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K2 AND BEYOND:  A SYNTHETIC CANNABINOID PRIMER. INTRODUCTION Barry K Logan   Fredric Rieders Family Renaissance Foundation
Marijuana ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Synthetic Cannabinoids ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Synthetic Cannabinoids ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Synthetic Cannabinoids ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
SYNTHETIC CANNABINOIDS IN HERBAL INCENSE PRODUCTS Lindsay E. Reinhold, M.F.S., F-ABC AAFS Annual Conference February 2011
Topics ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Synthetic Cannabinoid Basics ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Molecular Structures THC Classical HU-210/HU-211 JWH-133 JWH-018 Naphthoylindoles JWH-073 JWH-081 JWH-122 JWH-200 JWH-210 JWH-398 WIN55,212-2 CP47,497(C8) Non-Classical CP47,497(C7) CP55,940 HU-308
Molecular Structures AM-694 Benzoylindoles AM-630 AM-1241 JWH-250 Phenylacetylindoles JWH-203 JWH-251
History ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Legal Status ,[object Object],CP47,497 (C7 analog) (non-classical) CP 47,497 (C8 analog) – Cannabicyclohexanol (non-classical) HU-210 (classical) JWH-018 (non-classical) JWH-073 (non-classical) JWH-200 (non-classical)
Samples Tested ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Reference Materials ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Current Analytical Scope ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Sample Preparation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Methods of Identification ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Macro/Microscopic Analysis ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Duquenois-Levine Color Test
Duquenois-Levine Color Test
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],TLC
 
TLC ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
HPLC/DAD ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Methods of Identification ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
CP47,497 (C8 analogue) (a.k.a.Cannabicyclohexanol) CAS# 70434-92-3 Formal Name: 5-(1,1-dimethyloctyl)-2-[(1R,3S)-3- hydroxycyclohexyl]-phenol Mol.Form. C 22 H 36 O 2 Mol.Wt. 332.27153
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
CP47,497 (C8 analogue) (a.k.a.Cannabicyclohexanol) Di-TMS Derivative Mol.Form. C 28 H 52 O 2 Si 2 Mol.Wt. 476.88
0.02 µg/mL CP47,497 (C8)  Underivatized Derivatized
LC/MS/MS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
LC/MS/MS Strong Response Good Response Weak Response JWH-015 AM-2201 CP47,497(C7) JWH-018 JWH-081 CP47,497(C8) JWH-019 JWH-200 CP55,940 JWH-073 JWH-251 HU-210 JWH-122 JWH-398 HU-211 JWH-210 JWH-133 JWH-250 WIN55,212-2 RCS-4 WIN55,212-3 RCS-8 ~ 0.01 ng/mcL ~ 0.1 ng/mcL ~ 1 ng/mcL
LC/MS/MS JWH-200  2.57 WIN55,212-2/3  3.50 AM-2201   4.56 CP55,940   4.79 JWH-015   4.84 JWH-250  5.00 RCS-4   5.12 JWH-073  5.16 JWH-251  5.31 JWH-018  6.49 CP47,497(C7)  6.85 JWH-081  6.94 JWH-019  7.23 JWH-122  7.23 RCS-8  7.30 HU-210/211  7.58 CP47,497(C8)  7.68 JWH-398  7.79 JWH-210  7.79 JWH-133  11.04
LC/TOF ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
K2 Blonde Analytical Technique JWH-018 JWH-073 JWH-200 TLC Positive Positive None Detected GC/MS Positive  (approx. 12 mg/g) Positive  (approx. 13 mg/g) None Detected LC/TOF Positive Positive Positive
K2 Standard Analytical Technique JWH-018 JWH-073 TLC Positive Positive GC/MS Positive  (approx.  9 mg/g) Positive  (approx.  9 mg/g) LC/TOF Positive Positive
K2 Citron Analytical Technique JWH-018 JWH-073 TLC Positive Positive GC/MS Positive  (approx.  10 mg/g) Positive  (approx.  10 mg/g) LC/TOF Positive Positive
K2 (unknown variety) Analytical Technique CP47,497 (C8) JWH-018 JWH-073 TLC Positive None Detected None Detected GC/MS Positive  (approx. 6 mg/g) None Detected None Detected LC/TOF None Detected Positive Positive
K2 Summit Analytical Technique JWH-018 JWH-073 TLC Positive Positive GC/MS Positive  (approx.  11 mg/g) Positive  (approx.  9 mg/g) LC/TOF Positive Positive
K2 Blue Analytical Technique JWH-018 TLC Positive GC/MS Positive  (approx. 15 mg/g) LC/TOF Positive
K2 Pink Analytical Technique JWH-018 TLC Positive GC/MS Positive  (approx. 11 mg/g) LC/TOF Positive
K2 Latte Analytical Technique JWH-018 JWH-073 JWH-250 TLC Positive Positive Positive GC/MS Positive  (approx. 16 mg/g) Positive  (approx. 0.03 mg/g) Positive  (approx. 14 mg/g) LC/TOF Positive Positive Positive
K2 Pineapple Express Analytical Technique JWH-018 TLC Positive GC/MS Positive  (approx. 5.4 mg/g)
K2 Blueberry Analytical Technique JWH-018 TLC Positive GC/MS Positive  (approx. 5.5 mg/g)
Sample Summary ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Samples Tested Controlled Non-Controlled Non-Cannabinoid JWH-018 AM-694 5-MeO-DALT JWH-073 AM-2201 Mitragynine JWH-200 JWH-081 MDPV CP47,497(C8 analog) JWH-122 Methylone JWH-210 Mephedrone JWH-250 Butylone RCS-4 4-MEC RCS-8 ???
Future Challenges ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Future Challenges ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Future Challenges ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Questions?
Acknowledgements: Barry Logan Fran Diamond Allan Xu Sherri Kacinko
SYNTHETIC CANNABINOIDS: IDENTIFICATION OF METABOLITES AND ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR BIOLOGICAL MATRICES  Sherri L. Kacinko
Overview ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Whole Blood & Serum
Published Methods ,[object Object],[object Object]
Auwärter et al.  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Auwärter et al.  ,[object Object]
Auwärter et al.  Auwärter et al, Fig. 3
Auwärter et al.  Auwärter et al, Fig. 6
Teske et al.  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Teske et al.  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Teske et al.
Teske et al.
Kacinko et al. ,[object Object],[object Object]
Kacinko et al. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Kacinko et al. ,[object Object]
Kacinko et al. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Kacinko et al. Analyte Retention Time Quantifier Transition Qualifier Transition d 9 -JWH-018 3.12 351    155 351    127 JWH-018 3.13 342   155 342   127 JWH-019 3.30 356    155 356   127 d 9 -JWH-073 2.92 337    155 337    127 JWH-073 2.94 328    155 328    127 JWH-250 2.93 336   121 none
Kacinko et al. 100 0 126.92 155.18 214.26 342.17 127.05 227.96 356.39 0 155.12 100 143.89 JWH-019 JWH-018
Kacinko et al. 100 0 100 100 200 300 400 0 m/z 126.86 155.12 200.10 328.18 121.11 200.16 144.34 JWH-250 JWH-073
Kacinko et al. Validation Parameter Conc. (ng/mL) JWH-018 JWH-019 JWH-073 JWH-250 Average within-run imprecision (%RSD) 0.1 0.3 15 4.3 5.4 2.6 19.3* 11.6 9.5 7.9 4.3 1.9 7.0 4.5 3.6 Between-run imprecision (%RSD) 0.1 0.3 15 7.9 5.9 3.2 35.7* 20.6* 23.0* 10.2 4.3 2.1 8.6 4.7 6.9 Accuracy (%) 0.1 0.3 15 99.2 93.7 93.7 112.0 70.3* 67.3* 99.1 92.2 93.0 104.7 93.6 91.8 *Outside method validation acceptance criteria
Kacinko et al. JWH-250 JWH-073 JWH-018 JWH-019
Kacinko et al. Validation Parameter Conc. (ng/mL) JWH-018 JWH-019 JWH-073 JWH-250 Extraction Efficiency (%) 0.3 15 75.5 63.2 63.6 60.6 80.8 71.0 92.8 79.4 Matrix Effect (%) 0.3 15 36.7 49.4 42.1 64.7 31.1 32.2 22.0 18.6 Process Efficiency (%) 0.3 15 47.7 32.0 36.8 21.4 55.6 48.1 72.4 64.6
Kacinko et al. Whole Blood Additive Conc. (ng/mL) JWH-018  JWH-073 JWH-250 Sodium Fluoride (n=2) 0.5 10 103.1 98.7 111.8 106.0 88.5 86.6 Potassium Oxalate (n=3) 0.5 10 96.0 94.6 102.3 107.0 87.5 87.6 Sodium EDTA (n=3) 0.5 10 105.3 98.1 113.5 107.7 88.5 87.5 Potassium EDTA (n=2) 0.5 10 109.6 93.2 104.0 103.5 94.0 87.4 Sodium Heparin (n=3) 0.5 10 99.9 92.0 102.9 97.4 88.2 84.3 Lithium Heparin (n=2) 0.5 10 103.1 91.5 98.4 96.7 94.5 82.8
NMS Labs ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
NMS Labs – Qualitative ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
NMS Labs – Blood Distribution
NMS Labs – Concentrations ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
NMS Labs – Concentrations
Summary ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Metabolism
The Challenge ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Identify Markers ,[object Object],[object Object]
Identify Markers ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Zhang, et al. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
WIN 55212-2 Metabolic Pathway Zhang et al. 2002 Fig. 8
AM-630 Metabolic Pathway Zhang et al. 2004 Fig. 11
JWH-015 Metabolic Pathway Zhang et al. Fig. 9
JWH-018 Studies ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
JWH-018 Metabolic Pathway Wintermeyer et al, Fig. 2
JWH-018 Metabolites Sobolevsky et al, Fig. 6
NMS Labs Studies ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Human Liver Microsomes RMI Laboratories, North Wales, PA
Rat Studies ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Rat Studies ,[object Object],[object Object]
Human Blood ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Human Blood
Human Blood
Urine Methods
Urine Test Development ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Liu et al, 2010 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Urine Test Development ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Urine Test Development Intact glucuronide of mono-hydroxy JWH-018 Mono-hydroxy JWH-018 Mono-hydroxy JWH-018
Urine Test Development
Urine Test Development Screening Method Source Fragmentation Collision Cell Fragmentation JWH-018-OH-GLUC 534  358 358  155 358  127 JWH-073OH-GLUC 520  344 344  155 344  127
Urine Test Development Confirmation Method Precursor Ion Product Ions OH-JWH-018 358 155 127 284 186 2OH-JWH-018* 376 374 214  171 155  127 3OH-JWH-018 374 189  171 OH-JWH-073 344 155  127 2OJ-JWH-073* 362 360 200  171 155  127 3OH-JWH-073 378 189  171
Final Monitored Transitions JWH-018 JWH-073 358 344 374 362 358 344 374 362 155 155 155 155 127 127 127 127
Analysis Summary ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Validation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Acceptance Criteria ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
JWH-018 Metabolites Positive Control Positive Case
JWH-073 Metabolites Positive Control Positive Case
Urine Distribution (n=1404)
Summary ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Urine Metabolites - Continued
Major Mono-hydroxy metabolite ,[object Object]
 
Future Challenges ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS   Staff of NMS Labs - Research and Development Department Staff of NMS Labs – LC-MS/MS Department A special thanks to Matt McMullin QUESTIONS?
SYNTHETIC CANNABINOIDS: A CONTROLLED ADMINISTRATION STUDY Barry K Logan   Fredric Rieders Family Renaissance Foundation
K2 Phenomenon Millard South Shooter Tests Positive for Synthetic Marijuana. Omaha, NE - Tests discover a controversial, yet legal drug, in Robert Butler Juniors' body the day he killed Doctor Vicki Kaspar then himself. So KMTV Action 3 news talked with a poison control expert. Without wanting to speculate on Butler's use he says the drug can cause suspicious behavior. "The confusion, the delirium, people can hurt themselves, they can hurt others, they can hurt other people," says Doctor Ron Kirschner with the Nebraska Regional Poison Center.
K2 Phenomenon Drugs part of shooter's troubles By  Leslie Reed January 11, 2011. Friends hint at possible drug use — hints that may be substantiated by new drug test results that reveal the presence of K2, a synthetic marijuana substitute, in Butler's body. Authorities have said the designer drug was used by some students at Butler's former school, Lincoln Southwest, and say it's known to cause delusions and paranoia in some users.
K2 Phenomenon McHenry shop owner had K2 in system McHENRY – The owner of House of Glass, who was found unconscious and later died in November, had K2 along with painkillers in his system.  The McHenry County Coroner’s Office, which completed its investigation this week, said there was K2 and the painkillers methadone, morphine and Lyrica in Fred Evans’ system when he died.
K2 Phenomenon Woman Pleads Guilty In Hit, Run That Killed Passenger   Devetta  Blount     Created:  1/12/2011 6:00:45 …  emergency workers took Watlington to Moses Cone Hospital where she died. Also, Prosecutors said that SBI Lab results revealed Neal had cocaine and … K2 or synthetic marijuana.
K2 Phenomenon Fake pot sickens two LVC students  Lebanon Daily News Updated: 01/31/2011 Two Lebanon Valley College students were taken to the hospital last weekend for treatment of an allergic reaction to synthetic marijuana, police said.  The students admitted to smoking herbal incense, which caused an allergic reaction, police said. Both were taken to Good Samaritan Hospital and released after treatment.
K2 Phenomenon Pain pill, not Spice, shows up in DUI-related drug test Published: Saturday, Jan. 22, 2011 SALT LAKE CITY — A man police believed to have been impaired while driving after smoking Spice, pleaded no contest Friday to driving under the influence of drugs and/or alcohol. "The question is not whether Spice is legal. The question is whether something is impairing his ability to drive safely," (his attorney) said. He was later subjected to drug testing and Engar said results indicated an opiate drug was present. Beckmann admitted to taking a pain pill in days prior. "He has a drug problem," (his attorney) said. "We're looking into the (Corrections Addictions Treatments System) program at the jail. It's just something we'd rather resolve than fight at this point."
K2 Phenomenon ROCK SPRINGS, WY -- Rock Springs police are reporting several cases of teens apparently overdosing on synthetic marijuana. Memorial Hospital of Sweetwater County says six people have been treated since Jan. 1 for symptoms believed to have been caused by ingesting or smoking fake pot. Three people ages 15, 16 and 17 who went to the hospital Jan. 7 were charged with violating a city ordinance against inhaling toxic vapors. Three Rock Springs High School students, all age 15, were charged Jan. 11 with the same offense after at least one teen suffered adverse symptoms.
K2 Phenomenon WASHINGTON | Tue Jan 25, 2011 3:20pm EST  Seven midshipmen were expelled from the U.S. Naval Academy for using or having a banned marijuana-like substance known as "spice," officials said. It is considered a banned substance by the Departments of Defense and Navy, Carpenter's statement said.  Officials at the Naval Academy in Annapolis, Md. learned about the allegations during the fall semester and consider the investigation to be ongoing, the statement said.
K2 Phenomenon
Synthetic Cannabinoid Effects
Synthetic Cannabinoid Effects
Synthetic Cannabinoid Effects The Journal of Emergency Medicine, Epub, 2010
Synthetic Cannabinoid Effects T. Sobolevsky, et al., Detection of JWH-018 metabolites in smoking mixture post-administration urine, Forensic Sci. Int. (2010), doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.04.003
Synthetic Cannabinoid Effects
Synthetic Cannabinoid Effects
Synthetic Cannabinoid Effects
Synthetic Cannabinoid Effects
Missouri K2 Administration Lab ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Missouri K2 Administration Lab K2 Standard K2 Citron K2 Summit Herbal Blend JWH-018 (mg/g)  9 10 11 - JWH-073 (mg/g)  9 10 9 - CP47,497 (C7) (mg/g)  - - - 6 Free from other known drugs or chemicals
Missouri K2 Administration Lab ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Missouri K2 Administration Lab ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Missouri K2 Administration Lab ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Missouri K2 Administration Lab ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Missouri K2 Administration Lab Authors  Sobolevsky et al, 2010 Teske et al, 2010 Auwater et al, 2009 Elsohly, 2008 This Study - subject number 1 2 3 4 5 6 Condition has been reported Active intoxication, 3 subjects under arrest, positive for JWH-018 Smoking study, 2 subjects smoked Spice containing JWH-018 Smoking Study, 2 subjects Cannabicyclohexanol  + JWH-018  THC K2 Standard K2 Citron K2 Standard K2 Summit K2 Citron K2 Summit Red eyes / bloodshot Yes -  Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Burning of the eyes  -  Yes - - - Yes - - - - Xerostomia (dry mouth)  -  Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes - - Yes Yes Increased pupil diameter  -  Yes - Yes Equivocal Equivocal Equivocal Equivocal Equivocal Equivocal Tachycardia Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Anxiety  Yes -  - Yes Yes - Yes - Yes Yes Hallucinations  Yes -  - Yes - - - - - - Paranoia  Yes -  - Yes - - - - Yes Yes Sickness  -  Yes - - - - - - - - Sedation  -  Yes -  Yes Yes - Yes - - Yes Changes in perception/mood  -  - Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes - Yes Yes Subjective thought disruption/loss of concentration -  Yes -  Yes Yes Yes - - Yes Yes Impaired sense of time  Yes -  -  Yes Yes Yes Yes - - Yes Tiredness/exhaustion  -  6-12 hours 6-24 hours - Yes Yes Yes - - - Self assessed impairment  -  -  Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes - Yes Yes
Missouri K2 Administration Study Subject BM Smoked “K2 Citron” 10mg/g JWH-018/073 0.3g in water pipe 3 inhalations over 30 minutes
Missouri K2 Administration Lab Subject BM - Urine Time JWH-018 Mono-OH Di-OH Tri-OH Glucuronides Pre-dose X X X X X 1:15 +/- √ √ X √ 2:07 X √ √ √ √ 2:40 X √ √ √ √ Time JWH-073 Mono-OH Di-OH Tri-OH Glucuronides Pre-dose X X X X X 1:15 X √ √ X √ 2:07 X √ √ √ √ 2:40 X √ √ √ √
Missouri K2 Administration Lab ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Missouri K2 Administration Lab ,[object Object]
Conclusions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS   Staff of NMS Labs, Research and Development  and LCMS Departments Staff of the Missouri Safety Center, University of Central Missouri QUESTIONS?

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K2 and Beyond: A Synthetic Cannabinoid Primer

  • 1. K2 AND BEYOND: A SYNTHETIC CANNABINOID PRIMER. INTRODUCTION Barry K Logan Fredric Rieders Family Renaissance Foundation
  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 4.
  • 5.
  • 6. SYNTHETIC CANNABINOIDS IN HERBAL INCENSE PRODUCTS Lindsay E. Reinhold, M.F.S., F-ABC AAFS Annual Conference February 2011
  • 7.
  • 8.
  • 9. Molecular Structures THC Classical HU-210/HU-211 JWH-133 JWH-018 Naphthoylindoles JWH-073 JWH-081 JWH-122 JWH-200 JWH-210 JWH-398 WIN55,212-2 CP47,497(C8) Non-Classical CP47,497(C7) CP55,940 HU-308
  • 10. Molecular Structures AM-694 Benzoylindoles AM-630 AM-1241 JWH-250 Phenylacetylindoles JWH-203 JWH-251
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13.
  • 14.
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 17.
  • 18.
  • 21.
  • 22.  
  • 23.
  • 24.  
  • 25.
  • 26.
  • 27.  
  • 28. CP47,497 (C8 analogue) (a.k.a.Cannabicyclohexanol) CAS# 70434-92-3 Formal Name: 5-(1,1-dimethyloctyl)-2-[(1R,3S)-3- hydroxycyclohexyl]-phenol Mol.Form. C 22 H 36 O 2 Mol.Wt. 332.27153
  • 29.
  • 30. CP47,497 (C8 analogue) (a.k.a.Cannabicyclohexanol) Di-TMS Derivative Mol.Form. C 28 H 52 O 2 Si 2 Mol.Wt. 476.88
  • 31. 0.02 µg/mL CP47,497 (C8) Underivatized Derivatized
  • 32.
  • 33. LC/MS/MS Strong Response Good Response Weak Response JWH-015 AM-2201 CP47,497(C7) JWH-018 JWH-081 CP47,497(C8) JWH-019 JWH-200 CP55,940 JWH-073 JWH-251 HU-210 JWH-122 JWH-398 HU-211 JWH-210 JWH-133 JWH-250 WIN55,212-2 RCS-4 WIN55,212-3 RCS-8 ~ 0.01 ng/mcL ~ 0.1 ng/mcL ~ 1 ng/mcL
  • 34. LC/MS/MS JWH-200 2.57 WIN55,212-2/3 3.50 AM-2201 4.56 CP55,940 4.79 JWH-015 4.84 JWH-250 5.00 RCS-4 5.12 JWH-073 5.16 JWH-251 5.31 JWH-018 6.49 CP47,497(C7) 6.85 JWH-081 6.94 JWH-019 7.23 JWH-122 7.23 RCS-8 7.30 HU-210/211 7.58 CP47,497(C8) 7.68 JWH-398 7.79 JWH-210 7.79 JWH-133 11.04
  • 35.
  • 36.  
  • 37. K2 Blonde Analytical Technique JWH-018 JWH-073 JWH-200 TLC Positive Positive None Detected GC/MS Positive (approx. 12 mg/g) Positive (approx. 13 mg/g) None Detected LC/TOF Positive Positive Positive
  • 38. K2 Standard Analytical Technique JWH-018 JWH-073 TLC Positive Positive GC/MS Positive (approx. 9 mg/g) Positive (approx. 9 mg/g) LC/TOF Positive Positive
  • 39. K2 Citron Analytical Technique JWH-018 JWH-073 TLC Positive Positive GC/MS Positive (approx. 10 mg/g) Positive (approx. 10 mg/g) LC/TOF Positive Positive
  • 40. K2 (unknown variety) Analytical Technique CP47,497 (C8) JWH-018 JWH-073 TLC Positive None Detected None Detected GC/MS Positive (approx. 6 mg/g) None Detected None Detected LC/TOF None Detected Positive Positive
  • 41. K2 Summit Analytical Technique JWH-018 JWH-073 TLC Positive Positive GC/MS Positive (approx. 11 mg/g) Positive (approx. 9 mg/g) LC/TOF Positive Positive
  • 42. K2 Blue Analytical Technique JWH-018 TLC Positive GC/MS Positive (approx. 15 mg/g) LC/TOF Positive
  • 43. K2 Pink Analytical Technique JWH-018 TLC Positive GC/MS Positive (approx. 11 mg/g) LC/TOF Positive
  • 44. K2 Latte Analytical Technique JWH-018 JWH-073 JWH-250 TLC Positive Positive Positive GC/MS Positive (approx. 16 mg/g) Positive (approx. 0.03 mg/g) Positive (approx. 14 mg/g) LC/TOF Positive Positive Positive
  • 45. K2 Pineapple Express Analytical Technique JWH-018 TLC Positive GC/MS Positive (approx. 5.4 mg/g)
  • 46. K2 Blueberry Analytical Technique JWH-018 TLC Positive GC/MS Positive (approx. 5.5 mg/g)
  • 47.
  • 48. Samples Tested Controlled Non-Controlled Non-Cannabinoid JWH-018 AM-694 5-MeO-DALT JWH-073 AM-2201 Mitragynine JWH-200 JWH-081 MDPV CP47,497(C8 analog) JWH-122 Methylone JWH-210 Mephedrone JWH-250 Butylone RCS-4 4-MEC RCS-8 ???
  • 49.
  • 50.
  • 51.
  • 53. Acknowledgements: Barry Logan Fran Diamond Allan Xu Sherri Kacinko
  • 54. SYNTHETIC CANNABINOIDS: IDENTIFICATION OF METABOLITES AND ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR BIOLOGICAL MATRICES Sherri L. Kacinko
  • 55.
  • 56. Whole Blood & Serum
  • 57.
  • 58.
  • 59.
  • 60. Auwärter et al. Auwärter et al, Fig. 3
  • 61. Auwärter et al. Auwärter et al, Fig. 6
  • 62.
  • 63.
  • 66.
  • 67.
  • 68.
  • 69.
  • 70. Kacinko et al. Analyte Retention Time Quantifier Transition Qualifier Transition d 9 -JWH-018 3.12 351  155 351  127 JWH-018 3.13 342  155 342  127 JWH-019 3.30 356  155 356  127 d 9 -JWH-073 2.92 337  155 337  127 JWH-073 2.94 328  155 328  127 JWH-250 2.93 336  121 none
  • 71. Kacinko et al. 100 0 126.92 155.18 214.26 342.17 127.05 227.96 356.39 0 155.12 100 143.89 JWH-019 JWH-018
  • 72. Kacinko et al. 100 0 100 100 200 300 400 0 m/z 126.86 155.12 200.10 328.18 121.11 200.16 144.34 JWH-250 JWH-073
  • 73. Kacinko et al. Validation Parameter Conc. (ng/mL) JWH-018 JWH-019 JWH-073 JWH-250 Average within-run imprecision (%RSD) 0.1 0.3 15 4.3 5.4 2.6 19.3* 11.6 9.5 7.9 4.3 1.9 7.0 4.5 3.6 Between-run imprecision (%RSD) 0.1 0.3 15 7.9 5.9 3.2 35.7* 20.6* 23.0* 10.2 4.3 2.1 8.6 4.7 6.9 Accuracy (%) 0.1 0.3 15 99.2 93.7 93.7 112.0 70.3* 67.3* 99.1 92.2 93.0 104.7 93.6 91.8 *Outside method validation acceptance criteria
  • 74. Kacinko et al. JWH-250 JWH-073 JWH-018 JWH-019
  • 75. Kacinko et al. Validation Parameter Conc. (ng/mL) JWH-018 JWH-019 JWH-073 JWH-250 Extraction Efficiency (%) 0.3 15 75.5 63.2 63.6 60.6 80.8 71.0 92.8 79.4 Matrix Effect (%) 0.3 15 36.7 49.4 42.1 64.7 31.1 32.2 22.0 18.6 Process Efficiency (%) 0.3 15 47.7 32.0 36.8 21.4 55.6 48.1 72.4 64.6
  • 76. Kacinko et al. Whole Blood Additive Conc. (ng/mL) JWH-018 JWH-073 JWH-250 Sodium Fluoride (n=2) 0.5 10 103.1 98.7 111.8 106.0 88.5 86.6 Potassium Oxalate (n=3) 0.5 10 96.0 94.6 102.3 107.0 87.5 87.6 Sodium EDTA (n=3) 0.5 10 105.3 98.1 113.5 107.7 88.5 87.5 Potassium EDTA (n=2) 0.5 10 109.6 93.2 104.0 103.5 94.0 87.4 Sodium Heparin (n=3) 0.5 10 99.9 92.0 102.9 97.4 88.2 84.3 Lithium Heparin (n=2) 0.5 10 103.1 91.5 98.4 96.7 94.5 82.8
  • 77.
  • 78.
  • 79. NMS Labs – Blood Distribution
  • 80.
  • 81. NMS Labs – Concentrations
  • 82.
  • 84.
  • 85.
  • 86.
  • 87.
  • 88. WIN 55212-2 Metabolic Pathway Zhang et al. 2002 Fig. 8
  • 89. AM-630 Metabolic Pathway Zhang et al. 2004 Fig. 11
  • 90. JWH-015 Metabolic Pathway Zhang et al. Fig. 9
  • 91.
  • 92. JWH-018 Metabolic Pathway Wintermeyer et al, Fig. 2
  • 94.
  • 95. Human Liver Microsomes RMI Laboratories, North Wales, PA
  • 96.
  • 97.
  • 98.
  • 102.
  • 103.
  • 104.
  • 105. Urine Test Development Intact glucuronide of mono-hydroxy JWH-018 Mono-hydroxy JWH-018 Mono-hydroxy JWH-018
  • 107. Urine Test Development Screening Method Source Fragmentation Collision Cell Fragmentation JWH-018-OH-GLUC 534  358 358  155 358  127 JWH-073OH-GLUC 520  344 344  155 344  127
  • 108. Urine Test Development Confirmation Method Precursor Ion Product Ions OH-JWH-018 358 155 127 284 186 2OH-JWH-018* 376 374 214 171 155 127 3OH-JWH-018 374 189 171 OH-JWH-073 344 155 127 2OJ-JWH-073* 362 360 200 171 155 127 3OH-JWH-073 378 189 171
  • 109. Final Monitored Transitions JWH-018 JWH-073 358 344 374 362 358 344 374 362 155 155 155 155 127 127 127 127
  • 110.
  • 111.
  • 112.
  • 113. JWH-018 Metabolites Positive Control Positive Case
  • 114. JWH-073 Metabolites Positive Control Positive Case
  • 116.
  • 117. Urine Metabolites - Continued
  • 118.
  • 119.  
  • 120.
  • 121. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Staff of NMS Labs - Research and Development Department Staff of NMS Labs – LC-MS/MS Department A special thanks to Matt McMullin QUESTIONS?
  • 122. SYNTHETIC CANNABINOIDS: A CONTROLLED ADMINISTRATION STUDY Barry K Logan Fredric Rieders Family Renaissance Foundation
  • 123. K2 Phenomenon Millard South Shooter Tests Positive for Synthetic Marijuana. Omaha, NE - Tests discover a controversial, yet legal drug, in Robert Butler Juniors' body the day he killed Doctor Vicki Kaspar then himself. So KMTV Action 3 news talked with a poison control expert. Without wanting to speculate on Butler's use he says the drug can cause suspicious behavior. "The confusion, the delirium, people can hurt themselves, they can hurt others, they can hurt other people," says Doctor Ron Kirschner with the Nebraska Regional Poison Center.
  • 124. K2 Phenomenon Drugs part of shooter's troubles By Leslie Reed January 11, 2011. Friends hint at possible drug use — hints that may be substantiated by new drug test results that reveal the presence of K2, a synthetic marijuana substitute, in Butler's body. Authorities have said the designer drug was used by some students at Butler's former school, Lincoln Southwest, and say it's known to cause delusions and paranoia in some users.
  • 125. K2 Phenomenon McHenry shop owner had K2 in system McHENRY – The owner of House of Glass, who was found unconscious and later died in November, had K2 along with painkillers in his system. The McHenry County Coroner’s Office, which completed its investigation this week, said there was K2 and the painkillers methadone, morphine and Lyrica in Fred Evans’ system when he died.
  • 126. K2 Phenomenon Woman Pleads Guilty In Hit, Run That Killed Passenger   Devetta  Blount    Created:  1/12/2011 6:00:45 … emergency workers took Watlington to Moses Cone Hospital where she died. Also, Prosecutors said that SBI Lab results revealed Neal had cocaine and … K2 or synthetic marijuana.
  • 127. K2 Phenomenon Fake pot sickens two LVC students Lebanon Daily News Updated: 01/31/2011 Two Lebanon Valley College students were taken to the hospital last weekend for treatment of an allergic reaction to synthetic marijuana, police said. The students admitted to smoking herbal incense, which caused an allergic reaction, police said. Both were taken to Good Samaritan Hospital and released after treatment.
  • 128. K2 Phenomenon Pain pill, not Spice, shows up in DUI-related drug test Published: Saturday, Jan. 22, 2011 SALT LAKE CITY — A man police believed to have been impaired while driving after smoking Spice, pleaded no contest Friday to driving under the influence of drugs and/or alcohol. "The question is not whether Spice is legal. The question is whether something is impairing his ability to drive safely," (his attorney) said. He was later subjected to drug testing and Engar said results indicated an opiate drug was present. Beckmann admitted to taking a pain pill in days prior. "He has a drug problem," (his attorney) said. "We're looking into the (Corrections Addictions Treatments System) program at the jail. It's just something we'd rather resolve than fight at this point."
  • 129. K2 Phenomenon ROCK SPRINGS, WY -- Rock Springs police are reporting several cases of teens apparently overdosing on synthetic marijuana. Memorial Hospital of Sweetwater County says six people have been treated since Jan. 1 for symptoms believed to have been caused by ingesting or smoking fake pot. Three people ages 15, 16 and 17 who went to the hospital Jan. 7 were charged with violating a city ordinance against inhaling toxic vapors. Three Rock Springs High School students, all age 15, were charged Jan. 11 with the same offense after at least one teen suffered adverse symptoms.
  • 130. K2 Phenomenon WASHINGTON | Tue Jan 25, 2011 3:20pm EST Seven midshipmen were expelled from the U.S. Naval Academy for using or having a banned marijuana-like substance known as "spice," officials said. It is considered a banned substance by the Departments of Defense and Navy, Carpenter's statement said. Officials at the Naval Academy in Annapolis, Md. learned about the allegations during the fall semester and consider the investigation to be ongoing, the statement said.
  • 134. Synthetic Cannabinoid Effects The Journal of Emergency Medicine, Epub, 2010
  • 135. Synthetic Cannabinoid Effects T. Sobolevsky, et al., Detection of JWH-018 metabolites in smoking mixture post-administration urine, Forensic Sci. Int. (2010), doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.04.003
  • 140.
  • 141. Missouri K2 Administration Lab K2 Standard K2 Citron K2 Summit Herbal Blend JWH-018 (mg/g) 9 10 11 - JWH-073 (mg/g) 9 10 9 - CP47,497 (C7) (mg/g) - - - 6 Free from other known drugs or chemicals
  • 142.
  • 143.
  • 144.
  • 145.
  • 146. Missouri K2 Administration Lab Authors Sobolevsky et al, 2010 Teske et al, 2010 Auwater et al, 2009 Elsohly, 2008 This Study - subject number 1 2 3 4 5 6 Condition has been reported Active intoxication, 3 subjects under arrest, positive for JWH-018 Smoking study, 2 subjects smoked Spice containing JWH-018 Smoking Study, 2 subjects Cannabicyclohexanol + JWH-018 THC K2 Standard K2 Citron K2 Standard K2 Summit K2 Citron K2 Summit Red eyes / bloodshot Yes - Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Burning of the eyes - Yes - - - Yes - - - - Xerostomia (dry mouth) - Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes - - Yes Yes Increased pupil diameter - Yes - Yes Equivocal Equivocal Equivocal Equivocal Equivocal Equivocal Tachycardia Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Anxiety Yes - - Yes Yes - Yes - Yes Yes Hallucinations Yes - - Yes - - - - - - Paranoia Yes - - Yes - - - - Yes Yes Sickness - Yes - - - - - - - - Sedation - Yes - Yes Yes - Yes - - Yes Changes in perception/mood - - Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes - Yes Yes Subjective thought disruption/loss of concentration - Yes - Yes Yes Yes - - Yes Yes Impaired sense of time Yes - - Yes Yes Yes Yes - - Yes Tiredness/exhaustion - 6-12 hours 6-24 hours - Yes Yes Yes - - - Self assessed impairment - - Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes - Yes Yes
  • 147. Missouri K2 Administration Study Subject BM Smoked “K2 Citron” 10mg/g JWH-018/073 0.3g in water pipe 3 inhalations over 30 minutes
  • 148. Missouri K2 Administration Lab Subject BM - Urine Time JWH-018 Mono-OH Di-OH Tri-OH Glucuronides Pre-dose X X X X X 1:15 +/- √ √ X √ 2:07 X √ √ √ √ 2:40 X √ √ √ √ Time JWH-073 Mono-OH Di-OH Tri-OH Glucuronides Pre-dose X X X X X 1:15 X √ √ X √ 2:07 X √ √ √ √ 2:40 X √ √ √ √
  • 149.
  • 150.
  • 151.
  • 152. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Staff of NMS Labs, Research and Development and LCMS Departments Staff of the Missouri Safety Center, University of Central Missouri QUESTIONS?

Editor's Notes

  1. Synthetic drugs that mimic the effects of cannabis through binding at the same receptors, principally the CB1 receptor, more of which about momentarily. The drugs were developed in the 1980’s and 1990’s as potential cannabinoid agonists that might possess some of the advantageous effects of cannabis, appetite stimulation, and anti- nausea properties, blood pressure, and much flaunted as adjuncts in cancer pain therapy, without the euphoric intoxicating effects for which the drug was popular recreationally. Now the drugs are sold widely on the internet and convenience stores and gas stations, smoke shops and head shops. The compounds that we will discuss are largely unregulated in most o the US but there is a rapid trend towards state or even local regulation as public concern grows. The DEA is looking to develop controls for these drugs and recently appealed for information through the SOFT newsletter.
  2. So what do we know about this phenomenon, and what can be done to prepare for investigations of its possession and use as it is outlawed, and to answer questions about the toxicity associated with its use? Unfortunately, the K2/spice phenomenon appears to be more than just a fad, but rather represents the emergence of an industry designed to continually change its products based on attempts to regulate each new compound that comes along. We will briefly review the origins of the synthetic cannabinoids Consider what products are on sale in the K2 online and retail markets and what drugs they contain Consider their mechanisms of action and pharmacology Analytical challenges Consider what is known about their effects from published self-experimentation and some recent human administration studies And finally consider some impaired driving cases with associated toxicology results.
  3. So what do we know about this phenomenon, and what can be done to prepare for investigations of its possession and use as it is outlawed, and to answer questions about the toxicity associated with its use? Unfortunately, the K2/spice phenomenon appears to be more than just a fad, but rather represents the emergence of an industry designed to continually change its products based on attempts to regulate each new compound that comes along. We will briefly review the origins of the synthetic cannabinoids Consider what products are on sale in the K2 online and retail markets and what drugs they contain Consider their mechanisms of action and pharmacology Analytical challenges Consider what is known about their effects from published self-experimentation and some recent human administration studies And finally consider some impaired driving cases with associated toxicology results.
  4. Just some introductory historical perspective. Slides are self explanatory.
  5. To complicate the matter further, these chemicals are already in circulation. As certain compounds are banned, there are plenty of replacement chemicals that quickly show up in new formulations. This list is getting bigger as more analogous materials are synthesized and distributed. We have also been seeing compounds added to these mixtures that are not synthetic cannabinoids such as 5-methoxy-dallyltryptamine (5-MeO-DALT).
  6. No distinctive color test Duquenois-Levine did not give anything specific
  7. Good response for HU and CP compounds While UV absorbance was observed for JWH and WIN compounds, no band was observed upon use with visualization spray
  8. Overspraying with iodoplatinate could result in a false negative for all but JWH-200 and WIN55,212 Observable results for all compounds with UV (254nm) JWH018, 019, 073, 200 and WIN 55 also gave responses for UV (366nm) and 10% H2SO4 HU210, HU211, JWH015, 018, 019, 073, 200 and WIN 55 also gave responses with 50% Nitric No responses were observed for any compounds with Fluorescamine, Ninhydrin, Mercuric Sulfate or D-MAB visualization sprays
  9. 125x greater response from the derivatized standard
  10. 1 st picture is from the Missouri sample 2 nd picture was K2 Blonde purchased from www.k2-incense-online.com 2 separate samples tested (Missouri and www.k2-incense-online.com); both contained the same compounds
  11. From Missouri
  12. 1 st picture is from Missouri 2 nd picture is from www.k2-incense-online.com 2 separate samples analyzed (Missouri and www.k2-incense-online.com); both contained the same compounds
  13. From Missouri
  14. 1 st picture is from Missouri 2 nd picture is from www.k2-incense-online.com 2 separate samples analyzed (Missouri and www.k2-incense-online.com); both contained the same compounds
  15. 2 separate samples analyzed (www.topk2.com and North Carolina); both contained the same compound 1 st picture is from www.topk2.com 2 nd picture is from North Carolina
  16. 2 separate samples analyzed (www.topk2.com and www.k2-incense-online.com); both contained the same compound 1 st picture is from www.topk2.com 2 nd picture is from www.k2-incense-online.com
  17. From www.k2herbal.com
  18. From www.k2-incense-online.com
  19. From www.k2-incense-online.com
  20. N,N -diallyl-5-methoxytryptamine (Psychedelic Tryptamine)
  21. TMS derivative of CP47497
  22. Selected ion monitoring mode
  23. *Multiple dihydroxy metabolites identified
  24. None Detected 774 JWH-073 Only 304 JWH-018 Only 108 JWH-018 & JWH-073 88 May not have been positive for one of the compounds because only the mono-hydroxy metabolite was present
  25. The terminal OH is present with a fairly high intensity but the unknown is most intense. So what is this peak? It is most likely hydroxylation up the chain. This explains the intensity and the poor peak shape.
  26. Every week we are seeing anecdotal reports in the news and additional reports in the scientific media
  27. Every week we are seeing anecdotal reports in the news and additional reports in the scientific media
  28. Every week we are seeing anecdotal reports in the news and additional reports in the scientific media
  29. Every week we are seeing anecdotal reports in the news and additional reports in the scientific media
  30. Every week we are seeing anecdotal reports in the news and additional reports in the scientific media
  31. Every week we are seeing anecdotal reports in the news and additional reports in the scientific media
  32. Every week we are seeing anecdotal reports in the news and additional reports in the scientific media
  33. Every week we are seeing anecdotal reports in the news and additional reports in the scientific media
  34. makes some of these reports circumstantial. However
  35. Including acute intoxications, with anxiety, paranoia, gross impairment, and marked tachycardia.
  36. more credible reports are now appearing in the medical literature also.
  37. Including acute intoxications, with anxiety, paranoia, gross impairment, and marked tachycardia.
  38. Sobolevsky and coworkers reported urine profiles of three subjects in Russia who had smoked a product containing JWH-018. The effetc proifile was again similar to that expected of marijuana.
  39. They made tentative identifications of more than 13 possible metabolites in these subject’s urine. These include monohydroxylated metabolites on the indole ring, M1, M3 but could not identify the position of hydroxylation. There are actually 4 possible positional isomers of this one monohydroxylated metabolite, so considering that poly hydroxylated compounds are known, the positional isomers have not been determined. Our investigations suggest that the ring hydroxylated metabolites are very minor constituents in human urine, although standards have now been synthesized. They also report terminal hydroxylation on the N-alkyl chain, M2 which we have confirmed as a major metabolite in human urine. The major metabolite is also a mono-hydroxy, but not on any of the positions shown in the Sobolevsky paper. M4, carboxy is also present in small amounts in human urine. M6 and M7 are variants of some of the polyhydroxylated compounds. M8, through M11 are again polyhydroxylated but also reduced, now on the naphthyl ring. And M 12, 13 and other variants are N- delakylated and hydroxylated. So as we will see a complex soup of hydroxylated, reduced and oxidised compounds
  40. Detected CP 47,497 C7 and C8 analogs and JWH-018 in the blood. No data on urine. No cross reactivity with THC-COOH immunoassay.
  41. Teske and coworkers conducted self administration of a product containing JWH-018. They reported sickness, sedation and dry mouth, hot flushes, burning eyes, and thought disruption. No change in pupil size. But pulse and blood pressure were noticeably elevated.
  42. They reported quantitative concentrations in in serum, with peak concentrations occurring in the range of 8-10 ng/mL within a few minutes of smoking, and concentrations falling below 1ng/mL within 3 hours. Trace concentrations were reported at 24 hours (<0.1ng/mL)
  43. In July 2010 the University of Missouri sponsored a K2 administration study. Following approval by the University’s IRB, six subjects were administered low doses of smokeable products containing JWH-018, JWH-073 or CP-47,497. Subjects completed SFST’s and a DRE exam, some cognitive tests, and underwent medical assessments. Blood urine and oral fluid were collected, refrigerated or frozen and shipped to NMS labs for analysis. The K2 was analyzed for SC content and the presence of any other drugs before administration.
  44. In July 2010 the University of Missouri sponsored a K2 administration study. Following approval by the University’s IRB, six subjects were administered low doses of smokeable products containing JWH-018, JWH-073 or CP-47,497. Subjects completed SFST’s and a DRE exam, some cognitive tests, and underwent medical assessments. Blood urine and oral fluid were collected, refrigerated or frozen and shipped to NMS labs for analysis. The K2 was analyzed for SC content and the presence of any other drugs before administration.
  45. In July 2010 the University of Missouri sponsored a K2 administration study. Following approval by the University’s IRB, six subjects were administered low doses of smokeable products containing JWH-018, JWH-073 or CP-47,497. Subjects completed SFST’s and a DRE exam, some cognitive tests, and underwent medical assessments. Blood urine and oral fluid were collected, refrigerated or frozen and shipped to NMS labs for analysis. The K2 was analyzed for SC content and the presence of any other drugs before administration.
  46. In July 2010 the University of Missouri sponsored a K2 administration study. Following approval by the University’s IRB, six subjects were administered low doses of smokeable products containing JWH-018, JWH-073 or CP-47,497. Subjects completed SFST’s and a DRE exam, some cognitive tests, and underwent medical assessments. Blood urine and oral fluid were collected, refrigerated or frozen and shipped to NMS labs for analysis. The K2 was analyzed for SC content and the presence of any other drugs before administration.
  47. In July 2010 the University of Missouri sponsored a K2 administration study. Following approval by the University’s IRB, six subjects were administered low doses of smokeable products containing JWH-018, JWH-073 or CP-47,497. Subjects completed SFST’s and a DRE exam, some cognitive tests, and underwent medical assessments. Blood urine and oral fluid were collected, refrigerated or frozen and shipped to NMS labs for analysis. The K2 was analyzed for SC content and the presence of any other drugs before administration.
  48. In July 2010 the University of Missouri sponsored a K2 administration study. Following approval by the University’s IRB, six subjects were administered low doses of smokeable products containing JWH-018, JWH-073 or CP-47,497. Subjects completed SFST’s and a DRE exam, some cognitive tests, and underwent medical assessments. Blood urine and oral fluid were collected, refrigerated or frozen and shipped to NMS labs for analysis. The K2 was analyzed for SC content and the presence of any other drugs before administration.
  49. In July 2010 the University of Missouri sponsored a K2 administration study. Following approval by the University’s IRB, six subjects were administered low doses of smokeable products containing JWH-018, JWH-073 or CP-47,497. Subjects completed SFST’s and a DRE exam, some cognitive tests, and underwent medical assessments. Blood urine and oral fluid were collected, refrigerated or frozen and shipped to NMS labs for analysis. The K2 was analyzed for SC content and the presence of any other drugs before administration.
  50. The data show the rapid rise, distribution and decline of the parent compounds in blood, combined with the rapid rise in blood pressure, systolic shown here. Importantly within one hour of this pharmacologically significant dose, the concentrations had dropped to less than 1ng.
  51. Urine samples from the MO subjects were collected for between 2-5 hours. Describe One subject provided a 24 hour urine which was positive close to the method threshold. Oral fluid was collected, but had very weak positives, one hour after use. This may be a function of the collection devices and is being investigated further. Our general experience is that the SC compounds do tend to stick tightly to plastic, and glass should be used whenever possible.
  52. The effects were no surprisingly similar to those associated with marijuana. (Read from list)