The document discusses the structure and function of the nervous system. It begins by describing how simple animals like hydra have nerve nets, while more complex animals have centralized nervous systems made of the brain and spinal cord. It then discusses the basic tasks of the nervous system, including sensory input, integration of information, and motor output. The rest of the document goes into further detail about the central nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord, as well as the peripheral nervous system and senses.

1. Nervous Systems Presentation by Nitaya Yokasing Reference:Benjamin Cummings

2. Structure of a Vertebrate Neuron

3. Diversity of Nervous Systems Simple, slow moving animals like hydra have neurons arranged in a network of bipolar neurons called a nerve net .

4. Basic Tasks of the Nervous System Sensory Input: Monitor both external and internal environments. Integration: Process the information and often integrate it with stored information. Motor output: If necessary, signal effector organs to make an appropriate response.

5. The Nervous System

6. Nervous System A system that controls all of the activities of the body. The nervous system is made of: The brain The spinal cord The senses The nerves

7. The nervous system also allows you to react to a stimulus. Stimulus A stimulus is a change in the environment. Example: A hot stove Or… tripping over a rock

8. Your reactions are automatic. Automatic Automatic means that you do not have to think about your reactions. Example: If a bug flies by your eye, you will blink.

9. Brain An organ that controls your emotions, your thoughts, and every movement you make.

10. Central Nervous System The Central Nervous System is made of the brain and the spinal cord. The Central Nervous System controls everything in the body.

11. Outer Nervous System The Outer Nervous System is made of the nerves and the sense organs. Nerves Sense organs

12. Nerve Impulse Messages carried throughout the body by nerves.

13. "Funny Bone" You have a nerve along your whole arm. The “funny bone” is the only place on the arm where the nerve is not protected. The “funny bone” is on the elbow.

15. Nerve Impulse - The Action Potential Threshold potential will trigger an action potential or nerve impulse The action potential is an all-or-none response

17. Saltatory Conduction in Myelinated Axons Myelin sheathing has bare patches of axon called nodes of Ranvier Action potentials jump from node to node Fig. 48.11

21. The Nervous System The Central Nervous System

22. The Central Nervous System * The Central Nervous System controls all of the body’s activities. * The Central Nervous System is made of two main organs. 1. The brain 2. The spinal cord

23. The Spinal Cord * The spinal cord sends messages to the brain. * The spinal cord is the part of the nervous system that connects the brain to the rest of the nervous system.

24. The Brain * The brain controls everything in the body. * The brain is made of more than 10 billion nerves! * The brain is divided into three parts and is protected by the skull.

25. The Three Parts of the Brain * The Brain has three main parts… 1. The Cerebrum 2. The Cerebellum 3. The Brain Stem

26. The Cerebrum * The Cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. 1. The cerebrum controls your thinking. 2. The cerebrum controls your memory. 3. The cerebrum controls your speaking. 4. The cerebrum controls your movement and identifies the information gathered by your sense organs.

28. The Cerebellum * The cerebellum is below and to the back of the cerebrum. 1. The cerebellum controls you balance. 2. The cerebellum controls your posture.

30. The Brain Stem * The Brain Stem connects the brain to the spinal cord. * The nerves in the brain stem control your heartbeat, breathing, and blood pressure.

32. The Vertebrae * The vertebrae are the many bones that protect the nerves in the spinal cord.

33. The Outer Nervous System

34. Outer Nervous System * The Outer Nervous System’s job is to connect the Central Nervous System to the rest of the body. * The outer nervous system carries messages between the central nervous system and the rest of the body.

35. Outer Nervous System * The outer nervous system is made of the nerves and the sense organs. Ear Eye Skin Nerves Tongue

36. Reflex * An automatic reaction that happens without thinking about it. * A reflex happens quickly in less than a second.

38. Automatic Nervous System * The outer nervous system controls the body’s activities that you don’t think about. * The outer nervous system controls activities in your small intestine, your breathing, and your heartbeat. controls

40. __ _____

41. Sense Organs Sense organs carry messages about the environment to the central nervous system.

42. Sense Organs The eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin are examples of sense organs. The sense organs gather information (light, sound, heat, and pressure) from the environment.

43. Environment The environment is everything outside the body. The sense organs gather information from outside the body, then send the messages to the brain.

44. Vision Vision is your ability to see. Vision involves the eye and the brain.

49. Myopia (Near-Sightedness) People with near-sightedness cannot see clearly at distance.

50. Hyperopia (Farsightedness) People with far-sightedness cannot see clearly up close

51. Hearing When a sound is made, the air around the sound vibrates. Hearing starts when some of the sound waves go into the ear.

52. Parts of the Ear There are nine main parts of the ear. 1. Pinna 2. Ear canal 3. Ear drum 5. Anvil 6. Stirrup 7. Cochlea 4. Hammer 8. Eustachian tube 9. Auditory nerve

53. ____ __ ___ __ The ear canal is the tube between the outside of the ear and the ear drum. The ear drum is in the middle ear. It vibrates when sound waves hit it. The pinna is the part of the ear that you can see.

54. Parts of the Ear The three smallest bones in the body, the hammer, the anvil, and the stirrup, are in the middle ear. The hammer gets the vibrations from the eardrum, then sends them to the anvil. The anvil passes the vibrations to the stirrup. The stirrup passes the vibrations to the inner ear.

55. ____ __ ___ __ The inner ear is made of the cochlea and liquid. The cochlea is in the inner ear. The cochlea looks like a shell. The Eustachian tube controls the amount of pressure in the ear. The auditory nerve carries the hearing information to the brain and the brain tells us what we heard.

56. The Ear and Balance The ear works with the brain to control your balance. All of your movements are controlled by balance and muscles. The liquid in your inner ear is responsible for your balance. The liquid in your ear moves when we move. The liquid movement sends information to the brain to tell it how we are moving.

58. Touch The sense of touch is located in the skin. The nerves in the skin allow us to feel texture , pressure, heat, cold, and pain. Texture is how something feels.

59. Smell The nose controls your sense of smell. The nose is able to smell 80 different kinds of smells.

60. Your sense of taste comes from the taste buds in the tongue. Taste buds are the parts on the tongue that allow us to taste. The four kinds of taste buds are sweet, sour, bitter, and salty. ____

62. Flavors Tastes and smells work together to make flavors. Flavors are the tastes of food and drinks.

63. Addictive Drug Use: Tobacco, Alcohol, & Illicit Drugs Dr. Robert B. Coambs Psy333 November, 2002

65. Transmission Across the Synapse Source: Gray

66. How Drugs Become Addictive

67. Detail of Axon Terminal

68. Detail of the Synapse Itself Neurotransmitter molecules (e.g., Acetylcholine or Dopamine) Postsynaptic membrane

69. How binding sites work Binding site

70. Neurotransmitter re-uptake helps keep binding sites clear

71. Cocaine inhibits the re-uptake of dopamine producing effects such as increased heart rate and blood pressure

72. Nicotine fills & activates acetylcholine binding sites producing effects such as increased heart rate and blood pressure

75. Nicotine Use is Associated With Other Drug Use Kozlowski, Coambs, et al., 1989