Egypt&tut ppt 97 03bbbb

Egypt: “Gift of the Nile”,
Herodotus

Hail to you, O Nile, that issues from the earth and comes to keep
Egypt alive!
He that waters the meadows that Re created….
He that makes to drink the desert and the place distant from
water….

Papyrus
Irrigated Fields

Canal

Flooding

Communication

Felucca
Ancient Egyptian sail boat, from about 2000 BC

1500 Years of Safety Made Egyptians

First
Intermediate
Period

Second
Intermediate
Period

•Early Dynastic- 3000-2780 BC - dynasties I - II
• Old Kingdom - 2780 - 2254 BC - dynasties III - VI
• First Intermediate period - 2254 - 1991 BC - dynasties VII - XI
• Middle Kingdom -1991 - 1778 BC - dynasty XII
• Second Intermediate period - 1778 - 1573 BC - dynasties XIII - XVII
•New Kingdom - 1573 - 1085 BC - dynasties XVIII - XX

UNITY through the god‑ king Pharaoh

The Narmer Palette
Namer or Menes, architect of Egyptian unity

2780-2254 BC
dynasties III VI

Middle Kingdom
New
First Intermediate
Second Intermediate Kingdom
Late Dynast

Early Dynasty

dynasties I
- II

OLD KINGDOM

30002780 BC

Narmer Palette

Symbolic of the unification

Hymn to the Pharaoh





He has come unto us and
has united the Two Lands….
has brought the Black Land
under his sway; he has
apportioned to himself the
Red Land….
has made Egypt to live; he
has banished its
suffering….

Khafre, Gizeh, Egypt, Dynasty IV

Ca 2520-2495 BC

Pharaoh: The God‑ King
(i) every living pharaoh was God Horus
(ii) every dead pharaoh was God Osiris
(a)
(b)

must preserve his physical remains
to supply him in the next life
pyramids built to house body and
goods

(iii) source of all law
(iv) guarantor of orderly world, ma'at

Egyptian Gods…

They worshipped thousands of gods, goddesses, spirits

Re, sun god

(i) Osiris, father of Horus, god of underworld
(ii) Isis, mother of Horus
a. Horus, guarantor of balance and harmony
b. Seth, brother and murderer of Osiris

Amun

Bastet

Bes

Hathor

Horus

Isis

Khnum

Amun-Re

Anubis

Ma'at

Nephthys

Aten

Geb

Hapy

Khepri

Nun

Isis
and
Horus

Development of Tombs of Pharaohs.
1. mastaba, the traditional
tomb
2. step pyramid
 four step pyramid.
 enlarged to six step

3. Smooth surfaced
pyramid

Various Possible Methods of Pyramid
Construction

The sage Ipuwer indignantly described the turmoil:
The door-keepers say: "Let us go and plunder." The washerman refuses to carry his

load…

Strangers have become Egyptians everywhere…

The high-born are full of lamentations, and the poor are full of joy. Every town
says: "Let us drive out the powerful from our midst." . . . Laughter has perished and
is no longer made. It is grief that walks through the land, mingled with
lamentations.... They who had clothes are now in rags. He who wove not for himself
now possesses fine linen…

2254-1991 BC
dynasties VII-XI

Old
Early Dynasty Kingdom

Middle Kingdom
New
Late Dynast

financial exhaustion
political unrest

Relief showing
men, women, and
children suffering
from the effects of
severe famine

public works
democratization of religion

1991-1778 BC
dynasty XII

Old

First

Intermediate

New
Late Dynast

Abraham and Sara in Egypt in 1875 B.C.
SDA Commentary, I, 192

There was famine in the country, and Abram went down to Egypt…
Gn 12:10-13

Rembrandt van Rijn
(1606-1669)
Abraham

From 1700 B.C. on Semitic
immigrants and invaders entered
Egypt

Hyksos King

One such group:

Hyksos

The Hyksos introduced:
• the horse and chariot,
• the compound bow,
• fortification techniques
1778-1573 BC
dynasties XIII - XVII

Old

First

Intermediate

Middle Kingdom
Second
Intermediate

New Kingdom
Late Dynast

Hyksos capital Avaris
(modern Tall ad-Dab'a).
Excavations since the
1960s have revealed a
Canaanite-style temple,
Palestinian-type burials,
including horse burials,
Palestinian types of
pottery, and quantities of
their superior weapons.

Joseph

and the

Hebrews came into
Egypt during
the Hyksos period
SDA Commentary I, 192

“Then Pharaoh said to Joseph,
“Since God has made all this
known to you, there is no one so
discerning and wise as you. You
shall be in charge of my palace,
and all my people are to submit
to your orders. Only with
respect to the throne will I be
greater than you.”
Genesis 41:39-40

“…So then, it was not you who sent me here, but God. He made me
father to Pharaoh, lord of his entire household and ruler of all
Egypt. Now hurry back to my father and say to him, ‘This is what
your son Joseph says: God has made me lord of all Egypt. Come
down to me; don’t delay.” Genesis 45:4-9

•1573-1085 BC
•Dynasties:
• XVIII - XX

Old

First

Intermediate

Middle Kingdom Intermediate Kingdom
New
Second
Late Dynast

NEW KINGDOM: 18th Dynasty
Liberated and unified Egypt -- ruled from
Thebes

Ahmose I

1570 - 1546

Chased out Hyksos

Ahmose I

Hebrew associates in trouble
Hatshepsut "the Female Pharaoh" 1504 –
1483
Ahmose I, being depicted as fighting back the Hyksos.

Tuthmosis III 1483 - 1450

Akhenaton “the Heretic King" 1350 - 1346

Tutankhamun, “King Tut" 1334 - 1325

Liberated and unified Egypt -- ruled from Thebes

Ahmose I 1570 - 1546

Hatshepsut
"the Female Pharaoh" 1504 – 1483

Tuthmosis III
1483 - 1450



Hatshepsut with beard

Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut at Deir el Bahari

Moses’ name occurs 900 times
in the Bible!
Nearly half of the 66 books of the
Bible mention his name!
YET – no mention in any contemporary secular document

Moses being placed in Nile

Michelangelo, Moses

[ 26] He thought it was better to suffer for

the sake of the people than to own the
treasures of
to the great

Egypt, for he was looking ahead
reward that God would give him.

[27] It was by faith that Moses left the land
of Egypt. He was not afraid of the king.
Moses kept right on going because he kept his
eyes on the one who is invisible.
Hebrews 11:26-27


Mummified head of Thutmose III.

Liberated and unified Egypt - ruled from Thebes

Ahmose I

1570 - 1546

1483

Tuthmosis III

Relief of Tuthmosis III
Elephantine Island,
Temple of Satis,

1483 – 1450
MOSES FLED TO MIDIAN

Amenhotep II 1450-1419


Thutmose III.


Ahmose I 1570 - 1546
1483


Amenhotep II
Exodus

1450 - 1419
BC

SDA Commnetary I, 192

Akhenaton (Amenhotep IV)
“the Heretic King" 1350 –46



Ahmose I 1570 - 1546
1483


Akhenaton
(Amenhotep IV)

“the Heretic King" 1350 – 1346

•Amenhotep IV became Akhenaten,
“who serves Aten (pure, sun disk)
willingly.”
•Akenaten suppressed other gods

•New capital Akhetaten,
to emphasize break with
old ruling regime

Tell el-Amarna

Small Temple of the Aten at Akhetaten

Akhenaton
The Great Hymn to the Aten
Thou appearest beautifully on the horizon of heaven,
Thou living Aton, the beginning of life!
When thou art risen on the eastern horizon,
Thou hast filled every land with thy beauty.
Thou art gracious, great, glistening, and high over
every land;
Thy rays encompass the lands to the limit of all that
thou hast made:

Akhenaton and his family worshiping Aten

Akhenaton

Nefertiti

wife of Akhenaton

Akhenaten Revolution in Art:
Greater Naturalism

Liberated and unified Egypt -- ruled from
Thebes

Ahmose I 1570 - 1546
1483



Tutankhamun
“King Tut" 1334 - 1325

Family Tree of Tutankhamun

Kiya,

lesser wife of
Akhenaten was
Tutankhamun's
mother.

Akhenaten

Tutankhamun

Nefertiti
Principal Wife
Tutankhamun began life
with the name
Tutankhaten (“Living
Image of the Aten”) as son
of the heretic King
Akhenaten and his lesser
wife Kiya. He grew up at
Akhetaten, the
controversial new capital
city.

Tutankhamun’s Early Reign
After Akhenaten’s passing, the tenyear-old Tutankhaten ascended the
throne of Egypt.

Near the time of his
father’s death,
Tutankhaten married
Ankhsenpaaten—
probably his halfsister and the
daughter of
Akhenaten by
Nefertiti, the famous
beauty and chief wife.

Tutankhamun as the King of
Upper and Lower Egypt

Restoring Traditional
Beliefs
One of Tutankhaten’s first actions as
pharaoh was to move away from the
Amarna religion, because his father's
belief in one god, the Aten, had proved
to be quite unpopular with the people.
Tutankhaten quickly re-established the
orthodox belief in the pantheon of the
gods and reopened their temples. By his
second year, King Tutankhaten and his
queen had changed their names to
Tutankhamun and Ankhsenamun.
Although they did not abandon Amarna
completely, members of the royal family
re-established the old capitals and now
spent most of their time at the
traditional administrative center of
Memphis.

No

M

or
e

At
on

Back to Polytheism

Tut’s Death and Burial
After a nine-year reign, the boy king passed away
unexpectedly before reaching his twentieth birthday.

Coffinette for the Canopic
of Tutankhamun

The

Ou
ter
Cof
fin

Tutankhamun Tomb

This miniature coffin in the
form of Osiris held the
liver of King Tutankhamun.
One of four containers,
this one has texts invoking
protection from Imsety, a
son of Horus, and Isis, the
wife of Osiris.

Canopic
Stopper of
Tutankhamun

Financier and Discoverer

Lord Carnarvon

Howard Carter

Valley of the Kings

Va
lle
yo

Valley of the Kings

Karnak
ft

he

Kin

gs

Luxor

Tutankhamun Tomb

Howard Carter’s discovery of King Tut’s tomb.

The Initial Discovery: Stairway
On the morning of November 4, 1922, a
young boy arrived at the site with jars
of water for the workers. As he cleared
a space for the jars, he found the top of
a step cut into the bedrock. Soon
afterward, Carter arrived and directed
his men to clear away the sand,
uncovering eleven more steps leading to
a doorway blocked with stones and
plaster.

First Glimpse into the Tomb (corridor)
After making a small hole, Carter peered
inside and saw a corridor filled with rubble.
He curbed his impatience, had his men
refill the stairway, and sent the
momentous telegram to Lord Carnarvon in
England:
“AT LAST HAVE MADE WONDERFUL
DISCOVERY IN THE VALLEY, A
MAGNIFICENT TOMB WITH SEALS
INTACT; RECOVERED SAME FOR YOUR
ARRIVAL; CONGRATUATIONS!

Burial Chamber
1 sarcophagus,
and 3 coffins protected
the mummy
Ou
te
rC
of

sa
rc
op
ha
gu
s

fin

Th
eO
ute
r
sar
c

Tutankhamun's second
sarcophagus. Differences in
its facial features suggest that
it was probably
intended for someone else.

Tutankhamun's third,
innermost sarcophagus.
Beaten from heavy gold
sheet,
it weighs 110.4 kg.

Cof
fin

oph
agu
s

side
Out
nd
o
sec
Th e

fin
Cof

Innermost Coffin

The First Look at the Mummy
The third and final coffin was of solid gold and
covered in sticky, hardened black resin. With great
difficulty, the lid of the inner coffin was finally
raised to reveal King Tutankhamun’s mummy. More
black resin covered the body inside and adhered
the king’s head to his gorgeous gold funerary mask.

Cause of Tutankhamun’s death:
A 1968 x-ray seemed to show
damage to the base of the skull,
perhaps due to a blow to the head
but CT scans in 2005 have
disproved that theory.

Recent examination showed a
compound fracture of the left
thigh. Setting in infection could
have killed him

Tut’s Curse
“They who enter this
sacred tomb shall swift be
visited by the wings of
death.”
Supposed message written in ancient
hieroglyphics on the outside of the
tomb

There was one inscription found on
an Anubis shrine that stated:
"It is I who hinder the sand
from choking the secret
chamber. I am for the
protection of the deceased".

Anubis shrine

When Howard Carter opened the tomb, his pet canary was swallowed
by a cobra. Cobras, as the goddess Wadjet, were the protectors of
the Pharaoh.
Lord Carnarvon Died at 57 died of pneumonia in Cairo on April 5th,
1923, four months after the discovery of the tomb. It was said that at
the moment of his death, the lights went out in Cairo and that back in
England his dog, Susie, howled and died in the same instant.

Howard Carter died at 65 of natural causes
According to Newspapers, 26 people associated with the
find died within a decade of its discovery.
In reality, only six people died during this first decade,
while many others lived to an old age.

Chair with Footrest

Decorated Chest

Personal Objects

This falcon collar of sheet
gold, fashioned for the burial,
wrapped around the neck of
Tutankhamun’s mummy

18th Dynasty

Ahmose I 1570 -- 1546
Hatshepsut "the Female Pharaoh" 1504 - 1483
Akhenaton the Heretic King" 1350 - 1346
Smenkhkare 1336 -- 1334

Tutankhamun, King Tut" 1334 - 1325
Horemheb 1321 - 1293

19th Dynasty
Seti I 1291 -- 1278

Ramses II

“the Great"

1278-1212

Merneptah 1212 -- 1202

Ramses II

Ramses II smiting enemies

Ramses II

Ramses II temple at Abu Simbel

Merneptah
“Israel

1212-1202

is laid waste and its seed is not”

The earliest
reference to Israel
as an entity
outside the Bible.

Stela-Merneptah

1)

Archbishop James Ussher:

Exodus 1491 BC

2) Oppressor: Thutmose III (1502- 1448 BC)
Exodus: Amenhotep II

(18th Dynasty) 1450 - 1419 BC

[few scholars]

3) Oppressor: Ramses II (19th Dynasty)(1301- 1234)
Exodus: Merneptah –After Crisis in Egypt
[most scholars]

– Better fits Egyptian history
– Better fits Palestinian archaeology

Toward the end of the New Kingdom, the pharahonic
system of Government was beginning to show signs
of wear. Military and Political power declined.

Invasions of the Sea Peoples. 1200 B.C.
Libyan dynasties 940‑730 B.C.
Nubian dynasties 760‑656 B.C.
Nubians and Assyrians struggle for control 671‑663 b.c.

Egyptian recovery: the Sauté Pharaohs

664‑ 525 BC.

Persian conquest of Egypt 525 B.C.
Ptolemies after the conquest by Alexander the Great 332 B.C.
Cleopatra

ROMAN CONQUEST AND CONTROL, 68 B.C.

Jesus Flight into Egypt

Herod the Great,
37 to 4 BC.

Egypt under ROMAN CONTROL

Egyptian Christians believe that the Patriarchate of Alexandria was founded by Mark

the Evangelist around

33, but little is known about how Christianity entered Egypt.
Originally the Christians in Egypt were predominantly influenced by Gnosticism .
By 200 it is clear that Alexandria was one of the great Christian centers. The
Christian apologists Clement of Alexandria and Origen both lived part or all of their lives in
that city, where they wrote, taught, and debated.

A mosaic in St. Mark's, Venice, shows St. Mark taking gospel to Alexandria ...

Egypt&tut ppt 97 03bbbb

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Egypt&tut ppt 97 03bbbb