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MPLS
Technology
Agenda
 MPLS - The Motivation
 How MPLS Works !
 MPLS Technology
 MPLS Application
 Advantages of MPLS
 Future of MPLS
 Conclusion
 Refrences




                      July 29, 2000 TECON 2000   2
MPLS - The Motivation
   IP Protocol Suite - the most predominant networking
    technology.
   Voice & Data convergence on a single network
    infrastructure.
   Continual increase in number of users.
   Demand for higher connection speeds.
   Increase in traffic volumes.
   Ever-increasing number of ISP networks.



                        July 29, 2000 TECON 2000          3
What is MPLS?
   Multi Protocol – supports protocols even other than IP
     Supports IPv4, IPv6, IPX, AppleTalk at the network layer
     Supports Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, ATM, Frame Relay, PPP
      at the link layer
   Label – short fixed length identifier to determine a route
     Labels are added to the top of the IP packet
     Labels are assigned when the packet enters the MPLS domain
   Switching – forwarding a packet
     Packets are forwarded based on the label value
     NOT on the basis of IP header information
MPLS BlOCK DIAGRAM
                   Classification
LSP                Label assignment
                                               Label swapping   Label removal



Routing protocol      OSPF                        OSPF             OSPF




FEC table            Local table                Local table      Local table


Attributes            Precedence



Label table          Local table                Local table      Local table



                      Layer 2                    Layer 2          Layer 2
Label Switch
                      Layer 1                    Layer 1          Layer 1

                      Ingress                    Core            Egress
                       Node                      Node             Node


                                   July 29, 2000 TECON 2000                     5
MPLS Architecture: Control Plane
MPLS Architecture: Data Plane
Basic Model for MPLS Network
   Existing routing protocols establish routes
   LDP establishes label to route mappings
   LDP creates LIB entries for each LSR
   Ingress LER receives packet,adds a label
   LSRs forward labeled packets using label swapping
   Egress LER removes the label and delivers the packet
                                                      Internet

                                        LER
                                                          LER
                                                                      IP
                 LSR
                                  LSR

                            LSR               LSR
                                                                       MPLS
                                                    LER          IP
LSR = Label Switched
RouterLER = Label Edge Router
MPLS FORWORDING PROCESS


                           LER


                        L3 Routing                  LER
      LER
                                                                Interne
                                                                t
 L3 Routing                                        L3 Routing



   LER               LSR                 LSR
                 Label Swapping      Label Swapping LER

L3 Routing
                                                L3 Routing

  IP Packet
  IP Packet w/ Label
MPLS Terminology

• LDP: Label Distribution Protocol
• FEC: Forwarding Equivalence Class
• LSP: Label Switched Path
• LSR: Label Switching Router
• LER: Label Edge Router
MPLS Label Distribution Protocol
• LDP - a set of procedures by which one LSR informs
  the other of the FEC-to-Label binding it has made.
• Currently, several protocols used as Label
  Distribution Protocol (LDP) are available:
  – RSVP-TE (MPLS extension) —used for traffic engineering
    and resource reservation.
  – LDP and CR-LDP—maps unicast IP destinations into labels.
  – BGP—external labels (VPN)
Forwarding Equivalence Classes
                                          LSR               LSR
               LER                                                                LER

                         LSP

IP1                                                                                       IP1
                      IP1      #L1              IP1   #L2           IP1     #L3
                      IP2      #L1              IP2   #L2           IP2     #L3
IP2                                                                                       IP2

               Packets are destined for different address prefixes, but can be
               mapped to common path
      •   A group of packets that require the same forwarding treatment across the same
          path
      •   Packets are grouped based on any of the following
              Address prefix
              Host address
              Quality of Service (QoS)
      •   FEC is encoded as the label
FEC Classification
•A packet can be mapped to a particular FEC based on the following criteria:
     •destination IP address,
     •source IP address,
     •TCP/UDP port,
     •in case of inter AS-MPLS, Source-AS and Dest-AS,
     •class of service,
     •application used,




         Ingress Label             FEC               Egress Label
               6             138.120.6/24 - xxxx           9
•FECs are manually initiated by the operator
•A FEC is associated at least one Label

  Ingress Label
     Ingress Label          FEC FEC                Attribute Egress Label
                                                         Attribute Egress Label
        6                138.120.6/24 - xxxx          A              9

        6                138.120.6/24 - xxxx          B              12
Label Switched Path (LSP)

                             Intf Label Dest Intf Label   Intf   Label Dest Intf
                             In In           Out Out      In     In         Out
                             3    0.50 47.1 1     0.40    3      0.40 47.1 1

                                                                     IP 47.1.1.1
                                                                           1 47.1
 Intf Dest Intf Label        3
 In        Out Out                                           3
 3    47.1 1    0.50                                                    2
                                              1
                         1                2
        47.3 3                                                                47.2
                         2
 IP 47.1.1.1




Two types of Label Switched Paths:
    •      Hop by hop)
    •      Explicit Routing (LDP+”ER”)
Hop by Hop Routing
Route=
{A,B,C}                                #14       #972
              #216
                                 B

                           #14               C
                     A
                                     #972


                                                    #462




            It follows route that source chooses. In other
             words, the control message to establish the LSP
             (label request) is source routed.
EXPLICITLY ROUTED LSP ER-LSP


                                   Intf Label Dest Intf Label   Intf   Label Dest Intf
                                   In In           Out Out      In     In         Out
                                   3    0.50 47.1 1     0.40    3      0.40 47.1 1
Intf   Dest     Intf   Label
In              Out    Out                                                 IP 47.1.1.1
                                                                                 1 47.1
3      47.1.1   2      1.33        3                               3
3      47.1     1      0.50
                                                                              2
                                                    1
                           1                    2
       47.3 3                                                                       47.2
                               2
IP 47.1.1.1
   Label Switch Router-
    An LSR is a high-speed router device in the core of
    an MPLS network that participates in the
    establishment of LSPs using the appropriate label
    signaling protocol and high-speed switching of the
    data traffic based on the established path.

• Label Edge Router-
  An LER is a device that operates at the edge of the
  access network and MPLS network. LER’s support
  multiple port connected to dissimilar networks(such as
  frame relay ,ATM, and Ethernet) and forward this
  traffic on the MPLS.
Traffic Engineering
                     B                                            C
 Demand
             A                                                              D

Traffic engineering is the process of mapping traffic demand onto a network it’s a main
APPLICATION of mpls.

 Network
 Topology



    Purpose of traffic engineering:
    • Maximize utilization of links and nodes throughout the network
    • Engineer links to achieve required delay, grade-of-service
    • Spread the network traffic across network links, minimize impact of single failure
    • Ensure available spare link capacity for re-routing traffic on failure
    • Meet policy requirements imposed by the network operator
                 Traffic engineering key to optimizing cost/performance
MPLS VPN : MPLS topology
                                                                          VPN 2
                                                                           138.120.6.0/24
                                          LSR
138.120.8.0/24                                                      Site B
   VPN 1         Site A                          LSP 47
                          ISP Backbone
                                 LSR
                                                          LSR
                                                LSR


                          LSR

                                    LSP 32
                                         LSR




     Site A
                                                                             Site B
         138.120.8.0/24
              VPN 2                                             138.120.6.0/24   VPN 1
Loop Handling
   Routing protocols used in conjunction with MPLS
    are based on distributed computation which may
    contain loops.


Loop Handling
       Ensures that loops are never set up
       labels are not used until it is sure to be loop free
       Methods
        ◦ labels are propagated starting at the egress switch
        ◦ use source routing to set up label bindings from the
          egress switch to each ingress switch

                                                            Contd
                                                            .
Leaf                                                       Leaf
                      Leaf




                                            Detects loop
                                            immediately




                             Link removed     Change in Link
                             from tree
       LSR

       Ingress Node

       Egress Node
MPLS Advantages
   Simplified Forwarding
   Efficient Explicit Routing
   Traffic Engineering
   QoS Routing
   Mappings from IP Packet to Forwarding Equivalence
    Class (FEC)
   Partitioning of Functionality
   Common Operation over Packet and Cell media
MPLS- the Future
• Who will use MPLS?
  – Large-scale data networks used by Enterprises, Carriers and ISPs.

• Why MPLS?

  -Leverage existing ATM hardware
  -Ultra fast forwarding
  -IP Traffic Engineering
  -Constraint-based Routing
  -Virtual Private Networks
  -Controllable tunneling mechanism
  -Voice/Video on IP
  -Delay variation + QoS constraints
Summary
 MPLS is an exciting promising emerging
  technology
 Basic functionality (Encapsulation and basic
  Label Distribution) has been defined by the
  IETF
 Traffic engineering based on MPLS/IP is just
  round the corner.
 Convergence is one step closer …...
Conclusion

 Providing QoS and traffic engineering capabilities in the
  Internet is very essential.
 For this purpose, the current Internet must be enhanced
  with new technologies such as MPLS.
 MPLS will play a key role in future service providers
  and carriers IP backbone networks.
 The use of MPLS in IP backbone networks will facilitate
  the development of new services such as real-time
  applications in the Internet.

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Mpls technology

  • 2. Agenda  MPLS - The Motivation  How MPLS Works !  MPLS Technology  MPLS Application  Advantages of MPLS  Future of MPLS  Conclusion  Refrences July 29, 2000 TECON 2000 2
  • 3. MPLS - The Motivation  IP Protocol Suite - the most predominant networking technology.  Voice & Data convergence on a single network infrastructure.  Continual increase in number of users.  Demand for higher connection speeds.  Increase in traffic volumes.  Ever-increasing number of ISP networks. July 29, 2000 TECON 2000 3
  • 4. What is MPLS?  Multi Protocol – supports protocols even other than IP  Supports IPv4, IPv6, IPX, AppleTalk at the network layer  Supports Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, ATM, Frame Relay, PPP at the link layer  Label – short fixed length identifier to determine a route  Labels are added to the top of the IP packet  Labels are assigned when the packet enters the MPLS domain  Switching – forwarding a packet  Packets are forwarded based on the label value  NOT on the basis of IP header information
  • 5. MPLS BlOCK DIAGRAM Classification LSP Label assignment Label swapping Label removal Routing protocol OSPF OSPF OSPF FEC table Local table Local table Local table Attributes Precedence Label table Local table Local table Local table Layer 2 Layer 2 Layer 2 Label Switch Layer 1 Layer 1 Layer 1 Ingress Core Egress Node Node Node July 29, 2000 TECON 2000 5
  • 8. Basic Model for MPLS Network  Existing routing protocols establish routes  LDP establishes label to route mappings  LDP creates LIB entries for each LSR  Ingress LER receives packet,adds a label  LSRs forward labeled packets using label swapping  Egress LER removes the label and delivers the packet Internet LER LER IP LSR LSR LSR LSR MPLS LER IP LSR = Label Switched RouterLER = Label Edge Router
  • 9. MPLS FORWORDING PROCESS LER L3 Routing LER LER Interne t L3 Routing L3 Routing LER LSR LSR Label Swapping Label Swapping LER L3 Routing L3 Routing IP Packet IP Packet w/ Label
  • 10. MPLS Terminology • LDP: Label Distribution Protocol • FEC: Forwarding Equivalence Class • LSP: Label Switched Path • LSR: Label Switching Router • LER: Label Edge Router
  • 11. MPLS Label Distribution Protocol • LDP - a set of procedures by which one LSR informs the other of the FEC-to-Label binding it has made. • Currently, several protocols used as Label Distribution Protocol (LDP) are available: – RSVP-TE (MPLS extension) —used for traffic engineering and resource reservation. – LDP and CR-LDP—maps unicast IP destinations into labels. – BGP—external labels (VPN)
  • 12. Forwarding Equivalence Classes LSR LSR LER LER LSP IP1 IP1 IP1 #L1 IP1 #L2 IP1 #L3 IP2 #L1 IP2 #L2 IP2 #L3 IP2 IP2 Packets are destined for different address prefixes, but can be mapped to common path • A group of packets that require the same forwarding treatment across the same path • Packets are grouped based on any of the following  Address prefix  Host address  Quality of Service (QoS) • FEC is encoded as the label
  • 13. FEC Classification •A packet can be mapped to a particular FEC based on the following criteria: •destination IP address, •source IP address, •TCP/UDP port, •in case of inter AS-MPLS, Source-AS and Dest-AS, •class of service, •application used, Ingress Label FEC Egress Label 6 138.120.6/24 - xxxx 9 •FECs are manually initiated by the operator •A FEC is associated at least one Label Ingress Label Ingress Label FEC FEC Attribute Egress Label Attribute Egress Label 6 138.120.6/24 - xxxx A 9 6 138.120.6/24 - xxxx B 12
  • 14. Label Switched Path (LSP) Intf Label Dest Intf Label Intf Label Dest Intf In In Out Out In In Out 3 0.50 47.1 1 0.40 3 0.40 47.1 1 IP 47.1.1.1 1 47.1 Intf Dest Intf Label 3 In Out Out 3 3 47.1 1 0.50 2 1 1 2 47.3 3 47.2 2 IP 47.1.1.1 Two types of Label Switched Paths: • Hop by hop) • Explicit Routing (LDP+”ER”)
  • 15. Hop by Hop Routing Route= {A,B,C} #14 #972 #216 B #14 C A #972 #462 It follows route that source chooses. In other words, the control message to establish the LSP (label request) is source routed.
  • 16. EXPLICITLY ROUTED LSP ER-LSP Intf Label Dest Intf Label Intf Label Dest Intf In In Out Out In In Out 3 0.50 47.1 1 0.40 3 0.40 47.1 1 Intf Dest Intf Label In Out Out IP 47.1.1.1 1 47.1 3 47.1.1 2 1.33 3 3 3 47.1 1 0.50 2 1 1 2 47.3 3 47.2 2 IP 47.1.1.1
  • 17. Label Switch Router- An LSR is a high-speed router device in the core of an MPLS network that participates in the establishment of LSPs using the appropriate label signaling protocol and high-speed switching of the data traffic based on the established path. • Label Edge Router- An LER is a device that operates at the edge of the access network and MPLS network. LER’s support multiple port connected to dissimilar networks(such as frame relay ,ATM, and Ethernet) and forward this traffic on the MPLS.
  • 18. Traffic Engineering B C Demand A D Traffic engineering is the process of mapping traffic demand onto a network it’s a main APPLICATION of mpls. Network Topology Purpose of traffic engineering: • Maximize utilization of links and nodes throughout the network • Engineer links to achieve required delay, grade-of-service • Spread the network traffic across network links, minimize impact of single failure • Ensure available spare link capacity for re-routing traffic on failure • Meet policy requirements imposed by the network operator Traffic engineering key to optimizing cost/performance
  • 19. MPLS VPN : MPLS topology VPN 2 138.120.6.0/24 LSR 138.120.8.0/24 Site B VPN 1 Site A LSP 47 ISP Backbone LSR LSR LSR LSR LSP 32 LSR Site A Site B 138.120.8.0/24 VPN 2 138.120.6.0/24 VPN 1
  • 20. Loop Handling  Routing protocols used in conjunction with MPLS are based on distributed computation which may contain loops. Loop Handling  Ensures that loops are never set up  labels are not used until it is sure to be loop free  Methods ◦ labels are propagated starting at the egress switch ◦ use source routing to set up label bindings from the egress switch to each ingress switch Contd .
  • 21. Leaf Leaf Leaf Detects loop immediately Link removed Change in Link from tree LSR Ingress Node Egress Node
  • 22. MPLS Advantages  Simplified Forwarding  Efficient Explicit Routing  Traffic Engineering  QoS Routing  Mappings from IP Packet to Forwarding Equivalence Class (FEC)  Partitioning of Functionality  Common Operation over Packet and Cell media
  • 23. MPLS- the Future • Who will use MPLS? – Large-scale data networks used by Enterprises, Carriers and ISPs. • Why MPLS? -Leverage existing ATM hardware -Ultra fast forwarding -IP Traffic Engineering -Constraint-based Routing -Virtual Private Networks -Controllable tunneling mechanism -Voice/Video on IP -Delay variation + QoS constraints
  • 24. Summary  MPLS is an exciting promising emerging technology  Basic functionality (Encapsulation and basic Label Distribution) has been defined by the IETF  Traffic engineering based on MPLS/IP is just round the corner.  Convergence is one step closer …...
  • 25. Conclusion  Providing QoS and traffic engineering capabilities in the Internet is very essential.  For this purpose, the current Internet must be enhanced with new technologies such as MPLS.  MPLS will play a key role in future service providers and carriers IP backbone networks.  The use of MPLS in IP backbone networks will facilitate the development of new services such as real-time applications in the Internet.