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Telefónica 2021 Networking Summit

Base Station Antenna Evolution and Revolution
David Barker, CTO
Quintel Technology




                                    16 December 2011
The Capacity Crunch
                                                        •   The Capacity crunch
                                                        •   We are all aware of it
                                                        •   By 2025 there may be 50x, 500x increase?
                                       How do we
                                       close the gap?
                                                        •   How is it solved?
                                                             –   More Spectrum (~3x increase by 2025)
                                                             –   More Spectral Efficient access tech (~3x increase by 2025)
                                                             –   More Spectral re-use/denser topologies (~?x increase)
                                                             –   Pricing mechanisms


                                                        •   Small Cells are the acknowledged answer in the
                                                            form of Femtos, Picos, etc and part of a HetNet.


       Source: Verizon                                  •   But the Macro Layer won’t be replaced by Femto
                                                            Layer, so how can the Macro layer evolve and be
                                                            prepared for the Capacity crunch?
                   Shannon’s Limit
                   has essentially
                  been reached; this
                     is all Spatial
                  Multiplexing/MIMO

Copyright © 2011 Quintel. All rights reserved.
Quintel Confidential.
Spectrum Evolution




                                                                                                                                                   2500

                                                                                                                                                          2600
                                                                                                                2000

                                                                                                                       2100

                                                                                                                              2200

                                                                                                                                     2300

                                                                                                                                            2400




                                                                                                                                                                 2700
                                                                   1000




                                                                                           1700

                                                                                                  1800

                                                                                                         1900
                                                                             1400

                                                                                    1600
                                    500
                              400



                                          600

                                                 700

                                                       800

                                                             900
    GSM/GPRS/EDGE                                                     1990

                                                                      1998                                                                                              Receive Div. Only
    UMTS/HSPA/HSPA+



                                    DD2                               2004
    LTE FDD Rel 8/9/10/11


                                                                      2012                                                                                              2x2 MIMO and Tx Div.

     TD-LTE Rel 8/9/10/11
                                                                                                                                                                        4x4 MIMO, CoMP.
                                                                      2016                                                                                              Azimuth Beamforming

    White Space/Interleaved
    Spectrum                                                                                                                                                            8x8 MIMO, CoMP, ICIC.
                                                                      2020                                                                                              Elevation Beamforming
                                                                                                                                                                        Azimuth Beamforming




•       FCC, UK, India promise another 500MHz by 2020; and with “hands-off”
        approaches, incentive auctions and trading of spectrum.
•       LTE-A is aligned with this multi-band concept to achieve 1Gbps and beyond.
•       Results in more Spectrum Neighbours = more Inter-System interference scenarios
        (GPS, DTV, Public Safety, PMR/SMR)
•       Results in more Intra-System PIM Issues, especially with higher power Tx
•       Logic could be to eventually migrate to cognitive radio systems, as per White
        Space model?

Copyright © 2011 Quintel. All rights reserved.
Quintel Confidential.
How the Base Station Antenna has evolved
     Maxwell’s Laws not Moore’s Law
     Source: 3G Americas; 3G & 4G Antenna Deployment
                                                                                                        2012?
                                                                                                     Point of Flux:
                                                                                                    Reconfigurable?
                                                                                                        Active?
                                                                                                       Adaptive?

                                                                                                     More Bands?




                                                                                       Multi-Port
                                                               Spectral and
                                                                  Space
                                                                Efficiency
                                                                 Mutually
                                                                Exclusive
                                                                                    Combiners


                                                                                                           Multi-array



                              Spectral Efficiency Techniques
                                                                              Space Efficiency Techniques


Copyright © 2011 Quintel. All rights reserved.
Quintel Confidential.
MIMO Spectral Efficiency Evolution in LTE

               2x2 Single User MIMO              1.4     Spectral Efficiency (bps/Hz)
                                                                                                                          JT: Joint Transmission (Multi-Cell Tx)
                                                                                                                CS/CB: Co-ordinated Scheduling & Beamforming
R8                                                                                                                                                        number
                                                                                                                                                          of
                                                                                                                                                                                average
                                                                                                                                                                                relative
                                                                                                                                                                                          small
                                                                                                                                                                                          relativ
                                                                                                          cross-polarized antenna                         sources               gain      gain
                                                                                                          CS/CB SU-MIMO 2x2 vs. SU-MIMO 2x2                         1 Cell avg      1.46%     1.
                                                                                                                                                                      Cell-edge     2.86%     2.
                                                                                                          CS/CB SU-MIMO 4x2 vs. SU-MIMO 4x2                         5 Cell avg      5.65%     1.
2012           2x2 Multi User MIMO               1.8         2.3                                                                                                      Cell-edge    16.68%     3.
                                                                                                          CS/CB MU-MIMO 2x2 vs. MU-MIMO 2x2 9 cells                 3 Cell avg      3.71%     1.
                                                                                                                                                                      Cell-edge     5.17%     4.
                                                                                                                                              > 9 cells             2 Cell avg      0.86%    -0.
                                                                         Dual Layer Beamforming (R9)                                                                  Cell-edge    15.21%    13.
                                                                         Azimuth Plane Coherent           CS/CB MU-MIMO 4x2 vs. MU-MIMO 4x2 9 cells                 7 Cell avg      3.63%    -0.
R9                                                                       Beamforming                                                          > 9 cells
                                                                                                                                                                      Cell-edge
                                                                                                                                                                    2 Cell avg
                                                                                                                                                                                   11.66%
                                                                                                                                                                                    1.09%
                                                                                                                                                                                              2.
                                                                                                                                                                                             -1.
                                                                                                                                                                      Cell-edge    17.32%    13.
                                                                                                          JT SU-MIMO 2x2 vs. SU-MIMO 2x2      9 cells               2 Cell avg      2.19%     0.
                                                                                                                                                                      Cell-edge    14.80%    11.
                                                                                                          JT SU-MIMO 4x2 vs. SU-MIMO 4x2      9 cells               5 Cell avg      3.57%    -3.
            4x2 Single User/Multi Cell MIMO (CoMP)                                                                                                                 Cell-edge    21.78%     6.
2015                                              2.5         2.7               3.5                       JT MU-MIMO 2x2 vs. MU-MIMO 2x2      9 cells            7 Cell avg      4.07%    -5.
                                                                                                                                                                   Cell-edge    40.72%     9.
                                                                                                                                              > 9 cells          1 Cell avg      3.57%     3.
                                                  Tx1                                                                                                              Cell-edge    18.57%   18.
                                                                                       Higher-order       JT MU-MIMO 4x2 vs. MU-MIMO 4x2      9 cells            7 Cell avg      8.70%    -8.

                                                 Tx2                                   Azimuth Plane                       3GPP Study item in release 11 LTE       Cell-edge    31.35%   10.
                                                                                                                                              > 9 cells          1 Cell avg      6.86%     6.
R10                                                                                    Coherent                                                                    Cell-edge    18.18%   18.

                                                                                       Beamforming                        3GPP TR 36.819 V11.0.0 (2011-09)
                                                                                                          DCS SU-MIMO 2x2 vs. SU-MIMO 2x2 9 cells                2 Cell avg      1.69%     0.
                                                                                                                                                          number Cell-edge average
                                                                                                                                                                                 2.01% smal0.
                                                                                                                          captures these9simulation results.
                                                                                                          DCS SU-MIMO 4x2 vs. SU-MIMO 4x2   cells         of     1 Cell avg     18.33% relati
                                                                                                                                                                             relative    18.
                                                                                                          ULA                                             sources Cell-edge gain41.04% gain
                                                                                                                                                                                         41.
                                                                                                          CS/CB SU-MIMO 2x2 vs. SU-MIMO 2x2   9 cells               2 Cell avg      4.03%      2
                                                                                                                          CoMP/ICIC techniques in particular
                                                                                                                                                          Cell-edge                 4.42%      2

2018        4x2 Multi User/Multi Cell MIMO (CoMP)                                                         CS/CB SU-MIMO 4x2 vs. SU-MIMO 4x2edge performances.
                                                                                                                          improve cell 9 cells          4 Cell avg                  5.32%      2
                                                                                                                                                                      Cell-edge    20.64%      5
                                                                                                          CS/CB MU-MIMO 2x2 vs. MU-MIMO 2x2 9 cells                 2 Cell avg      4.07%      2
                                                  3.0              3.4          4.0                                      Slow but steady evolution in Spectral        Cell-edge     8.93%      4
                                                                                                                                            > 9 cells               1 Cell avg      5.66%      5
                                                       Tx1                                                               Efficiencies, at the expense of              Cell-edge    25.08%     25
                                                                                                          CS/CB MU-MIMO 4x2 vs. MU-MIMO 4x2 9 cells
                                                                                                                         complexity.                                6 Cell avg      4.12%      1
                                                                                                                                                                      Cell-edge    12.22%      5
R11                                                Tx2                                                                                        > 9 cells             2 Cell avg      2.29%     -0
                                                                                                                                                                      Cell-edge    21.76%     21
                                                                                                          JT SU-MIMO 2x2 vs. SU-MIMO 2x2      9 cells               3 Cell avg      1.55%     -1
                                                                                                                                                                      Cell-edge    19.84%     12
                                                                                        Emphasis on UE    JT SU-MIMO 4x2 vs. SU-MIMO 4x2      9 cells               3 Cell avg      1.12%     -1
                                                                                                                                                                      Cell-edge    13.49%      9
                                                                                         only having 2x
                                                                                                          JT MU-MIMO 2x2 vs. MU-MIMO 2x2      9 cells               3 Cell avg     13.53%      3
                                                                                           Antennas                                                                   Cell-edge    40.50%     20
                                                                                                          JT MU-MIMO 4x2 vs. MU-MIMO 4x2      9 cells               5 Cell avg     11.40%     -1
                                                                                                                                                                      Cell-edge    28.87%      9
Copyright © 2011 Quintel. All rights reserved.
                                                                                                                                              > 9 cells             1 Cell avg     -9.15%     -9
Quintel Confidential.
                                                                                                                                                                      Cell-edge    34.34%     34
MIMO Spectral Efficiency Evolution in LTE
 Dual Layer Beamforming in LTE Release 9
                              Base Pattern                    •   With 3GPP Release 9 (TD-LTE) and Release 10 (FDD), a
                              of each array                       feature called “Dual Layer Beamforming” allows the LTE
                                                                  Downlink shared traffic channel to use 2x2 Spatial Multiplexing
                                                                  MIMO plus Adaptive Beamforming.

                                                              •   With 4xPA’s (i.e. a 4T4R Base Station) you can transmit a
                                                                  signal on two feeders; each signal carrying the same
                                                                  information but having different phase weights.

                                                              •   Example shown left, where different LTE Physical resource
                                                                  Blocks (i.e. different groups of LTE OFDM Sub-Tones) are
   +45          +45                                               delivered with different Azimuthally Beamformed patterns.
   -45          -45


                                                              •   Each user receives their respective signals via individual
                                                                  optimal Beamformed patterns.

                                                              •   Beamforming in this way improves overall C/I which in turns
                                                                  ensures that Spatial Multiplexing occurs more often.
                          Azimuthal Beamformed Patterns
                             created for different users
                         (using different Physical Resource
                            Blocks in Time & Frequency)
        4T4R
     Base Station


Copyright © 2011 Quintel. All rights reserved.
Quintel Confidential.
Quintel Product Application Families

    MultiServTM Product Family                   MultiWavTM Product Family
    Multiband/Multi-Port Products                Adaptive Elevation Beamforming Products
    • >2x more ports than standard antennas      •   Same benefits as MultiServ plus
    • Maintains standard form factor             •   Complement or alternative to fully active
                                                     antenna deployments
    • Delivers Quad and Penta bands
                                                 •   The answer to delivering “smart” antenna
    • Enables LTE deployment in new and
                                                     features, whilst supporting legacy services,
      existing frequency bands
                                                     and across multiple bands.
    • Max ports & tilts enables high order
      MIMO capabilities and mitigates PIM




             Space Efficient Mast Solutions           Spectrum Efficient Mast Solutions


Copyright © 2011 Quintel. All rights reserved.
Quintel Confidential.
How Quintel QTiltTM Technology Works

            Standard VET Antenna                                            Quintel VET Principle                                      Quintel VET Principle (2x Tilts)
               Power Dividing Network




                                                                                              Quintel Corporate Feed




                                                                                                                                                                 Quintel Corporate Feed
                                                                                                                                              +45




                                                                                                  Network (+45o)




                                                                                                                                                                     Network (+45o)
                                                                                                                                              1800




                                                                                                                                                         18 21
                                                                                                                                              +45
                                                                                                                                              2100




                                                                                                                                                         18 21
                                                   Phase slope                      Single Phase                       Phase slope
                                        Actuator   across array                       Difference                       across array
                                                   (–q to +q )                        (–f to +f )                      (–q to +q )



                                                                                                                                                                                          UMTS2100
                                                         Min Tilt                                                        Min Tilt                                                         GSM1800
                                                         Mid Tilt                                                        Mid Tilt
                                                       Max Tilt                                                        Max Tilt
                                                                    Tx/Rx




                                                                                                                                      Tx/Rx



                                                                                                                                              Tx/Rx
    Tx/Rx




     Base Station                                                    Base Station                                                     GSM1800 UMTS2100


Copyright © 2011 Quintel. All rights reserved.
Quintel Confidential.
Solutions for Space Efficiency
  Quintel MultiServTM

                                                                     PCS1900

                                                                         AWS                                                                                                            UMTS2100
                                                                                                                                                                                        GSM1800


                                                                 800/850 Service
                                 2m




                                                                                                                                            2m
                                                                                                                                                                                       LTE2600
                                                                      LTE700                                                                                                           4T4R



                                                           LTE(AWS) Remote Head                                                                                                        GSM900/
                                                               Solution shown                                                                                                          LTE800




                                                                                                            Optional TMAs
                          700/850/1900      700/850/1900                                          Optional Band Combiners
                                                                                                                                                    8-9/18
                            Combiners         Combiners
                                                                LTE-AWS
  8x Ports:                                                                                                                                                                  LTE2600 (4T4R)
  2x 698-894MHz                                                                                             10x Ports:
  2x 1850-1990MHz                                                                                           2x 790-960MHz
  2x 1710-1770/2110-2180MHz
                                                                               Space Efficiency             4x 1710-2170MHz
                          700/850/1900       700/850/1900                        Techniques                 4x 2490-2690MHz
                            Combiners         Combiners


                                                                                                             Optional 8-900/1800 Combiners




                                                                                                                                                                     Tx/Rx
                                                                                                                                                             Tx/Rx
                                                                                                                                                Tx/Rx
                                                                                                             Tx/Rx




                                                                                                                                        Tx/Rx
                                                                                                    Tx/Rx




                                                                                                                        Tx/Rx

                                                                                                                                Tx/Rx
                        GSM850 GSM1900                          LTE700                             GSM1800            GSM900 LTE800                          UMTS2100



Copyright © 2011 Quintel. All rights reserved.
Quintel Confidential.
More Spectrum
 Example of Intra System Interference


                                Problem                                      “Back to the Future”
                                                   Quintel                        Solution                   Quintel
                                                 MultiServ                                                   MultiServ
                                                  Antenna                                                    Antenna
                                                      (Tx)                                                   (Rx)




                                                        700/850            700/850               700/850       700/850
                                                       Combiners          Combiners             Combiners     Combiners




                                                                                       Tx: 700DEBC
                                                        700/850             700/850               700/850      700/850
                                                       Combiners           Combiners             Combiners    Combiners




                                                 T R    T R



                                                                                                        Rx: 700BC
                                                                   Either Un-duplex or           All Tx Sub-Bands are
                                                                   break out at native           Transmitted (30MHz)
                                                                       Tx, Rx ports
                                                 GSM/UMTS                                 LTE
                                                   850AB                                  700


Copyright © 2011 Quintel. All rights reserved.    A Spectral Efficiency Technique
Quintel Confidential.
MIMO Engineering & Innovation
   Back to the Future: Space Diversity for Spectral Efficiency?
                                                                                                •      For 2x Antennas per sector.
                                Quintel Dualband 8 Port Antennas
                                 (698-894MHz/1710-2170MHz)                                      •      Quintel solution allows initial 2x2 MIMO with
     Quintel                                                                     Quintel               either:
                                         6x Independent Tilts
   MultiServ                                                                     MultiServ
    Antenna                                                                      Antenna                 –     Conventional X-Polar only, or
                                    Hybrid Space+Polz Diversity
                                          For all services                                               –     Spatially Separated orthogonal Polarisations

                             “Back to the Future”                                                                                        Modeling and capacity of polarized
                                  Solution                                                                                               MIMO channels
                                                                                                                                         Mikael Coldrey
                                                                                                                                         Ericsson Research, Ericsson AB,
                                                                                                                                         SWEDEN
                                2x2 MIMO LTE(AWS) Remote Head
                                       Solution shown                                                                                    1dB Spectral Efficiency Gains



      700/850/1900       700/850/1900                           700/850/1900    700/850/1900
        Combiners          Combiners                              Combiners       Combiners
                                              LTE-AWS




       700/850/1900       700/850/1900                           700/850/1900    700/850/1900
         Combiners         Combiners                              Combiners        Combiners



                                           2x2 MIMO LTE700



                                                                                                    1998 IEEE Paper
                                                                                                    1dB Diversity Gains

                                                                                                •      Upgrade to 4x4 MIMO on 700 and AWS bands
                                                  LTE
      GSM
      850
               GSM
               1900                               700
                                                                                UMTS
                                                                                1900
                                                                                        UMTS
                                                                                         850    •      Patented technique and application.
                      A Spectral Efficiency Technique
Copyright © 2011 Quintel. All rights reserved.
Quintel Confidential.
What is an Active Antenna?

                  Integrated RRH/                                Distributed   Distributed Transceivers
                  Passive Antenna                                Amplifiers          with Sub-Array


                                          Distribution Network
                   Distribution Network




    What is an Active Antenna?
    •       Integrated RRH/Passive Antenna (Not strictly an Active Antenna)
    •       Distributed Amplifiers
    •       Distributed Amplifiers feeding Sub-Arrays


Copyright © 2011 Quintel. All rights reserved.
Quintel Confidential.
Quintel Alternative/Compliment to Active Antenna
        Quintel MultiWav
                                                                                                                                 Passive
                                                                                                                                 Antenna
                                                                                                                                  Part

                                                Quintel Corporate Feed




                                                                                                                                                                    Quintel Corporate Feed
                                                                                                        Quintel Corporate Feed




                                                                                                                                           Quintel Corporate Feed
                       Quintel Corporate Feed




                                                                         Quintel Corporate Feed
                                                                                                  RRH



  •       Quintel offers deployment flexibility for location of Radios
  •       Fully Passive Antenna. Exploits 4T4R Base Stations                                                                                Bottom
                                                                                                                                           Mount RRH
  •       Re-use of same RRH modules/hardware in all configs
  •       Re-use of same RRH modules/hardware for standard,
          non-Quintel applications

Copyright © 2011 Quintel. All rights reserved.
Quintel Confidential.
Antenna Innovation
    What could be achieved with an Active Antenna?

        • Multi dimensional applications covering
          • Optimisation of different access technologies in same freq band
          • Optimising individual RF channels within same standard
          • Enhancing cell throughput on network or cluster basis.




                                                 Elevation Beamforming




                                                                              Spectral Efficiency
                                                                                 Techniques



Copyright © 2011 Quintel. All rights reserved.
Quintel Confidential.
A Solution for Spectral Efficiency
MultiWav - Adaptive Elevation Beamforming (Uplink only)
                                                                                                                                      •   Connecting a 2T4R Base Station as shown with 4-way
                                                                                                                                          Maximal Ratio Combiner (MRC), rather than usual 2-
 Corporate Feed




                          Quintel Corporate Feed




                                                                         Quintel Corporate Feed
                                                                                                                                          way MRC.
 Networks




                          Network (+45o)




                                                                         Network (-45o)
                                                                                                                                      •   MRC algorithm simply applies weights and phase
                                                                                                                                          delays to the 4x Rx inputs to maximize C/I, and will do
                                                                                                            Dynamic                       this on a per channel (per user) basis at baseband.
                                                                                                            (adaptive) tilting
                                                                                                            (per user) for
                                                                                                            LTE Uplink
                                                                                                            Independent
                                                                                                                                      •   Applying phase delays to within each of the Rx
 Shifters




                    T     R                        T   R            T    R                        T   R
 Phase




                                                                                                            Static Tilt for               differential pairs is simply creating a coherent beam
                                                                                                            LTE Downlink                  (tilt) toward/from each user/terminal, and then applying
                              T           R                                  T           R                                                phase/weights between +45 and -45 is then standard
                    +45                                                                                                                   2-way Rx diversity.
                                                                                                  -45




                                                                                                                  T   R       T   R




                                                                                                                                                                         LTE Uplink (Adaptive)
                                                                                                                                                                         LTE Downlink

                                                           RxD4   RxD3


                                                                                                          4-Way           S
                                  Tx/Rx1                           Tx/Rx2                                 MRC

                  LTE eNB (2T/4R
                   Configuration)


Copyright © 2011 Quintel. All rights reserved.                                                Spectral Efficiency Techniques
Quintel Confidential.
A Solution for Spectral Efficiency
 MultiWav - Adaptive Elevation Beamforming (Up & Downlink)
 Corporate Feed




                         Quintel Corporate Feed




                                                              Quintel Corporate Feed
                                                                                                   Interference
 Networks




                         Network (+45o)




                                                              Network (-45o)
                                                                                                         UE
                                                                                               Dynamic
                                                                                               Beamform/Tilting
                                                                                               for LTE
                  +45A     +45B                        -45A       -45B                                                                                                                   LTE 2GHz/20MHz 2x2 Config
                                                                                                                                           LTE (10MHz) Throughput vs. Distance Scatter Plot (Central Cells/Int Tilts)
                                                                                                                                                                                         Flat Earth 3x19 cell geometry
                                                                                                                                                 (Mech Tilt = 3o, Elec Tilt=2o, Bin Size = 10m, Boresight +/- Cell Radii)
                                                                                                                                                                                            (25m Ht x 500m 30 )
                                                                                                                                                                                                                o

                                                                                                                                                                   Sites without Traffic EDT=7 Monte-Carlo Simulation
                                                                                           Spatial Multiplexing                                                                               Mbps (y) vs. Dist in m (x)
                                                                                                                                      60
                                                                                          up to Rank 2 across                                                                                  Blue – No Elevation BF
                                                                                          +45 and -45 BF pairs                                                                                Red – With Elevation BF
Beamforming                                                                                                                           50
 in Elevation
                                                                                                                  Throughput (Mbps)
                                                  LTE (R9+)
across each                                         4T4R                                                                              40
  A&B ports                                                                                                                                                                                                       Original Throu
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Optimised Thr
                                                                                                                                      30

                                                                                                                                      20

                                                                                                                                      10
                                                                                       Can be a 2T4R eNodeB
                                                                                       (giving Uplink adaptive                         0
                                                                                       coherent Beamforming)                               0         100           200           300          400           500

                                                                                                                                                                    Distance (m)
Copyright © 2011 Quintel. All rights reserved.
Quintel Confidential.
Antenna Hardware Evolution?

    Active Adaptive                                 Innovation:
                                                                                                •    There are Active Antennas which are purely active, offering 1x
       Antenna                                        Quintel
                                                                                                     box at the top of the mast.

                                                                                                •    Then, there’s a roadmap for Active Antennas which also will


                                                                       Quintel Corporate Feed
          Baseband/DAC/RF Stages




                                                                                                     promise adaption of the (vertical) beam pattern on a per
                                                                                                     Physical Resource Block (PRB) or user resolution basis.

                                                                                                •    The latter being a focus of a lot of OEM vendors right now; fits
                                                             BB-RF
                                                                                                     with slim line antennas for Western markets.

                                                                     Dual-PA
                                                                     IRU                        •    Quintel are offering a complimentary solution delivering smart
                                                                                                     (adaptive) coherent Beamforming in radio channels where full
                                                                                                     complex vector control of each antenna element isn’t
                                                    Optical Fibre
                      Optical Fibre




                                                                                                     necessary.



                                      Baseband                        Baseband
                                      Server                          Server


                                                  Multi-Band Capable
                                                  Offers Active/Smart
                                                 antenna type features
                                                  Completely Passive                                Full Complex vector control at
                                                                                                            each element
                                                                                                    (Fully Active Adaptive Array)
Copyright © 2011 Quintel. All rights reserved.
Quintel Confidential.
Quintel Elevation Beamforming Antenna
 Legacy support plus Adaptive Elevation Beamforming
                                                                                                                          •    One 4T4R plus one 2T2R base station
                                                                                                                               example shown
 Corporate Feed




                                Quintel Corporate Feed




                                                                           Quintel Corporate Feed
 Networks




                                                                                                                          •
                                Network (+45o)




                                                                                                                               Quintel advantage is that a single column array lends itself


                                                                           Network (-45o)
                                                                                                                               to dual-array (dual-band) topology readily. A side-by-side
                                                                                                                               column array (conventional Azimuthal Beamforming) may
                                                                                                                               prove difficult to make dual-band.
                                                                                                            Dynamic
                                                                                                            Beamform/Tilting
                                                                                                            for LTE800     •   Quintel can also offer our conventional independent (static)
 Shifters




                      9     8                            9   8        9    8                        9   8
 Phase




                                                                                                            RET for 900
                                                                                                                               tilt for legacy services as illustrated left, as per our
                                                                                                                               MultiServ product approach.

                            +45                                            -45
                                                                                                                          •    Potentially, beamforming in elevation could prove more
                                                                                                                               effective than beamforming in Azimuth, due to the fact
                                                                                                                               interference comes from one direction (the horizon) rather
                                                                                                                               than multiple directions as in Azimuth.


                  2xTx/Rx                                        4xTx/Rx
                                                                                                                                                       Spectral Efficiency Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                   And
                                                                                                                                                        Space Efficiency Techniques
        GSM900, UMTS900                                          LTE800

Copyright © 2011 Quintel. All rights reserved.
Quintel Confidential.
Deployment?


                                                          Weight
                                                          Critical




                                                 RRH




                                                   Weight
                                                   Critical




Copyright © 2011 Quintel. All rights reserved.
Quintel Confidential.
Thank You!
                                                              Dave Barker
                                                               +44 7958 418 816
                                                      david.barker@quintelsolutions.com




                                                 When wireless is pushed to the limit
                                                  the answer isn’t more of the same

                                                      The answer is
                                                  more innovation
Copyright © 2011 Quintel. All rights reserved.
Quintel Confidential.

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Quintel - David Barker CTO Base Station Antenna Evolution and Revolution

  • 1. Telefónica 2021 Networking Summit Base Station Antenna Evolution and Revolution David Barker, CTO Quintel Technology 16 December 2011
  • 2. The Capacity Crunch • The Capacity crunch • We are all aware of it • By 2025 there may be 50x, 500x increase? How do we close the gap? • How is it solved? – More Spectrum (~3x increase by 2025) – More Spectral Efficient access tech (~3x increase by 2025) – More Spectral re-use/denser topologies (~?x increase) – Pricing mechanisms • Small Cells are the acknowledged answer in the form of Femtos, Picos, etc and part of a HetNet. Source: Verizon • But the Macro Layer won’t be replaced by Femto Layer, so how can the Macro layer evolve and be prepared for the Capacity crunch? Shannon’s Limit has essentially been reached; this is all Spatial Multiplexing/MIMO Copyright © 2011 Quintel. All rights reserved. Quintel Confidential.
  • 3. Spectrum Evolution 2500 2600 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2700 1000 1700 1800 1900 1400 1600 500 400 600 700 800 900 GSM/GPRS/EDGE 1990 1998 Receive Div. Only UMTS/HSPA/HSPA+ DD2 2004 LTE FDD Rel 8/9/10/11 2012 2x2 MIMO and Tx Div. TD-LTE Rel 8/9/10/11 4x4 MIMO, CoMP. 2016 Azimuth Beamforming White Space/Interleaved Spectrum 8x8 MIMO, CoMP, ICIC. 2020 Elevation Beamforming Azimuth Beamforming • FCC, UK, India promise another 500MHz by 2020; and with “hands-off” approaches, incentive auctions and trading of spectrum. • LTE-A is aligned with this multi-band concept to achieve 1Gbps and beyond. • Results in more Spectrum Neighbours = more Inter-System interference scenarios (GPS, DTV, Public Safety, PMR/SMR) • Results in more Intra-System PIM Issues, especially with higher power Tx • Logic could be to eventually migrate to cognitive radio systems, as per White Space model? Copyright © 2011 Quintel. All rights reserved. Quintel Confidential.
  • 4. How the Base Station Antenna has evolved Maxwell’s Laws not Moore’s Law Source: 3G Americas; 3G & 4G Antenna Deployment 2012? Point of Flux: Reconfigurable? Active? Adaptive? More Bands? Multi-Port Spectral and Space Efficiency Mutually Exclusive Combiners Multi-array Spectral Efficiency Techniques Space Efficiency Techniques Copyright © 2011 Quintel. All rights reserved. Quintel Confidential.
  • 5. MIMO Spectral Efficiency Evolution in LTE 2x2 Single User MIMO 1.4 Spectral Efficiency (bps/Hz) JT: Joint Transmission (Multi-Cell Tx) CS/CB: Co-ordinated Scheduling & Beamforming R8 number of average relative small relativ cross-polarized antenna sources gain gain CS/CB SU-MIMO 2x2 vs. SU-MIMO 2x2 1 Cell avg 1.46% 1. Cell-edge 2.86% 2. CS/CB SU-MIMO 4x2 vs. SU-MIMO 4x2 5 Cell avg 5.65% 1. 2012 2x2 Multi User MIMO 1.8 2.3 Cell-edge 16.68% 3. CS/CB MU-MIMO 2x2 vs. MU-MIMO 2x2 9 cells 3 Cell avg 3.71% 1. Cell-edge 5.17% 4. > 9 cells 2 Cell avg 0.86% -0. Dual Layer Beamforming (R9) Cell-edge 15.21% 13. Azimuth Plane Coherent CS/CB MU-MIMO 4x2 vs. MU-MIMO 4x2 9 cells 7 Cell avg 3.63% -0. R9 Beamforming > 9 cells Cell-edge 2 Cell avg 11.66% 1.09% 2. -1. Cell-edge 17.32% 13. JT SU-MIMO 2x2 vs. SU-MIMO 2x2 9 cells 2 Cell avg 2.19% 0. Cell-edge 14.80% 11. JT SU-MIMO 4x2 vs. SU-MIMO 4x2 9 cells 5 Cell avg 3.57% -3. 4x2 Single User/Multi Cell MIMO (CoMP) Cell-edge 21.78% 6. 2015 2.5 2.7 3.5 JT MU-MIMO 2x2 vs. MU-MIMO 2x2 9 cells 7 Cell avg 4.07% -5. Cell-edge 40.72% 9. > 9 cells 1 Cell avg 3.57% 3. Tx1 Cell-edge 18.57% 18. Higher-order JT MU-MIMO 4x2 vs. MU-MIMO 4x2 9 cells 7 Cell avg 8.70% -8. Tx2 Azimuth Plane 3GPP Study item in release 11 LTE Cell-edge 31.35% 10. > 9 cells 1 Cell avg 6.86% 6. R10 Coherent Cell-edge 18.18% 18. Beamforming 3GPP TR 36.819 V11.0.0 (2011-09) DCS SU-MIMO 2x2 vs. SU-MIMO 2x2 9 cells 2 Cell avg 1.69% 0. number Cell-edge average 2.01% smal0. captures these9simulation results. DCS SU-MIMO 4x2 vs. SU-MIMO 4x2 cells of 1 Cell avg 18.33% relati relative 18. ULA sources Cell-edge gain41.04% gain 41. CS/CB SU-MIMO 2x2 vs. SU-MIMO 2x2 9 cells 2 Cell avg 4.03% 2 CoMP/ICIC techniques in particular Cell-edge 4.42% 2 2018 4x2 Multi User/Multi Cell MIMO (CoMP) CS/CB SU-MIMO 4x2 vs. SU-MIMO 4x2edge performances. improve cell 9 cells 4 Cell avg 5.32% 2 Cell-edge 20.64% 5 CS/CB MU-MIMO 2x2 vs. MU-MIMO 2x2 9 cells 2 Cell avg 4.07% 2 3.0 3.4 4.0 Slow but steady evolution in Spectral Cell-edge 8.93% 4 > 9 cells 1 Cell avg 5.66% 5 Tx1 Efficiencies, at the expense of Cell-edge 25.08% 25 CS/CB MU-MIMO 4x2 vs. MU-MIMO 4x2 9 cells complexity. 6 Cell avg 4.12% 1 Cell-edge 12.22% 5 R11 Tx2 > 9 cells 2 Cell avg 2.29% -0 Cell-edge 21.76% 21 JT SU-MIMO 2x2 vs. SU-MIMO 2x2 9 cells 3 Cell avg 1.55% -1 Cell-edge 19.84% 12 Emphasis on UE JT SU-MIMO 4x2 vs. SU-MIMO 4x2 9 cells 3 Cell avg 1.12% -1 Cell-edge 13.49% 9 only having 2x JT MU-MIMO 2x2 vs. MU-MIMO 2x2 9 cells 3 Cell avg 13.53% 3 Antennas Cell-edge 40.50% 20 JT MU-MIMO 4x2 vs. MU-MIMO 4x2 9 cells 5 Cell avg 11.40% -1 Cell-edge 28.87% 9 Copyright © 2011 Quintel. All rights reserved. > 9 cells 1 Cell avg -9.15% -9 Quintel Confidential. Cell-edge 34.34% 34
  • 6. MIMO Spectral Efficiency Evolution in LTE Dual Layer Beamforming in LTE Release 9 Base Pattern • With 3GPP Release 9 (TD-LTE) and Release 10 (FDD), a of each array feature called “Dual Layer Beamforming” allows the LTE Downlink shared traffic channel to use 2x2 Spatial Multiplexing MIMO plus Adaptive Beamforming. • With 4xPA’s (i.e. a 4T4R Base Station) you can transmit a signal on two feeders; each signal carrying the same information but having different phase weights. • Example shown left, where different LTE Physical resource Blocks (i.e. different groups of LTE OFDM Sub-Tones) are +45 +45 delivered with different Azimuthally Beamformed patterns. -45 -45 • Each user receives their respective signals via individual optimal Beamformed patterns. • Beamforming in this way improves overall C/I which in turns ensures that Spatial Multiplexing occurs more often. Azimuthal Beamformed Patterns created for different users (using different Physical Resource Blocks in Time & Frequency) 4T4R Base Station Copyright © 2011 Quintel. All rights reserved. Quintel Confidential.
  • 7. Quintel Product Application Families MultiServTM Product Family MultiWavTM Product Family Multiband/Multi-Port Products Adaptive Elevation Beamforming Products • >2x more ports than standard antennas • Same benefits as MultiServ plus • Maintains standard form factor • Complement or alternative to fully active antenna deployments • Delivers Quad and Penta bands • The answer to delivering “smart” antenna • Enables LTE deployment in new and features, whilst supporting legacy services, existing frequency bands and across multiple bands. • Max ports & tilts enables high order MIMO capabilities and mitigates PIM Space Efficient Mast Solutions Spectrum Efficient Mast Solutions Copyright © 2011 Quintel. All rights reserved. Quintel Confidential.
  • 8. How Quintel QTiltTM Technology Works Standard VET Antenna Quintel VET Principle Quintel VET Principle (2x Tilts) Power Dividing Network Quintel Corporate Feed Quintel Corporate Feed +45 Network (+45o) Network (+45o) 1800 18 21 +45 2100 18 21 Phase slope Single Phase Phase slope Actuator across array Difference across array (–q to +q ) (–f to +f ) (–q to +q ) UMTS2100 Min Tilt Min Tilt GSM1800 Mid Tilt Mid Tilt Max Tilt Max Tilt Tx/Rx Tx/Rx Tx/Rx Tx/Rx Base Station Base Station GSM1800 UMTS2100 Copyright © 2011 Quintel. All rights reserved. Quintel Confidential.
  • 9. Solutions for Space Efficiency Quintel MultiServTM PCS1900 AWS UMTS2100 GSM1800 800/850 Service 2m 2m LTE2600 LTE700 4T4R LTE(AWS) Remote Head GSM900/ Solution shown LTE800 Optional TMAs 700/850/1900 700/850/1900 Optional Band Combiners 8-9/18 Combiners Combiners LTE-AWS 8x Ports: LTE2600 (4T4R) 2x 698-894MHz 10x Ports: 2x 1850-1990MHz 2x 790-960MHz 2x 1710-1770/2110-2180MHz Space Efficiency 4x 1710-2170MHz 700/850/1900 700/850/1900 Techniques 4x 2490-2690MHz Combiners Combiners Optional 8-900/1800 Combiners Tx/Rx Tx/Rx Tx/Rx Tx/Rx Tx/Rx Tx/Rx Tx/Rx Tx/Rx GSM850 GSM1900 LTE700 GSM1800 GSM900 LTE800 UMTS2100 Copyright © 2011 Quintel. All rights reserved. Quintel Confidential.
  • 10. More Spectrum Example of Intra System Interference Problem “Back to the Future” Quintel Solution Quintel MultiServ MultiServ Antenna Antenna (Tx) (Rx) 700/850 700/850 700/850 700/850 Combiners Combiners Combiners Combiners Tx: 700DEBC 700/850 700/850 700/850 700/850 Combiners Combiners Combiners Combiners T R T R Rx: 700BC Either Un-duplex or All Tx Sub-Bands are break out at native Transmitted (30MHz) Tx, Rx ports GSM/UMTS LTE 850AB 700 Copyright © 2011 Quintel. All rights reserved. A Spectral Efficiency Technique Quintel Confidential.
  • 11. MIMO Engineering & Innovation Back to the Future: Space Diversity for Spectral Efficiency? • For 2x Antennas per sector. Quintel Dualband 8 Port Antennas (698-894MHz/1710-2170MHz) • Quintel solution allows initial 2x2 MIMO with Quintel Quintel either: 6x Independent Tilts MultiServ MultiServ Antenna Antenna – Conventional X-Polar only, or Hybrid Space+Polz Diversity For all services – Spatially Separated orthogonal Polarisations “Back to the Future” Modeling and capacity of polarized Solution MIMO channels Mikael Coldrey Ericsson Research, Ericsson AB, SWEDEN 2x2 MIMO LTE(AWS) Remote Head Solution shown 1dB Spectral Efficiency Gains 700/850/1900 700/850/1900 700/850/1900 700/850/1900 Combiners Combiners Combiners Combiners LTE-AWS 700/850/1900 700/850/1900 700/850/1900 700/850/1900 Combiners Combiners Combiners Combiners 2x2 MIMO LTE700 1998 IEEE Paper 1dB Diversity Gains • Upgrade to 4x4 MIMO on 700 and AWS bands LTE GSM 850 GSM 1900 700 UMTS 1900 UMTS 850 • Patented technique and application. A Spectral Efficiency Technique Copyright © 2011 Quintel. All rights reserved. Quintel Confidential.
  • 12. What is an Active Antenna? Integrated RRH/ Distributed Distributed Transceivers Passive Antenna Amplifiers with Sub-Array Distribution Network Distribution Network What is an Active Antenna? • Integrated RRH/Passive Antenna (Not strictly an Active Antenna) • Distributed Amplifiers • Distributed Amplifiers feeding Sub-Arrays Copyright © 2011 Quintel. All rights reserved. Quintel Confidential.
  • 13. Quintel Alternative/Compliment to Active Antenna Quintel MultiWav Passive Antenna Part Quintel Corporate Feed Quintel Corporate Feed Quintel Corporate Feed Quintel Corporate Feed Quintel Corporate Feed Quintel Corporate Feed RRH • Quintel offers deployment flexibility for location of Radios • Fully Passive Antenna. Exploits 4T4R Base Stations Bottom Mount RRH • Re-use of same RRH modules/hardware in all configs • Re-use of same RRH modules/hardware for standard, non-Quintel applications Copyright © 2011 Quintel. All rights reserved. Quintel Confidential.
  • 14. Antenna Innovation What could be achieved with an Active Antenna? • Multi dimensional applications covering • Optimisation of different access technologies in same freq band • Optimising individual RF channels within same standard • Enhancing cell throughput on network or cluster basis. Elevation Beamforming Spectral Efficiency Techniques Copyright © 2011 Quintel. All rights reserved. Quintel Confidential.
  • 15. A Solution for Spectral Efficiency MultiWav - Adaptive Elevation Beamforming (Uplink only) • Connecting a 2T4R Base Station as shown with 4-way Maximal Ratio Combiner (MRC), rather than usual 2- Corporate Feed Quintel Corporate Feed Quintel Corporate Feed way MRC. Networks Network (+45o) Network (-45o) • MRC algorithm simply applies weights and phase delays to the 4x Rx inputs to maximize C/I, and will do Dynamic this on a per channel (per user) basis at baseband. (adaptive) tilting (per user) for LTE Uplink Independent • Applying phase delays to within each of the Rx Shifters T R T R T R T R Phase Static Tilt for differential pairs is simply creating a coherent beam LTE Downlink (tilt) toward/from each user/terminal, and then applying T R T R phase/weights between +45 and -45 is then standard +45 2-way Rx diversity. -45 T R T R LTE Uplink (Adaptive) LTE Downlink RxD4 RxD3 4-Way S Tx/Rx1 Tx/Rx2 MRC LTE eNB (2T/4R Configuration) Copyright © 2011 Quintel. All rights reserved. Spectral Efficiency Techniques Quintel Confidential.
  • 16. A Solution for Spectral Efficiency MultiWav - Adaptive Elevation Beamforming (Up & Downlink) Corporate Feed Quintel Corporate Feed Quintel Corporate Feed Interference Networks Network (+45o) Network (-45o) UE Dynamic Beamform/Tilting for LTE +45A +45B -45A -45B LTE 2GHz/20MHz 2x2 Config LTE (10MHz) Throughput vs. Distance Scatter Plot (Central Cells/Int Tilts) Flat Earth 3x19 cell geometry (Mech Tilt = 3o, Elec Tilt=2o, Bin Size = 10m, Boresight +/- Cell Radii) (25m Ht x 500m 30 ) o Sites without Traffic EDT=7 Monte-Carlo Simulation Spatial Multiplexing Mbps (y) vs. Dist in m (x) 60 up to Rank 2 across Blue – No Elevation BF +45 and -45 BF pairs Red – With Elevation BF Beamforming 50 in Elevation Throughput (Mbps) LTE (R9+) across each 4T4R 40 A&B ports Original Throu Optimised Thr 30 20 10 Can be a 2T4R eNodeB (giving Uplink adaptive 0 coherent Beamforming) 0 100 200 300 400 500 Distance (m) Copyright © 2011 Quintel. All rights reserved. Quintel Confidential.
  • 17. Antenna Hardware Evolution? Active Adaptive Innovation: • There are Active Antennas which are purely active, offering 1x Antenna Quintel box at the top of the mast. • Then, there’s a roadmap for Active Antennas which also will Quintel Corporate Feed Baseband/DAC/RF Stages promise adaption of the (vertical) beam pattern on a per Physical Resource Block (PRB) or user resolution basis. • The latter being a focus of a lot of OEM vendors right now; fits BB-RF with slim line antennas for Western markets. Dual-PA IRU • Quintel are offering a complimentary solution delivering smart (adaptive) coherent Beamforming in radio channels where full complex vector control of each antenna element isn’t Optical Fibre Optical Fibre necessary. Baseband Baseband Server Server Multi-Band Capable Offers Active/Smart antenna type features Completely Passive Full Complex vector control at each element (Fully Active Adaptive Array) Copyright © 2011 Quintel. All rights reserved. Quintel Confidential.
  • 18. Quintel Elevation Beamforming Antenna Legacy support plus Adaptive Elevation Beamforming • One 4T4R plus one 2T2R base station example shown Corporate Feed Quintel Corporate Feed Quintel Corporate Feed Networks • Network (+45o) Quintel advantage is that a single column array lends itself Network (-45o) to dual-array (dual-band) topology readily. A side-by-side column array (conventional Azimuthal Beamforming) may prove difficult to make dual-band. Dynamic Beamform/Tilting for LTE800 • Quintel can also offer our conventional independent (static) Shifters 9 8 9 8 9 8 9 8 Phase RET for 900 tilt for legacy services as illustrated left, as per our MultiServ product approach. +45 -45 • Potentially, beamforming in elevation could prove more effective than beamforming in Azimuth, due to the fact interference comes from one direction (the horizon) rather than multiple directions as in Azimuth. 2xTx/Rx 4xTx/Rx Spectral Efficiency Techniques And Space Efficiency Techniques GSM900, UMTS900 LTE800 Copyright © 2011 Quintel. All rights reserved. Quintel Confidential.
  • 19. Deployment? Weight Critical RRH Weight Critical Copyright © 2011 Quintel. All rights reserved. Quintel Confidential.
  • 20. Thank You! Dave Barker +44 7958 418 816 david.barker@quintelsolutions.com When wireless is pushed to the limit the answer isn’t more of the same The answer is more innovation Copyright © 2011 Quintel. All rights reserved. Quintel Confidential.