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Critical success factors for donor
funded projects
results from a Delphi study to
inform the Global Partnership for
Sustainable TourismDr Xavier Font
When and how does aid succeed ?
How do we understand failure/success?
• Success. Achieving the
project’s goals and
objectives, in time,
cost and quality and
in the context of the
project’s terms of
reference (Abdullah
et al., 2010).
• Donors
• The business aid
• Project evaluation
• Delphi results
•
•
DONORS
• lack of transparency in decision making about
development assistance
• development assistance is often assumed to be
apolitical, in reality practice has been closer to
enlightened self-interest
• Donors prefer to finance short term, target driven
projects; whereas effective aid usually requires
core funding over a longer period in order to
facilitate local empowerment (Birdsall, 2004).
World Bank
• Mosley, Harrigan and Toye (1995) have argued that
staff are under pressure to meet disbursement
targets and spending the budget is a primary
management objective.
• Failure to disburse funds may be seen as an indicator
that there are problems in the country department
which reflects badly on staff (Edgren, 1996).
• Budgets are committed to interventions based on
pledges, not performance, or when the latter is
taken into account, it relates to procedural due
diligence and not impact (Svensson, 2003).
THE BUSINESS OF AID
• principal–agent relations. Agency problems
from having unclear aid contracts that do
not provide sufficient incentive to the
recipient to use aid effectively (Paul, 2006)
• Rent-seeking behaviour arising from aid
dependency (Svensson, 2000)
Project coordinators
• Coordinators of development projects perceive
success of their own projects based on the
management performance (as commonly
defined, by time, cost and quality) and on the
project’s profile (visibility/ reputation/ image)
• Project impact (performance against objectives in
the logical framework) not an important
criteria for coordinators of projects. All about
getting the job done on time, on budget and on
spec, and being seen to do a good job ( Diallo
and Thuillier, 2004)
Donor or need driven?
• technical assistance projects are donor-driven
and not based on the local needs (Godfrey et
al., 2002),
• the result of having limited knowledge of the
local realities (Williamson, 2010).
• All too often donors have not shown respect for
the knowledge of others (Chambers, 1997),
• and then wondered why the intermediaries and
implementers do not do as they are told.
Learning needs
• Fallen short of its intended purpose, failing to adapt to
local conditions, being used as a short term fix, not
measuring or reporting the impacts, and lacking in
consistent approaches (Wilson, 2007).
• Learning needs to take place collaboratively, and
slowly, based on trust and mutual respect (Wilson,
2007).
• Technical assistance rarely creates communities of
practice for joint and long term collaborative
learning (Johnson, 2007).
• Self-reliance does not happen overnight, changing
mental structures and allowing the recipients to see
for themselves what can be achieved is far more
complex (Briedenhann, 2011).
PROJECT EVALUATION
• How all stakeholders learn from previous
experience through project evaluation, as
impacts of interventions are rarely reported
• The argument that since all impacts cannot be
captured it is not worth reporting, needs to be
resisted
• We know more about whether programmes met
the expected milestones and spend on the
right budgets than about the impact of these
interventions (Savedoff, Levine and Birdsall,
2006).
What is valued
• Valuing the timely spending of budgets and
accomplishing of outcomes over the
achievement of measurable impacts
• SNV’s focus in monitoring and evaluation was on
outputs and outcomes, not impacts (Hummel
and van der Duim, 2012)
• lack of incentives and the numerous technical,
bureaucratic and political challenges that
impede good impact evaluations (Savedoff,
Levine and Birdsall, 2006).
DELPHI RESULTS
The top six reasons for project failure
1. unprofessional project management,
2. lack of understanding of the local situation,
3. unskilled/unprofessional implementation,
4. lack of leadership,
5. Lack of collaboration and communication
between stakeholders and
6. poorly defined project scope and scale
Importance/likelihood matrix
Feasibility-desirability gap in policy options

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2 xavier font

  • 1. Critical success factors for donor funded projects results from a Delphi study to inform the Global Partnership for Sustainable TourismDr Xavier Font
  • 2. When and how does aid succeed ? How do we understand failure/success? • Success. Achieving the project’s goals and objectives, in time, cost and quality and in the context of the project’s terms of reference (Abdullah et al., 2010). • Donors • The business aid • Project evaluation • Delphi results • •
  • 3. DONORS • lack of transparency in decision making about development assistance • development assistance is often assumed to be apolitical, in reality practice has been closer to enlightened self-interest • Donors prefer to finance short term, target driven projects; whereas effective aid usually requires core funding over a longer period in order to facilitate local empowerment (Birdsall, 2004).
  • 4. World Bank • Mosley, Harrigan and Toye (1995) have argued that staff are under pressure to meet disbursement targets and spending the budget is a primary management objective. • Failure to disburse funds may be seen as an indicator that there are problems in the country department which reflects badly on staff (Edgren, 1996). • Budgets are committed to interventions based on pledges, not performance, or when the latter is taken into account, it relates to procedural due diligence and not impact (Svensson, 2003).
  • 5. THE BUSINESS OF AID • principal–agent relations. Agency problems from having unclear aid contracts that do not provide sufficient incentive to the recipient to use aid effectively (Paul, 2006) • Rent-seeking behaviour arising from aid dependency (Svensson, 2000)
  • 6. Project coordinators • Coordinators of development projects perceive success of their own projects based on the management performance (as commonly defined, by time, cost and quality) and on the project’s profile (visibility/ reputation/ image) • Project impact (performance against objectives in the logical framework) not an important criteria for coordinators of projects. All about getting the job done on time, on budget and on spec, and being seen to do a good job ( Diallo and Thuillier, 2004)
  • 7. Donor or need driven? • technical assistance projects are donor-driven and not based on the local needs (Godfrey et al., 2002), • the result of having limited knowledge of the local realities (Williamson, 2010). • All too often donors have not shown respect for the knowledge of others (Chambers, 1997), • and then wondered why the intermediaries and implementers do not do as they are told.
  • 8. Learning needs • Fallen short of its intended purpose, failing to adapt to local conditions, being used as a short term fix, not measuring or reporting the impacts, and lacking in consistent approaches (Wilson, 2007). • Learning needs to take place collaboratively, and slowly, based on trust and mutual respect (Wilson, 2007). • Technical assistance rarely creates communities of practice for joint and long term collaborative learning (Johnson, 2007). • Self-reliance does not happen overnight, changing mental structures and allowing the recipients to see for themselves what can be achieved is far more complex (Briedenhann, 2011).
  • 9. PROJECT EVALUATION • How all stakeholders learn from previous experience through project evaluation, as impacts of interventions are rarely reported • The argument that since all impacts cannot be captured it is not worth reporting, needs to be resisted • We know more about whether programmes met the expected milestones and spend on the right budgets than about the impact of these interventions (Savedoff, Levine and Birdsall, 2006).
  • 10. What is valued • Valuing the timely spending of budgets and accomplishing of outcomes over the achievement of measurable impacts • SNV’s focus in monitoring and evaluation was on outputs and outcomes, not impacts (Hummel and van der Duim, 2012) • lack of incentives and the numerous technical, bureaucratic and political challenges that impede good impact evaluations (Savedoff, Levine and Birdsall, 2006).
  • 11. DELPHI RESULTS The top six reasons for project failure 1. unprofessional project management, 2. lack of understanding of the local situation, 3. unskilled/unprofessional implementation, 4. lack of leadership, 5. Lack of collaboration and communication between stakeholders and 6. poorly defined project scope and scale