1. Today’s aim:
Body Structure
Tendons, cartilage, ligame
nts, Joints & Muscles

2. Tendon – a connective tissue attaching muscle to bone.
When a muscle contracts to move a joint, it is the
tendon which pulls on the bone.

3. Ligaments - are strong bands which connect bones to bones at
the joint. They're elasticated to allow the movement of that
joint, but are strong enough to stop movement outside the
normal range.

4. Cartilage - is a soft cushioning substance which covers
the ends of the bones. It acts as a shock absorber and
reduces the rubbing of the bone surfaces.

5. Joints
Where two or three bones meet, we
have joints.
1.Hinge joints are found at the elbow
and at the knee and allow movement
in one dimension, or direction.
2.Ball and socket joints are found at
the shoulder and the hip and allow
movement in three directions.

6. Muscles
The muscles of the body allow movement to
occur at joints. To allow movement at a joint
muscles works in pairs. Examples of this can
be found in the elbows and knees.
Elbow – bicep and tricep
Knees – hamstring and quad
These muscles contract and relax to create
movement.

7. Foundation Level Question
Jumping is an important movement in many activities.
(i) Choose a team activity.
Team activity _________________
From this activity name a skill/technique where jumping is important.
Skill/technique _____________________
Muscles work in pairs.
(ii) Name the two muscles in the upper leg that work as a pair to allow
movement.
First muscle __________________________
Second muscle________________________
(iii) Explain how the muscles of the upper leg work together when jumping
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

8. Foundation answers
• Team activity = Basketaball
• Skill/ technique = Rebounding
• 1st muscle = hamstring
• 2nd muscle = quad
• Exlanation of how the muscles work together
when jumping = one muscle contracts while
the other relaxes.

9. General Level Question
(i)Name two ball and socket joints.
Ball and socket joint 1 _____________________
Ball and socket joint 2 _____________________
(ii) Describe the range of movement of a ball and socket joint
_________________________________________________
(iii) Name a hinge joint.
Hinge joint _________________________________
(iv) Describe how a hinge joint moves.
_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

10. Answers to General level questions
• Ball and socket joint = Hip and shoulder
• Movement = 360 or all directions
• Hinge joint = elbow or knee
• Describe how a hinge joint moves = It bends
and straightens, opens and closes, moves back
and forward

11. Joints
Where two or three bones meet, we
have joints.
1. Hinge joints are found at the
elbow and at the knee and allow
movement in one dimension, or
direction.

12. Ball and Socket
2. Ball and socket joints are found at the
shoulder and the hip and allow movement in three
directions.

13. Muscles
The muscles of the body allow movement to
occur at joints. To allow movement at a joint
muscles works in pairs. Examples of this can
be found in the elbows and knees.

14. Muscles controlling the elbow
• The muscles which control the movement of
the elbow, are the triceps and the biceps. The
bicep contracts or shortens, pulling the lower
arm up, and causing the elbow to bend. At
this time the tricep relaxes or lengthens. To
straighten the elbow it is then the tricep
which contracts or shortens in order to pull
the lower arm down, and at this time the
bicep relaxes.

15. Muscles controlling the knee
• If we look at the knee we can see the
hamstring and the quad controlling the
movement. The hamstring contracts, pulling
the lower leg up and causing the knee to
bend. At this time, the quad relaxes. To
straighten the knee, the quad contracts, and
pulls the lower leg down. At this time the
hamstring is relaxed.

16. Name the joint
1. Backhand push in table tennis
2. Overhead clear in badminton
3. Splits in gymnastics
4. Rebounding in Basketball
5. Backhand serve in badminton
6. Set shot in Basketball
7. Kicking in football
8. Over arm throw in basketball

17. Foundation Level Question
Jumping is an important movement in many activities.
(i) Choose a team activity.
Team activity _________________
From this activity name a skill/technique where jumping is important.
Skill/technique _____________________
Muscles work in pairs.
(ii) Name the two muscles in the upper leg that work as a pair to allow
movement.
First muscle __________________________
Second muscle________________________
(iii) Explain how the muscles of the upper leg work together when jumping
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

18. General Level Question
(i)Name two ball and socket joints.
Ball and socket joint 1 _____________________
Ball and socket joint 2 _____________________
(ii) Describe the range of movement of a ball and socket joint
_________________________________________________
(iii) Name a hinge joint.
Hinge joint _________________________________
(iv) Describe how a hinge joint moves.
_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

19. Credit Questions
• Explain how the knee bends and straightens
when rebounding the ball in basketball.
Describe the muscles, ligaments, tendons and
joints
• When performing a bicep curl, explain how
the 2 muscles work together (bicep and
tricep) to create movement up and down.
Describe the contracting and relaxing

20. Q. Explain how the knee bends and straightens
when rebounding the ball in basketball. Describe
the muscles, ligaments, tendons and joints.
• A. When bending your knees, the hamstring
muscle pulls (contracts) while the quad
relaxes. When straightening the leg, the quad
muscle pulls and the hamstring relaxes. The
muscle pulls on the tendon which is attached
to the skin bone to extend the knee joint and
straighten the leg.

21. Q. When performing a bicep curl, explain how
the 2 muscles work together (bicep and tricep)
to create movement up and down. Describe the
contracting and relaxing
• A. As you bring your arm up, your bicep
contracts while your tricep relaxes. As you
bring your arm down, your bicep relaxes and
your tricep relaxes.