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What's in our Air?
1. What's in our Air?
Stuart Keer-Keer
K2 Environmental Ltd
2. What is Coming up?
• What is present?
– Usual Suspects-main variables
– Composition of fresh air
• What is the significance of these contaminants
• How to Test
• Applications Examples
– Home
– Office
– Factory – welding fumes
3. What are Majors and Minors?
Review of the following compounds / Species
• Particulate/dust and particulate/dust size
• Carbon Dioxide
• Formaldehyde
• Water
• Bacteria and Fungus
• Volatile Organic Compounds
• Carbon monoxide
4. Air Composition
• Not static
• Changes all the time
• Depends on activities
• Depends on Environmental Conditions
8. Vehicle Exhaust
Fresh Air
Fungus
Plants/Trees Open Fires
Un flue Gas Heaters
Cooking with Gas
Dogs Carbon Dioxide CO2
Humans
Cats
Wood Combustion
Vehicle Exhaust
Smoking
10. Photosynthesis
all plants and trees doing it
• Winter and Autumn less active
• Spring and Summer active
• At night less active
• During day active
• Winter and Autumn leaves fall decompose.
15. CO2 in Home and Office
• Plants love it – grow really well
• At the same time people are generating CO2
they are also producing odour-causing
bioeffluents
• Relationship odour acceptability and
ventilation
16. Carbon Dioxide
• Useful tool to determine how much fresh air?
• High CO2 indication other pollutants will also
be high
• Bio effluents not being removed
• Normal 380 -500ppm
• Over 1000 ppm a worry
• Humans give off 4%
17. How to Measure
• CO
• CO2
• Temperature
• Humidity
• Calibration Gases
27. Mobility of Dust
• Less 2.5 µm many months
• 2.5 µm dust remains airborne weeks – months
• 2.5 µm – 10 µm airborne hours – days
• 10 µm hours
• More residence time = greater range
28. Elemental Carbon
• Water Scrubbers-
carbon
• Particle Size less than
1µm
• Diesel Combustion
• VOC
• Soot
• Nano particles in rats
• Bio available
29. Pet Dander
• Skin
• 2-3 µm
• Similar to dandruff but
smaller
• Allergy's not fur
30. Soft Wood Dust
• Lower Limits – Labour Department
• Chemical Constituents – resins, acids
• Bacteria and Fungus – Spores growing on
wood
• Chemicals in Wood – CCA, anti sap stain
• MDF – change when heated
33. Respirable/Inhalable Particulate
• Personal Sampling
• Up to 100 µm
• Requires Calibration
• Requires good kit
• Does not always work
• Obstrusive
Portable Pump
38. Information on Formaldehyde
• Formaldehyde is a preservative that can cause
breathing problems
• Sensitizer
• A2 Suspected Carcinogen
• Breaks down in atmosphere forms CO2 and H20
• Children, Elderly more sensitive
• Pre existing respiratory conditions
• Eyes sensitive
39. Cooking Brussell Sprouts and Cabbage
Paint
MDF
Smoking
Finger Nail Hardeners
Furniture
Fabric Wrinkle
Resistant
Plywood Formaldehyde
Combustion eg Wood Glue - Carpet
Particle Board Colour Fixing Fabrics
Wall Paper
Plywood Vehicle Emissions
Un-flued Gas heaters
40. Formaldehyde at Home
• New homes higher formaldehyde
• Older homes lower
• Drafty homes expect lower concentrations
44. Trailers - Katrina
• Government tests found elevated levels of
formaldehyde.
• Formaldehyde 3-590 µg/m3
• Health effects from occupants
• Set limit for trailers 20 µg/m3
• Reduced concentrations 13.3 Air Changes Per
hour
• Limits for MDF exported
48. Vehicle Exhaust
Fresh Air
Showers Open Fires
Un flue Gas Heaters
Cooking with Gas
Dogs Water H2O
Humans
Cats
Wood Combustion
Vehicle Exhaust
Leaks Smoking
49. Humidity
• How much water is dissolved in air
• 100% no more will dissolve
• Planes 10%
• Antarctica - washing
• Cool Air Condensation
50.
51. Source of Water
• Combustion – Un flued gas, cooking, smoking
• Bathrooms
• Air dilution systems – outside vs inside
• Solution to pollution is dilution
• Furniture, concrete – absorption
• Heating dissolved water
54. Water + Organic Material
Fungus / Mould / Bacteria
Toxins, Spores, Fragments,
Odour
55. Effect of Moisture
• If you have a water problem you have a mould
problem.
• If you have a mould problem you have a water
problem
56. Fungus
What parts affect air quality
• Growing fungi
• Spores
• Toxins
• Fragments (hyphae)
• Mould (a type of fungi)
57. Fungus and Odour
• Produce Volatile Organic Compounds
• Give the distinctive odour
• Wall space – Low spore count
• Mould Toxins - Mycotoxins
• Can be toxic to Humans
• Depends on Fungus and what growing on
• On Fragments and Spores
59. Example - Bacteria
• Pseudomonas and other gram-negative –
extremely wet.
• May cause respiratory symptoms involving
allergic type reactions.
• Gram-negative bacteria small
• Respiratory symptoms
60. Measurement
• Air Sampling
• Culturable-Agar
• Non Culturable – Spore trap
• Microscope vs Growth
• Moisture, CO2, VOC
• Swabs
61. Dry Cleaned Clothes
Building Materials
Paint
Adhesives
Smoking
Cosmetics
Furniture
Mould
Volatile Organic
Fuel
Compounds
Combustion eg Wood Glue - Carpet
Printers and Photocopiers Cleaning Products
Wall Paper
Plywood Vehicle Emissions
Un-flued Gas heaters
62. What are VOC’s?
• Volatile Organic Compounds
• Organic compounds that evaporate
• Petrol, perfume
• Benzene, Toluene, Ethanol
• All have separate health effects