may turn to more potent drugs to rid himself
KURT’S STORY: Rock legend Kurt Cobain started on Ritalin
at age 7. Cobain’s widow, Courtney Love, believed that this drug
led to his later abuse of stronger drugs. He committed suicide
with a shotgun in 1994. Love was also prescribed Ritalin as a
child. She described the experience this way: “When you’re a kid
and you get this drug that makes you feel that [euphoric] feeling,
where else are you going to turn when you’re an adult?”
17. of the unwanted conditions that prompted
Common
him to abuse the drug in the first place. Justifications
Ritalin itself does not lead the person to
(Don’t fall into
other drugs: people take drugs to get rid of the trap):
unwanted situations or feelings. The drug There are many justifications
masks the problem for a time (while the user
for taking this powerful drug.
is high). When the “high” fades, the problem,
Recognize them for what they
unwanted condition or situation returns more
intensely than before. The user may then are—Lies!
turn to stronger drugs since Ritalin no longer • Everyone is using it.
“works.” • It’s just for study.
• My brother takes it for a
A study of 500 students over a period of
25 years found those who used Ritalin and
learning disorder, it can’t be
related drugs had a greater likelihood of using that bad.
cocaine and other stimulants later in life. • It’s not addicting.
• ou can control it. You don’t
Y
According to a 2005 study, teens who abuse
have to use it again if you don’t
prescription drugs are 12 times likelier to use
heroin, 15 times likelier to use Ecstasy and want to.
21 times likelier to use cocaine, compared Don’t let others—including your
to teens who do not abuse such drugs. friends—lead you into the trap.
17
18. DEATH from Ritalin
H igh doses of Ritalin lead to similar symptoms such
as other stimulant abuse, including tremors and
muscle twitching, paranoia,* and a sensation of bugs
or worms crawling under the skin.
One 17-year-old, after snorting crushed Ritalin pills
and staying awake for days, went psychotic, killed his
parents and severely injured his brothers and sister
MATTHEW’S STORY:
Matthew was a teenager who had been on Ritalin for
7 years. He died suddenly in March 2000. Although
he had no history of heart problems, the autopsy
revealed clear signs of small-vessel damage. His
parents were told by one of the medical examiners
that the heart of a healthy, fully grown man weighs
about 350 grams. Matthew’s heart weighed 402
grams. His death certificate reads: “Death caused
from long-term use of methylphenidate (Ritalin).”
18
* paranoia: suspicion, distrust or fear of other people.
19. with a hatchet. A 14-year-old, on Ritalin since
he was 7, beat another boy to death with a
I realize that my interest in and resulting
dependence on speed started when
I was prescribed Ritalin. At first it was
baseball bat. every weekend, then it was every day.
Ritalin can cause aggression, psychosis and “I began to get hallucinations of birds
an irregular heartbeat that can lead to death. flying overhead, feelings of people in
IT’S A CRIME TO ABUSE IT the same room as me when I was alone,
In the United States, Ritalin is subject to and the beginnings of paranoia. I used up
severe criminal penalties for abuse. The [my friend’s] entire Dexedrine prescription
penalties for a first trafficking offense (which within a week. Then I went back to my
you would be guilty of even if you just shared Ritalin and went on from there.
one or two pills with a friend) includes up “I don’t remember much of 12th grade. But
to 20 years in prison and a fine of up to I do remember overwhelming depression
$1 million. and an inability to understand what exactly
If death or serious injury results from a was the reason I was doing worse than ever
first offense, the penalty is in school. I barely graduated, and made
absolutely no college plans.
20 years to life in prison.
If the drug is injected, “At the last minute I enrolled in the local
it becomes a drug college. I was able to stay clean for about
offense with even 17 days before the need for speed overcame
harsher penalties. all. I attended class for one week, and failed
miserably.” — Sam 19
20. The Truth
About Drugs
D rugs are essentially poisons. The amount
taken determines the effect.
Drugs block off all sensations, the desirable ones
with the unwanted. So, while providing short-term
help in the relief of pain, they also wipe out ability
A small amount acts as a stimulant (speeds you
and alertness and muddy one’s thinking.
up). A greater amount acts as a sedative (slows
you down). An even larger amount poisons and Medicines are drugs that are intended to speed up
can kill. or slow down or change something about the way
your body is working, to try to make it work better.
This is true of any drug. Only the amount needed
Sometimes they are necessary. But they are still
to achieve the effect differs.
drugs: they act as stimulants or sedatives, and too
But many drugs have another liability: they much can kill you. So if you do not use medicines
directly affect the mind. They can distort the user’s as they are supposed to be used, they can be as
perception of what is happening around him or dangerous as illegal drugs.
her. As a result, the person’s actions may be odd,
irrational, inappropriate and even destructive.
20
21. The real answer is to
get the facts and not
to take drugs in the
first place.
22. why do people take drugs?
People take drugs because they want to They think drugs are a solution. But
change something in their lives. eventually, the drugs become the
problem.
Here are some of the reasons young
people have given for taking drugs: Difficult as it may be to face one’s
problems, the consequences of drug use
• To fit in
are always worse than the problem one
• To escape or relax is trying to solve with them. The real
• To relieve boredom answer is to get the facts and not to take
drugs in the first place.
• To seem grown up
• To rebel
• To experiment
22
23. Millions of copies of booklets such as
REFERENCES Vanderbilt University
Psychology Dept. this have been distributed to people
Drug Enforcement
Administration Fact Sheet on
The Harvard Crimson Center around the world in 22 languages. As
for Substance Abuse Research
Prescription Drug Abuse new drugs appear on the streets and more
Novartis (Ritalin description)
Monitoring the Future–National information about their effects becomes
Results on Adolescent Drug
Use, Overview of Findings
University of Texas Medical known, existing booklets are updated and
Branch, Galveston
2007, National Institute on new ones created.
Drug Abuse University of Indiana
Prevention Resource Center
U.S. Dept of Health Human The booklets are published by the
Services, Testimony by Nora D. Royal Canadian Mounted Foundation for a Drug-Free World, a
Volkow, MD, before the Senate Police
Judiciary Subcommittee on nonprofit public benefit organization
New York University Health
Crime and Drugs, 12 Mar 2008
Center headquartered in Los Angeles, California.
Emergency Department Visits
The Family Council on Drug
Involving ADHD Stimulant
Awareness
The Foundation provides educational
Medications, Substance
Abuse and Mental Health PHOTO CREDITS: Pages 4
materials, advice and coordination for its
Administration, 2006 and 5: istockphoto.com/Matty international drug prevention network.
United Nations Office on Symons; Page 11: Itar-Tass
Drugs and Crime It works with youth, parents, educators,
“Millions Have Misused volunteer organizations and government
ADHD Stimulant Drugs, Study agencies—anyone with an interest in
Says,” Shankar Vedantam,
Washington Post, 25 Feb 2006 helping people lead lives free from drug
“NIDA InfoFacts: Stimulant abuse.
ADHD Medications—
Methylphenidate and
Amphetamines,” National
Institute on Drug Abuse 23
