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‫ובריא‬ ‫טבעוני‬-‫זה‬ ‫האם‬
‫אפשרי‬?‫ומדוע‬ ‫למי‬?
‫צבי‬ ‫בן‬ ‫גיא‬
‫אומגה‬3‫גליל‬
‫ובריא‬ ‫טבעוני‬?
‫אפשרי‬ ‫זה‬ ‫האם‬?‫ומדוע‬ ‫למי‬?
‫המזון‬ ‫אבות‬ ‫שלושת‬-‫וחלבונים‬ ‫שומנים‬ ‫פחמימות‬
•‫פחמימות‬-‫ומימן‬ ‫חמצן‬ ‫מפחמן‬ ‫צמחים‬ ‫ידי‬ ‫על‬ ‫נוצרות‬
•‫שומנים‬(‫שומן‬ ‫חומצות‬)‫בזרע‬ ‫בעיקר‬ ‫צמחים‬ ‫ידי‬ ‫על‬ ‫נוצרים‬
‫מפחמימות‬ ‫בכבד‬ ‫חיים‬ ‫ובבעלי‬ ‫ובעלים‬
•‫חיוניות‬ ‫בלתי‬ ‫שומן‬ ‫חומצות‬(‫רווי‬ ‫שומן‬)‫האדם‬ ‫גוף‬ ‫ידי‬ ‫על‬ ‫נוצרות‬
‫מפחמימות‬ ‫בכבד‬
•‫חיוניות‬ ‫שומן‬ ‫חומצות‬Essential Fatty Acids(‫רווי‬ ‫בלתי‬ ‫שומן‬)‫נוצרות‬
‫צמחים‬ ‫שאכלו‬ ‫חיים‬ ‫מבעלי‬ ‫או‬ ‫מהצומח‬ ‫אותם‬ ‫לקבל‬ ‫ויש‬ ‫בצמחים‬ ‫רק‬
‫המזון‬ ‫שרשרת‬ ‫בתחתית‬
•‫חלבונים‬‫עשויים‬‫אמינו‬ ‫מחומצות‬‫חמצן‬ ‫מפחמן‬ ‫הנוצרות‬
‫וחנקן‬ ‫מימן‬.‫האמינו‬ ‫חומצות‬ ‫רוב‬ ‫את‬ ‫ליצר‬ ‫יודע‬ ‫גופנו‬‫מלבד‬
‫חיוניות‬ ‫אמינו‬ ‫חומצות‬
‫הגופרית‬ ‫ומגבלת‬ ‫חיוניות‬ ‫אמינו‬ ‫חומצות‬
20‫אמינו‬ ‫חומצות‬+‫טאורין‬
Taurine
‫ובריא‬ ‫טבעוני‬?
‫הגופרית‬ ‫ומגבלת‬ ‫חיוניות‬ ‫אמינו‬ ‫חומצות‬
Methionine
GlutathioneTaurine
Cysteine
‫במזון‬ ‫ציסטאין‬
‫חלב‬
‫גבינות‬
‫ביצים‬
‫בשר‬
‫קטניות‬
‫ציסטאין‬ ‫להעביר‬ ‫היכולת‬
‫פרוקו‬ ‫ללא‬ ‫לדם‬ ‫במעיים‬
‫ובעל‬ ‫לאדם‬ ‫מאדם‬ ‫שונה‬
‫היכולת‬ ‫על‬ ‫מכרעת‬ ‫השפעה‬
‫צמחוני‬ ‫להיות‬!
‫מתיונין‬ ‫מזונות‬
Cysteine
‫ובריא‬ ‫טבעוני‬?
‫הגופרית‬ ‫ומגבלת‬ ‫חיוניות‬ ‫אמינו‬ ‫חומצות‬-‫המחקר‬ ‫אומר‬ ‫מה‬?
‫המחקר‬ ‫מטרת‬:
‫ומתים‬ ‫לוקים‬ ‫טבעונים‬ ‫מדוע‬ ‫להסביר‬
‫של‬ ‫לאינדיקטורים‬ ‫קשר‬ ‫ללא‬ ‫לב‬ ‫ממחלות‬
‫פרמינגהם‬ ‫מחקר‬(‫ויטמין‬ ‫גבוה‬ ‫כולסטרול‬
B‫וכו‬ ‫נמוך‬)
‫המחקר‬ ‫מסקנת‬:
‫חומצות‬ ‫מכילי‬ ‫חלבונים‬ ‫של‬ ‫נמוכה‬ ‫צריכה‬
‫התזונה‬ ‫תת‬ ‫את‬ ‫מסבירה‬ ‫גפרתיות‬ ‫אמינו‬
‫טבעונים‬ ‫אצל‬ ‫לב‬ ‫מחלות‬ ‫והתפתחות‬
Sulfur
Ingenbleek
‫אינגנבליק‬‫ב‬Nutrition:
‫ודלקת‬ ‫היפרהומוציסטאינמיה‬ ‫תזונה‬ ‫לתת‬ ‫גורמת‬ ‫טבעונות‬
‫דם‬ ‫כלי‬(‫בעברית‬:‫לב‬ ‫למחלות‬ ‫גורמת‬ ‫טבעונות‬)
‫ובריא‬ ‫טבעוני‬?
‫ההמרה‬ ‫אנזימי‬ ‫ומגבלת‬ ‫חיוניות‬ ‫שומן‬ ‫חומצות‬
‫אומגה‬3‫צמחית‬ALA
18‫פחמנים‬3‫כפולים‬ ‫קשרים‬
‫אומגה‬3‫דגית‬EPA
20‫פחמנים‬5‫כפולים‬ ‫קשרים‬
+2‫בעזרת‬ ‫פחמנים‬Elongase
‫הורדת‬2‫בעזרת‬ ‫מימנים‬Delta 5,6 Disaturase
‫אומגה‬3‫דגית‬DHA
22‫פחמנים‬6‫כפולים‬ ‫קשרים‬
+2‫בעזרת‬ ‫פחמנים‬Elongase
‫בעזרת‬ ‫אחד‬ ‫מימן‬ ‫הורדת‬D6D
‫הגן‬ ‫ידי‬ ‫על‬ ‫תהליך‬ ‫בקרת‬FADS 1
‫וטסטוסטרון‬ ‫מגנזיום‬ ‫אבץ‬ ‫חיוניים‬ ‫קואנזימים‬
Prostaglandin E3
‫מתון‬ ‫חיסון‬ ‫הורמון‬
Thromboxane A3
‫מתון‬ ‫קרישה‬ ‫הורמון‬
Leukotriene B5
‫מתון‬ ‫אלרגיה‬ ‫הורמון‬
LOX
‫הגן‬ ‫ידי‬ ‫על‬ ‫תהליך‬ ‫בקרת‬2FADS
‫וטסטוסטרון‬ ‫מגנזיום‬ ‫אבץ‬ ‫חיוניים‬ ‫קואנזימים‬
‫ובריא‬ ‫טבעוני‬?
‫המחקר‬ ‫אומר‬ ‫מה‬ ‫חיוניות‬ ‫שומן‬ ‫חומצות‬ ‫המרת‬?
Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the FADS gene cluster are associated with delta-5 and
delta-6 desaturase activities estimated by serum fatty acid ratios Szilvia Bokor et al, on behalf
of the HELENA Study Group
Abstract
Genetic variability in the FADS1-FADS2 gene cluster [encoding delta-5 (D5D) and delta-6 (D6D) desaturases]
has been associated with plasma long-chain PUFA (LCPUFA) and lipid levels in adults. To better understand
these relationships, we further characterized the association between FADS1-FADS2 genetic variability and
D5D and D6D activities in adolescents. Thirteen single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in
1,144 European adolescents (mean ± SD age: 14.7 ± 1.4 y). Serum phospholipid fatty acid levels were analyzed
using gas chromatography. D5D and D6D activities were estimated from the C20:4n-6/C20:3n-6 and C20:3n-
6/C18:2n-6 ratios, respectively. Minor alleles of nine SNPs were associated with higher 18:2n-6 levels (1.9E-18
≤ P ≤ 6.1E-5), lower C20:4n-6 levels (7.1E-69 ≤ P ≤ 1.2E-12), and lower D5D activity (7.2E-44 ≤ P ≤ 4.4E-5). All
haplotypes carrying the rs174546 minor allele were associated with lower D5D activity, suggesting that this
SNP is in linkage disequilibrium with a functional SNP within FADS1. In contrast, only the rs968567 minor allele
was associated with higher D6D activity (P = 1.5E-6). This finding agrees with an earlier in vitro study showing
that the minor allele of rs968567 is associated with a higher FADS2 promoter activity. These results suggest
that rare alleles of several SNPs in the FADS gene cluster are associated with higher D6D activity and lower
D5D activity in European adolescents.
‫משמעות‬:
‫בין‬ ‫גנטיים‬ ‫הבדלים‬13
‫קובעים‬ ‫שונים‬ ‫וריאנטיים‬
‫של‬ ‫ההמרה‬ ‫יעילות‬ ‫את‬
‫אומגה‬3‫ל‬ ‫צמחית‬EPA
‫ושל‬EPA‫ל‬DHA
‫אחרות‬ ‫במילים‬‫ניתן‬ ‫לא‬
‫ממיר‬ ‫מי‬ ‫מראש‬ ‫לדעת‬
‫לא‬ ‫ומי‬ ‫טוב‬
‫גנים‬ ‫ב‬ ‫גנטיים‬ ‫וריאנטים‬FADS1,2‫אנזימי‬ ‫בעזרת‬ ‫ההמרה‬ ‫יעילות‬ ‫את‬ ‫קובעים‬D5D‫ו‬D6D
‫ובריא‬ ‫טבעוני‬?
‫המחקר‬ ‫אומר‬ ‫מה‬ ‫חיוניות‬ ‫שומן‬ ‫חומצות‬?
‫משמעות‬:
‫בין‬ ‫גנטיים‬ ‫הבדלים‬4‫וריאנטיים‬
‫ההמרה‬ ‫יעילות‬ ‫את‬ ‫קובעים‬ ‫שונים‬
‫אומגה‬ ‫של‬3‫ל‬ ‫צמחית‬EPA.
‫מעטים‬ ‫אנשים‬(‫הומוזיגוטים‬
‫רצסיביים‬)‫משמעותית‬ ‫תועלת‬ ‫יראו‬
‫אומגה‬ ‫בצריכת‬3‫צמחית‬(‫במחקר‬
‫לב‬ ‫מחלות‬ ‫בפני‬ ‫להגנה‬ ‫הכוונה‬ ‫זה‬)
‫לדעת‬ ‫ניתן‬ ‫לא‬ ‫אחרות‬ ‫במילים‬
‫לא‬ ‫ומי‬ ‫טוב‬ ‫ממיר‬ ‫מי‬ ‫מראש‬
Dietary oils and FADS1-FADS2 genetic variants modulate [13C]a-
linolenic acid metabolism and plasma fatty acid composition. Leah G
Gillingham, et al. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition Jan 11
2013
DISCUSSION
Our first main finding was that a high dietary intake of ALA (10% of energy) decreased
the apparent conversion of [U-13C]ALA to EPA and DPA compared with a typical WD.
Second, minor allele variants in FADS1-FADS2 showed decreased desaturase
activity as measured by lower plasma [13C]EPA and percentage composition of
EPA. However, increasing ALA intake in minor allele homozygotes resulted in an
increased plasma composition of EPA beyond that of major allele homozygotes
consuming a typical WD. Finally, our study also substantiates that dietary ALA and
common FADS genetic variants fail to modulate the plasma composition of DHA in
humans.
‫גנים‬ ‫ב‬ ‫גנטיים‬ ‫וריאנטים‬FADS1,2‫של‬ ‫ההמרה‬ ‫יעילות‬ ‫את‬ ‫קובעים‬ALA‫ל‬EPA
‫ובריא‬ ‫טבעוני‬?
‫המחקר‬ ‫אומר‬ ‫מה‬ ‫חיוניות‬ ‫שומן‬ ‫חומצות‬ ‫המרת‬?
‫משמעות‬:
‫וטסטוסטרון‬ ‫אבץ‬ ‫מגנזיום‬
‫חיוניים‬ ‫קואנזימים‬ ‫הינם‬
‫האנזימים‬ ‫לפעולת‬D6D‫ו‬
D5D‫המרת‬ ‫על‬ ‫האחראים‬
‫אומגה‬3‫שמן‬ ‫ל‬ ‫צמחית‬
‫בגוף‬ ‫דגים‬.
‫אחרות‬ ‫במילים‬ ‫או‬‫מחסור‬
‫או‬ ‫אבץ‬ ‫או‬ ‫במגנזיום‬
‫המרה‬ ‫ימנעו‬ ‫טסטוסטרון‬
‫אומגה‬ ‫של‬ ‫יעילה‬3‫צמחית‬
‫בגוף‬ ‫דגים‬ ‫לשמן‬
CHANGES OF LINOLEIC ACID METABOLISM AND
CELLULAR PHOSPHOLIPID FATTY ACID
COMPOSITION IN LLC-PK CELLS CULTURED AT LOW
MAGNESIUM CONCENTRATIONS
Mahfouz MM, Smith TL, Kummerow FA.
Biochim Biophys Acta, 1989 Nov 6;1006(1):70-4.
LLC-PK cells grown on media containing normal (480
microM) or reduced magnesium levels (25, 6.3 or 2.5
microM) were used to study the effect of
magnesium deficiency on linoleic acid metabolism
and cellular membrane fatty acids. The fatty acid
composition of the cellular phospholipids showed a
significant decrease in 20:4(n-6) and 22:4(n-6) acids
and a significant increase in 18:2(n-6), 18:3(n-6) and
20:3(n-6) fatty acids in magnesium-deficient cells
compared to magnesium-sufficient cells. When [1-
14C] linoleic acid was incubated with control (480
microM Mg2+) or magnesium deficient cells (2.6
microM Mg2+) the rate of tetraenoic acid synthesis
(20:4(n-6) + 22:4(n-6) was significantly reduced in
magnesium-deficient cells, indicating that the
metabolic conversion of 18:2(n-6) to 20:4(n-6) is
impaired in magnesium deficiency. This reduction in
conversion may be due to the impairment of either
the delta5- or the delta6-desaturase, or both. This
study shows that magnesium deficiency perturbs
essential fatty acid (EFA) metabolism and decreases
the cellular membrane polyunsaturated fatty acid
(PUFA) content. These alterations are likely to have
adverse effects on cellular membrane properties
and functions.
EFFECTS OF ZINC DEFICIENCY AND CASTRATION ON FATTY
ACID COMPOSITION AND DESATURATION IN RATS
Clejan S, Castro-Magana M, Collipp PJ, Jonas E, Maddaiah VT.
Lipids, 1982 Mar;17(3):129-35.
The effects of zinc deficiency and testosterone on fatty acid
composition of plasma lipids and microsomes of liver, intestine
and testes were studied. The activities of fatty acid desaturase
(delta6 and delta5) in rat liver and testes were also measured.
A significant decrease in the level of arachidonic acid was
observed in plasma of normal rats fed the zinc-deficient diet.
Castration significantly decreased arachidonic acid but
increased 20:3 fatty acid, which is negligible in normal rats.
Testosterone and zinc administration restored arachidonic acid
to normal values. Zinc deficiency does not significantly change
the fatty acid profile in liver, but castration decreased both
arachidonic and 22:6 fatty acid. Intestinal mucosal microsomes
showed that the predominant fatty acid in this tissue, palmitic
acid, is independent of zinc status, whereas polyunsaturated
fatty acids 18:2 and 20:4 were decreased by zinc-deficient diet
or castration. Zinc deficiency sharply decreased 22:5 fatty acid
and to some extent, other polyunsaturated fatty acids in testis
microsome. These changes in fatty acids are in agreement with
increased delta9 desaturation and decreased delta5 desaturase
activity. In testes, both delta6 and delta5 desaturase activities
are decreased in zinc deficiency. It appears that zinc influences
the conversion of linoleic to arachidonic aid, whereas
testosterone influences delta6 desaturase activity. The data
suggest that zinc deficiency may be one of the important
factors in the causation of polyunsaturated fatty acid
deficiency, which, in turn, may induce serum
hypertriglyceridemia.
‫של‬ ‫ההמרה‬ ‫ויעילות‬ ‫מגנזיום‬LA‫ל‬AA(‫אומגה‬6) ‫האנזימים‬ ‫ויעילות‬ ‫וטסטוסטרון‬ ‫אבץ‬D5DD6D
‫ובריא‬ ‫טבעוני‬?
‫גורמים‬ ‫שני‬ ‫ידי‬ ‫על‬ ‫נקבעת‬ ‫בלבד‬ ‫צמחי‬ ‫ממזון‬ ‫לחיות‬ ‫יכולת‬:
‫גופרתיות‬ ‫אמינו‬ ‫חומצות‬
‫וביצים‬ ‫חלב‬ ‫בבשר‬ ‫גבוה‬ ‫בריכוז‬ ‫מצוים‬ ‫וציסטאין‬ ‫מתיונין‬.‫בדגנים‬ ‫קיימים‬ ‫ולא‬ ‫וכמעט‬ ‫בקטניות‬ ‫מצוים‬.
‫במתיונין‬ ‫עשיר‬ ‫במזון‬ ‫מקורו‬ ‫בגופנו‬ ‫הציסטאין‬ ‫רוב‬ ‫ולכן‬ ‫מיוחדים‬ ‫במקרים‬ ‫אלא‬ ‫במעיים‬ ‫נספג‬ ‫לא‬ ‫ציסטאין‬.
‫בטאורין‬ ‫ולמחסור‬ ‫בגלותתיון‬ ‫למחסור‬ ‫גורם‬ ‫בגוף‬ ‫בציסטאין‬ ‫מחסור‬(‫מבשר‬ ‫לקבל‬ ‫ניתן‬ ‫אותו‬)
‫אומגה‬ ‫שומן‬ ‫חומצות‬3
EPA‫ו‬DHA‫אומגה‬ ‫שומן‬ ‫חומצות‬ ‫שתי‬ ‫הינן‬3‫חיים‬ ‫אין‬ ‫ובלעדיהן‬ ‫בגוף‬ ‫תא‬ ‫בכל‬ ‫המצויות‬.‫של‬ ‫ההמרה‬ ‫יעילות‬ALA‫ל‬EPA‫ל‬ ‫ובהמשך‬
DHA‫ותזונתיים‬ ‫גנטיים‬ ‫בגורמים‬ ‫תלויה‬
‫הגנים‬ ‫של‬ ‫הגנטי‬ ‫הוריאנט‬FADS1,2‫האנזימים‬ ‫של‬ ‫בגוף‬ ‫היצור‬ ‫רמת‬ ‫על‬ ‫השולטים‬D5D‫ו‬D6D‫לפחות‬ ‫עם‬ ‫לאדם‬ ‫מאדם‬ ‫שונה‬13
‫שונים‬ ‫וריאנטים‬.‫אדם‬ ‫כל‬ ‫שייך‬ ‫וריאנט‬ ‫לאיזה‬ ‫מראש‬ ‫לדעת‬ ‫ניתן‬ ‫לא‬.
‫ההמרה‬ ‫אנזימי‬ ‫של‬ ‫תקינה‬ ‫לפעולה‬ ‫חיוניים‬ ‫מהתזונה‬ ‫ואבץ‬ ‫מגנזיום‬ ‫קואנזימים‬ ‫של‬ ‫נוכחות‬D5D‫ו‬D6D
‫של‬ ‫תקינה‬ ‫לפעולה‬ ‫חיונית‬ ‫בגוף‬ ‫מספקת‬ ‫ברמה‬ ‫טסטוסטרון‬ ‫של‬ ‫נוכחות‬D6D.‫מחסור‬ ‫ולכן‬ ‫מכולסטרול‬ ‫בגוף‬ ‫נוצר‬ ‫טסטוסטרון‬
‫של‬ ‫יעילה‬ ‫לא‬ ‫להמרה‬ ‫סיכון‬ ‫גורם‬ ‫גם‬ ‫הינו‬ ‫בכולסטרול‬ALA‫ל‬EPA
‫הבאים‬ ‫הגורמים‬ ‫כל‬ ‫של‬ ‫שילוב‬ ‫להכיל‬ ‫האדם‬ ‫על‬ ‫ובריא‬ ‫טבעוני‬ ‫להיות‬ ‫מנת‬ ‫על‬:
‫גפרתיות‬ ‫אמינו‬ ‫חומצות‬ ‫של‬ ‫ההמרה‬ ‫ביעילות‬ ‫מזל‬ ‫וקצת‬ ‫קטניות‬ ‫רבת‬ ‫תזונה‬
‫אומגה‬ ‫רבת‬ ‫תזונה‬3‫צמחית‬
‫של‬ ‫מאד‬ ‫יעילה‬ ‫המרה‬ ‫המאפשר‬ ‫גנטי‬ ‫וריאנט‬ALA‫ל‬EPA‫ו‬DHA
‫ואבץ‬ ‫מגנזיום‬ ‫של‬ ‫מספקות‬ ‫כמויות‬ ‫של‬ ‫בתזונה‬ ‫נוכחות‬
‫כולסטרול‬ ‫של‬ ‫תקינה‬ ‫רמה‬ ‫כלומר‬ ‫טסטוסטרון‬ ‫של‬ ‫תקינה‬ ‫רמה‬
‫אולי‬10%‫הנ‬ ‫הגורמים‬ ‫כל‬ ‫את‬ ‫ובתזונתה‬ ‫בגופה‬ ‫משלבת‬ ‫מהאוכלוסיה‬"‫ל‬
‫היתר‬ ‫כל‬-‫טבעוניים‬ ‫יהיו‬ ‫שלא‬ ‫בריאים‬ ‫להיות‬ ‫רוצים‬ ‫אם‬
‫ובריא‬ ‫טבעוני‬?

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טבעוני ובריא האם זה אפשרי

  • 1. ‫ובריא‬ ‫טבעוני‬-‫זה‬ ‫האם‬ ‫אפשרי‬?‫ומדוע‬ ‫למי‬? ‫צבי‬ ‫בן‬ ‫גיא‬ ‫אומגה‬3‫גליל‬
  • 2. ‫ובריא‬ ‫טבעוני‬? ‫אפשרי‬ ‫זה‬ ‫האם‬?‫ומדוע‬ ‫למי‬? ‫המזון‬ ‫אבות‬ ‫שלושת‬-‫וחלבונים‬ ‫שומנים‬ ‫פחמימות‬ •‫פחמימות‬-‫ומימן‬ ‫חמצן‬ ‫מפחמן‬ ‫צמחים‬ ‫ידי‬ ‫על‬ ‫נוצרות‬ •‫שומנים‬(‫שומן‬ ‫חומצות‬)‫בזרע‬ ‫בעיקר‬ ‫צמחים‬ ‫ידי‬ ‫על‬ ‫נוצרים‬ ‫מפחמימות‬ ‫בכבד‬ ‫חיים‬ ‫ובבעלי‬ ‫ובעלים‬ •‫חיוניות‬ ‫בלתי‬ ‫שומן‬ ‫חומצות‬(‫רווי‬ ‫שומן‬)‫האדם‬ ‫גוף‬ ‫ידי‬ ‫על‬ ‫נוצרות‬ ‫מפחמימות‬ ‫בכבד‬ •‫חיוניות‬ ‫שומן‬ ‫חומצות‬Essential Fatty Acids(‫רווי‬ ‫בלתי‬ ‫שומן‬)‫נוצרות‬ ‫צמחים‬ ‫שאכלו‬ ‫חיים‬ ‫מבעלי‬ ‫או‬ ‫מהצומח‬ ‫אותם‬ ‫לקבל‬ ‫ויש‬ ‫בצמחים‬ ‫רק‬ ‫המזון‬ ‫שרשרת‬ ‫בתחתית‬ •‫חלבונים‬‫עשויים‬‫אמינו‬ ‫מחומצות‬‫חמצן‬ ‫מפחמן‬ ‫הנוצרות‬ ‫וחנקן‬ ‫מימן‬.‫האמינו‬ ‫חומצות‬ ‫רוב‬ ‫את‬ ‫ליצר‬ ‫יודע‬ ‫גופנו‬‫מלבד‬ ‫חיוניות‬ ‫אמינו‬ ‫חומצות‬
  • 3. ‫הגופרית‬ ‫ומגבלת‬ ‫חיוניות‬ ‫אמינו‬ ‫חומצות‬ 20‫אמינו‬ ‫חומצות‬+‫טאורין‬ Taurine ‫ובריא‬ ‫טבעוני‬?
  • 4. ‫הגופרית‬ ‫ומגבלת‬ ‫חיוניות‬ ‫אמינו‬ ‫חומצות‬ Methionine GlutathioneTaurine Cysteine ‫במזון‬ ‫ציסטאין‬ ‫חלב‬ ‫גבינות‬ ‫ביצים‬ ‫בשר‬ ‫קטניות‬ ‫ציסטאין‬ ‫להעביר‬ ‫היכולת‬ ‫פרוקו‬ ‫ללא‬ ‫לדם‬ ‫במעיים‬ ‫ובעל‬ ‫לאדם‬ ‫מאדם‬ ‫שונה‬ ‫היכולת‬ ‫על‬ ‫מכרעת‬ ‫השפעה‬ ‫צמחוני‬ ‫להיות‬! ‫מתיונין‬ ‫מזונות‬ Cysteine ‫ובריא‬ ‫טבעוני‬?
  • 5. ‫הגופרית‬ ‫ומגבלת‬ ‫חיוניות‬ ‫אמינו‬ ‫חומצות‬-‫המחקר‬ ‫אומר‬ ‫מה‬? ‫המחקר‬ ‫מטרת‬: ‫ומתים‬ ‫לוקים‬ ‫טבעונים‬ ‫מדוע‬ ‫להסביר‬ ‫של‬ ‫לאינדיקטורים‬ ‫קשר‬ ‫ללא‬ ‫לב‬ ‫ממחלות‬ ‫פרמינגהם‬ ‫מחקר‬(‫ויטמין‬ ‫גבוה‬ ‫כולסטרול‬ B‫וכו‬ ‫נמוך‬) ‫המחקר‬ ‫מסקנת‬: ‫חומצות‬ ‫מכילי‬ ‫חלבונים‬ ‫של‬ ‫נמוכה‬ ‫צריכה‬ ‫התזונה‬ ‫תת‬ ‫את‬ ‫מסבירה‬ ‫גפרתיות‬ ‫אמינו‬ ‫טבעונים‬ ‫אצל‬ ‫לב‬ ‫מחלות‬ ‫והתפתחות‬ Sulfur Ingenbleek ‫אינגנבליק‬‫ב‬Nutrition: ‫ודלקת‬ ‫היפרהומוציסטאינמיה‬ ‫תזונה‬ ‫לתת‬ ‫גורמת‬ ‫טבעונות‬ ‫דם‬ ‫כלי‬(‫בעברית‬:‫לב‬ ‫למחלות‬ ‫גורמת‬ ‫טבעונות‬) ‫ובריא‬ ‫טבעוני‬?
  • 6. ‫ההמרה‬ ‫אנזימי‬ ‫ומגבלת‬ ‫חיוניות‬ ‫שומן‬ ‫חומצות‬ ‫אומגה‬3‫צמחית‬ALA 18‫פחמנים‬3‫כפולים‬ ‫קשרים‬ ‫אומגה‬3‫דגית‬EPA 20‫פחמנים‬5‫כפולים‬ ‫קשרים‬ +2‫בעזרת‬ ‫פחמנים‬Elongase ‫הורדת‬2‫בעזרת‬ ‫מימנים‬Delta 5,6 Disaturase ‫אומגה‬3‫דגית‬DHA 22‫פחמנים‬6‫כפולים‬ ‫קשרים‬ +2‫בעזרת‬ ‫פחמנים‬Elongase ‫בעזרת‬ ‫אחד‬ ‫מימן‬ ‫הורדת‬D6D ‫הגן‬ ‫ידי‬ ‫על‬ ‫תהליך‬ ‫בקרת‬FADS 1 ‫וטסטוסטרון‬ ‫מגנזיום‬ ‫אבץ‬ ‫חיוניים‬ ‫קואנזימים‬ Prostaglandin E3 ‫מתון‬ ‫חיסון‬ ‫הורמון‬ Thromboxane A3 ‫מתון‬ ‫קרישה‬ ‫הורמון‬ Leukotriene B5 ‫מתון‬ ‫אלרגיה‬ ‫הורמון‬ LOX ‫הגן‬ ‫ידי‬ ‫על‬ ‫תהליך‬ ‫בקרת‬2FADS ‫וטסטוסטרון‬ ‫מגנזיום‬ ‫אבץ‬ ‫חיוניים‬ ‫קואנזימים‬ ‫ובריא‬ ‫טבעוני‬?
  • 7. ‫המחקר‬ ‫אומר‬ ‫מה‬ ‫חיוניות‬ ‫שומן‬ ‫חומצות‬ ‫המרת‬? Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the FADS gene cluster are associated with delta-5 and delta-6 desaturase activities estimated by serum fatty acid ratios Szilvia Bokor et al, on behalf of the HELENA Study Group Abstract Genetic variability in the FADS1-FADS2 gene cluster [encoding delta-5 (D5D) and delta-6 (D6D) desaturases] has been associated with plasma long-chain PUFA (LCPUFA) and lipid levels in adults. To better understand these relationships, we further characterized the association between FADS1-FADS2 genetic variability and D5D and D6D activities in adolescents. Thirteen single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in 1,144 European adolescents (mean ± SD age: 14.7 ± 1.4 y). Serum phospholipid fatty acid levels were analyzed using gas chromatography. D5D and D6D activities were estimated from the C20:4n-6/C20:3n-6 and C20:3n- 6/C18:2n-6 ratios, respectively. Minor alleles of nine SNPs were associated with higher 18:2n-6 levels (1.9E-18 ≤ P ≤ 6.1E-5), lower C20:4n-6 levels (7.1E-69 ≤ P ≤ 1.2E-12), and lower D5D activity (7.2E-44 ≤ P ≤ 4.4E-5). All haplotypes carrying the rs174546 minor allele were associated with lower D5D activity, suggesting that this SNP is in linkage disequilibrium with a functional SNP within FADS1. In contrast, only the rs968567 minor allele was associated with higher D6D activity (P = 1.5E-6). This finding agrees with an earlier in vitro study showing that the minor allele of rs968567 is associated with a higher FADS2 promoter activity. These results suggest that rare alleles of several SNPs in the FADS gene cluster are associated with higher D6D activity and lower D5D activity in European adolescents. ‫משמעות‬: ‫בין‬ ‫גנטיים‬ ‫הבדלים‬13 ‫קובעים‬ ‫שונים‬ ‫וריאנטיים‬ ‫של‬ ‫ההמרה‬ ‫יעילות‬ ‫את‬ ‫אומגה‬3‫ל‬ ‫צמחית‬EPA ‫ושל‬EPA‫ל‬DHA ‫אחרות‬ ‫במילים‬‫ניתן‬ ‫לא‬ ‫ממיר‬ ‫מי‬ ‫מראש‬ ‫לדעת‬ ‫לא‬ ‫ומי‬ ‫טוב‬ ‫גנים‬ ‫ב‬ ‫גנטיים‬ ‫וריאנטים‬FADS1,2‫אנזימי‬ ‫בעזרת‬ ‫ההמרה‬ ‫יעילות‬ ‫את‬ ‫קובעים‬D5D‫ו‬D6D ‫ובריא‬ ‫טבעוני‬?
  • 8. ‫המחקר‬ ‫אומר‬ ‫מה‬ ‫חיוניות‬ ‫שומן‬ ‫חומצות‬? ‫משמעות‬: ‫בין‬ ‫גנטיים‬ ‫הבדלים‬4‫וריאנטיים‬ ‫ההמרה‬ ‫יעילות‬ ‫את‬ ‫קובעים‬ ‫שונים‬ ‫אומגה‬ ‫של‬3‫ל‬ ‫צמחית‬EPA. ‫מעטים‬ ‫אנשים‬(‫הומוזיגוטים‬ ‫רצסיביים‬)‫משמעותית‬ ‫תועלת‬ ‫יראו‬ ‫אומגה‬ ‫בצריכת‬3‫צמחית‬(‫במחקר‬ ‫לב‬ ‫מחלות‬ ‫בפני‬ ‫להגנה‬ ‫הכוונה‬ ‫זה‬) ‫לדעת‬ ‫ניתן‬ ‫לא‬ ‫אחרות‬ ‫במילים‬ ‫לא‬ ‫ומי‬ ‫טוב‬ ‫ממיר‬ ‫מי‬ ‫מראש‬ Dietary oils and FADS1-FADS2 genetic variants modulate [13C]a- linolenic acid metabolism and plasma fatty acid composition. Leah G Gillingham, et al. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition Jan 11 2013 DISCUSSION Our first main finding was that a high dietary intake of ALA (10% of energy) decreased the apparent conversion of [U-13C]ALA to EPA and DPA compared with a typical WD. Second, minor allele variants in FADS1-FADS2 showed decreased desaturase activity as measured by lower plasma [13C]EPA and percentage composition of EPA. However, increasing ALA intake in minor allele homozygotes resulted in an increased plasma composition of EPA beyond that of major allele homozygotes consuming a typical WD. Finally, our study also substantiates that dietary ALA and common FADS genetic variants fail to modulate the plasma composition of DHA in humans. ‫גנים‬ ‫ב‬ ‫גנטיים‬ ‫וריאנטים‬FADS1,2‫של‬ ‫ההמרה‬ ‫יעילות‬ ‫את‬ ‫קובעים‬ALA‫ל‬EPA ‫ובריא‬ ‫טבעוני‬?
  • 9. ‫המחקר‬ ‫אומר‬ ‫מה‬ ‫חיוניות‬ ‫שומן‬ ‫חומצות‬ ‫המרת‬? ‫משמעות‬: ‫וטסטוסטרון‬ ‫אבץ‬ ‫מגנזיום‬ ‫חיוניים‬ ‫קואנזימים‬ ‫הינם‬ ‫האנזימים‬ ‫לפעולת‬D6D‫ו‬ D5D‫המרת‬ ‫על‬ ‫האחראים‬ ‫אומגה‬3‫שמן‬ ‫ל‬ ‫צמחית‬ ‫בגוף‬ ‫דגים‬. ‫אחרות‬ ‫במילים‬ ‫או‬‫מחסור‬ ‫או‬ ‫אבץ‬ ‫או‬ ‫במגנזיום‬ ‫המרה‬ ‫ימנעו‬ ‫טסטוסטרון‬ ‫אומגה‬ ‫של‬ ‫יעילה‬3‫צמחית‬ ‫בגוף‬ ‫דגים‬ ‫לשמן‬ CHANGES OF LINOLEIC ACID METABOLISM AND CELLULAR PHOSPHOLIPID FATTY ACID COMPOSITION IN LLC-PK CELLS CULTURED AT LOW MAGNESIUM CONCENTRATIONS Mahfouz MM, Smith TL, Kummerow FA. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1989 Nov 6;1006(1):70-4. LLC-PK cells grown on media containing normal (480 microM) or reduced magnesium levels (25, 6.3 or 2.5 microM) were used to study the effect of magnesium deficiency on linoleic acid metabolism and cellular membrane fatty acids. The fatty acid composition of the cellular phospholipids showed a significant decrease in 20:4(n-6) and 22:4(n-6) acids and a significant increase in 18:2(n-6), 18:3(n-6) and 20:3(n-6) fatty acids in magnesium-deficient cells compared to magnesium-sufficient cells. When [1- 14C] linoleic acid was incubated with control (480 microM Mg2+) or magnesium deficient cells (2.6 microM Mg2+) the rate of tetraenoic acid synthesis (20:4(n-6) + 22:4(n-6) was significantly reduced in magnesium-deficient cells, indicating that the metabolic conversion of 18:2(n-6) to 20:4(n-6) is impaired in magnesium deficiency. This reduction in conversion may be due to the impairment of either the delta5- or the delta6-desaturase, or both. This study shows that magnesium deficiency perturbs essential fatty acid (EFA) metabolism and decreases the cellular membrane polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content. These alterations are likely to have adverse effects on cellular membrane properties and functions. EFFECTS OF ZINC DEFICIENCY AND CASTRATION ON FATTY ACID COMPOSITION AND DESATURATION IN RATS Clejan S, Castro-Magana M, Collipp PJ, Jonas E, Maddaiah VT. Lipids, 1982 Mar;17(3):129-35. The effects of zinc deficiency and testosterone on fatty acid composition of plasma lipids and microsomes of liver, intestine and testes were studied. The activities of fatty acid desaturase (delta6 and delta5) in rat liver and testes were also measured. A significant decrease in the level of arachidonic acid was observed in plasma of normal rats fed the zinc-deficient diet. Castration significantly decreased arachidonic acid but increased 20:3 fatty acid, which is negligible in normal rats. Testosterone and zinc administration restored arachidonic acid to normal values. Zinc deficiency does not significantly change the fatty acid profile in liver, but castration decreased both arachidonic and 22:6 fatty acid. Intestinal mucosal microsomes showed that the predominant fatty acid in this tissue, palmitic acid, is independent of zinc status, whereas polyunsaturated fatty acids 18:2 and 20:4 were decreased by zinc-deficient diet or castration. Zinc deficiency sharply decreased 22:5 fatty acid and to some extent, other polyunsaturated fatty acids in testis microsome. These changes in fatty acids are in agreement with increased delta9 desaturation and decreased delta5 desaturase activity. In testes, both delta6 and delta5 desaturase activities are decreased in zinc deficiency. It appears that zinc influences the conversion of linoleic to arachidonic aid, whereas testosterone influences delta6 desaturase activity. The data suggest that zinc deficiency may be one of the important factors in the causation of polyunsaturated fatty acid deficiency, which, in turn, may induce serum hypertriglyceridemia. ‫של‬ ‫ההמרה‬ ‫ויעילות‬ ‫מגנזיום‬LA‫ל‬AA(‫אומגה‬6) ‫האנזימים‬ ‫ויעילות‬ ‫וטסטוסטרון‬ ‫אבץ‬D5DD6D ‫ובריא‬ ‫טבעוני‬?
  • 10. ‫גורמים‬ ‫שני‬ ‫ידי‬ ‫על‬ ‫נקבעת‬ ‫בלבד‬ ‫צמחי‬ ‫ממזון‬ ‫לחיות‬ ‫יכולת‬: ‫גופרתיות‬ ‫אמינו‬ ‫חומצות‬ ‫וביצים‬ ‫חלב‬ ‫בבשר‬ ‫גבוה‬ ‫בריכוז‬ ‫מצוים‬ ‫וציסטאין‬ ‫מתיונין‬.‫בדגנים‬ ‫קיימים‬ ‫ולא‬ ‫וכמעט‬ ‫בקטניות‬ ‫מצוים‬. ‫במתיונין‬ ‫עשיר‬ ‫במזון‬ ‫מקורו‬ ‫בגופנו‬ ‫הציסטאין‬ ‫רוב‬ ‫ולכן‬ ‫מיוחדים‬ ‫במקרים‬ ‫אלא‬ ‫במעיים‬ ‫נספג‬ ‫לא‬ ‫ציסטאין‬. ‫בטאורין‬ ‫ולמחסור‬ ‫בגלותתיון‬ ‫למחסור‬ ‫גורם‬ ‫בגוף‬ ‫בציסטאין‬ ‫מחסור‬(‫מבשר‬ ‫לקבל‬ ‫ניתן‬ ‫אותו‬) ‫אומגה‬ ‫שומן‬ ‫חומצות‬3 EPA‫ו‬DHA‫אומגה‬ ‫שומן‬ ‫חומצות‬ ‫שתי‬ ‫הינן‬3‫חיים‬ ‫אין‬ ‫ובלעדיהן‬ ‫בגוף‬ ‫תא‬ ‫בכל‬ ‫המצויות‬.‫של‬ ‫ההמרה‬ ‫יעילות‬ALA‫ל‬EPA‫ל‬ ‫ובהמשך‬ DHA‫ותזונתיים‬ ‫גנטיים‬ ‫בגורמים‬ ‫תלויה‬ ‫הגנים‬ ‫של‬ ‫הגנטי‬ ‫הוריאנט‬FADS1,2‫האנזימים‬ ‫של‬ ‫בגוף‬ ‫היצור‬ ‫רמת‬ ‫על‬ ‫השולטים‬D5D‫ו‬D6D‫לפחות‬ ‫עם‬ ‫לאדם‬ ‫מאדם‬ ‫שונה‬13 ‫שונים‬ ‫וריאנטים‬.‫אדם‬ ‫כל‬ ‫שייך‬ ‫וריאנט‬ ‫לאיזה‬ ‫מראש‬ ‫לדעת‬ ‫ניתן‬ ‫לא‬. ‫ההמרה‬ ‫אנזימי‬ ‫של‬ ‫תקינה‬ ‫לפעולה‬ ‫חיוניים‬ ‫מהתזונה‬ ‫ואבץ‬ ‫מגנזיום‬ ‫קואנזימים‬ ‫של‬ ‫נוכחות‬D5D‫ו‬D6D ‫של‬ ‫תקינה‬ ‫לפעולה‬ ‫חיונית‬ ‫בגוף‬ ‫מספקת‬ ‫ברמה‬ ‫טסטוסטרון‬ ‫של‬ ‫נוכחות‬D6D.‫מחסור‬ ‫ולכן‬ ‫מכולסטרול‬ ‫בגוף‬ ‫נוצר‬ ‫טסטוסטרון‬ ‫של‬ ‫יעילה‬ ‫לא‬ ‫להמרה‬ ‫סיכון‬ ‫גורם‬ ‫גם‬ ‫הינו‬ ‫בכולסטרול‬ALA‫ל‬EPA ‫הבאים‬ ‫הגורמים‬ ‫כל‬ ‫של‬ ‫שילוב‬ ‫להכיל‬ ‫האדם‬ ‫על‬ ‫ובריא‬ ‫טבעוני‬ ‫להיות‬ ‫מנת‬ ‫על‬: ‫גפרתיות‬ ‫אמינו‬ ‫חומצות‬ ‫של‬ ‫ההמרה‬ ‫ביעילות‬ ‫מזל‬ ‫וקצת‬ ‫קטניות‬ ‫רבת‬ ‫תזונה‬ ‫אומגה‬ ‫רבת‬ ‫תזונה‬3‫צמחית‬ ‫של‬ ‫מאד‬ ‫יעילה‬ ‫המרה‬ ‫המאפשר‬ ‫גנטי‬ ‫וריאנט‬ALA‫ל‬EPA‫ו‬DHA ‫ואבץ‬ ‫מגנזיום‬ ‫של‬ ‫מספקות‬ ‫כמויות‬ ‫של‬ ‫בתזונה‬ ‫נוכחות‬ ‫כולסטרול‬ ‫של‬ ‫תקינה‬ ‫רמה‬ ‫כלומר‬ ‫טסטוסטרון‬ ‫של‬ ‫תקינה‬ ‫רמה‬ ‫אולי‬10%‫הנ‬ ‫הגורמים‬ ‫כל‬ ‫את‬ ‫ובתזונתה‬ ‫בגופה‬ ‫משלבת‬ ‫מהאוכלוסיה‬"‫ל‬ ‫היתר‬ ‫כל‬-‫טבעוניים‬ ‫יהיו‬ ‫שלא‬ ‫בריאים‬ ‫להיות‬ ‫רוצים‬ ‫אם‬ ‫ובריא‬ ‫טבעוני‬?