This document summarizes geothermal development activities in Turkey. It notes that Turkey currently has 242 MWe of geothermal electricity production capacity and over 2,700 MWt of direct geothermal heat use. The document outlines Turkey's targets to reach 750 MWe of geothermal electricity production and expand direct heat use by 2018. It also estimates Turkey's theoretical geothermal potential at 4,500 MWe for electricity and 60,000 MWt for direct heat use. The significant progress in geothermal development in Turkey is attributed to renewable energy incentives and regulations introduced since 2005.

1. “Accelerating Geothermal Development in Turkey”
22-23 October 2013, Wyndham Kalamış - İstanbul
Geothermal Development Activities in Turkey
Orhan Mertoglu, Nilgun Basarir
Presented by : Prof. (H.) Orhan MERTOGLU*
President, Turkish Geothermal Association
and Jeotermal Araştırma ve Tesisler A.Ş./Ankara-Turkey
*
- IGA, International Geothermal Association (Iceland-Germany), Vice
President (2003-2007), European Branch Chairman (2007-2010),
Honorary Member of the Board (2010-….),
- EGEC-European Geothermal Energy Council (Belgium), former Vice
President
- Turkish Republic Ministry of Development 10th Development Plan (20142018) Chairman of Geothermal Commissions

2. Today, the geothermal
electricity production in the
world has reached globally
13000 MWe and the non –
electrical use has reached
globally 53.000 MWth.
The 2050 geothermal electricity
production target of the
countries worlwide is 200.000
MWe install capacity .

3. EXISTING SITUATION OF GEOTHERMAL APPLICATIONS
IN TURKEY (as of September 2013)
GEOTHERMAL DIRECT USE APPLICATIONS
(as of May 2013)
GEOTHERMAL DISTRICT HEATING
(CITY, RESIDENCES)
GREENHOUSE HEATING
THERMAL FACILITIES HEATING
BALNEOLOGICAL USE
GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMP
TOTAL GEOTHERMAL HEAT USE
TOTAL ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION
CARBONDIOKSITE PRODUCTION
CAPACITY
89443 Residences Equivalence
(805 MWt)
~ 3 Million m2
(612 MWt)
42.000 Residences Equivalence
(380 MWt)
350 Spa, thermal facility
(870 MWt) (Annual 16 million visitors)
38 MWt
2705 MWt
(260.000 Residences Equivalence)
242 MWe
(Aydın-Germencik, Denizli-Sarayköy,
Aydın Salavatlı, Aydın-Hıdırbeyli,
Çanakkale-Tuzla)
160.000 tons/year

4. Installed Geothermal Power Plants
Field, Province
Owner
Type
Kizildere, Denizli
ZORLU
Salavatlı (DORA-I), Aydin
Operation Start-up Installed Capacity
Year
(MWe)
F
1984
15
MENDERES
B
2006
7.95
Kizildere, Denizli
BEREKET*
B
2007
6.85
Germencik, Aydin
GÜRMAT
F
2009
47.4
Tuzla, Çanakkale
ENDA
B
2010
7.5
Salavatlı (DORA-II), Aydin
MENDERES
B
2010
9.5
Hıdırbeyli (IREM), Aydin
MAREN
B
2011
20
Hıdırbeyli (SINEM), Aydin
MAREN
B
2012
24
Hıdırbeyli (DENIZ), Aydin
MAREN
B
2012
24
Kızıldere II
ZORLU
2013
80
*expected to be operational during 2013.
TOTAL
242.2
Salavatli - Dora III geothermal power plant with 17 MWe capacity is under trial operation
(beginning of Sept. 2013). The second 17 MWe unit is planned to start with trial operation in
March 2014.

5. Geothermal power plants projects received license from EMRA (EPDK)
Field, Province
Owner
(MWe)
Sarayköy, Denizli
IN-ALTI
3
Babadere, Çanakkale
MTN
3
Manisa
SANKO
15
Sarıkız, Manisa
TURKERLER
10
Alaşehir, Manisa
TURKERLER
24
Alaşehir, Manisa
ZORLU
30
Merkez, Manisa
KEN KIPAS
24
Nazilli, Aydin
KIPER
20
Sultanhisar, Aydin
ÇELİKLER
9.9
Atça, Aydin
ALRES
9.5
Umurlu, Aydin
KARKEY
5
Germencik, Aydin
BURÇ
163
Salavatlı (DORA-IV), Aydin
MENDERES
17
TOTAL
333.4

6. Geothermal Power Plants under development and construction
Field, Province
Owner
Type
Capacity (MWe)
Pamukören, Aydin
ÇELİKLER
B
48
Gümüşköy, Aydin
BM
B
13.2
Sultanhisar, Aydın
ÇELİKLER
B
11
Salavatlı (DORA-III) 2nci bölüm,
Aydin
MENDERES
B
17
Manisa Alaşehir
ZORLU
B
45
Kütahya - Şaphane
Ümran-Orya
24
Manisa - Alaşehir
TÜRKERLER
24
TOTAL
182,2

7. Geothermal Power Plants planned
Field, Province
Owner
Capacity (MWe)
Buharkent, Aydin
LİMAK
15 + 15
Nazilli, Aydin
KİPER
20
Yılmazköy, Aydın
MAREN
24
Hıdırbeyli, Aydin
MAREN
24 + 24 + 24 + 24
Kalfaköy, Aydın
MAREN
24

8. Development and projections of geothermal electricity
production in Turkey
800
~ 750 MWe
700
MWe
600
500
400
300
~ 300 MWe
242 MWe
200
94,2 MWe
100
15 MWe
15 MWe
0
1
2000
2
2005
3
2010
4
5
August 2013 End of 2013
Under developing
/constructing
6
End of 2018
expected/
planned

9. Turkey, has reached an important success in geothermal utilization in last years.
If we lo0k to the last 15 years, at the beginning this significant progress has been
achieved in;
-geothermal district heating systems, then
- world record (1st ranked) in rise of the geothermal greenhouse applications
(3 Million m2) in last 5 years
and
- in the last 5 years, especially in geothermal electricity production in Turkey. From 15
MWe to 242 MWe.

10. Existing situation of geothermal district heating systems in Turkey;
Number of
Place
residences
heated
Balçova+Narlıdere
Geoth.
Start-up
Water Temp.
Investor
(oC)
Local Governorship and Municipality equal
35.000
1983
125-140
Gönen
2500
1987
80
Municipality Inc.
Simav
7500
1991
137
Municipality
Kırşehir
1800
1994
57
Local Governorship and Municipality Inc.
Kızılcahamam
2500
1995
70
Municipality Inc.
Afyon
8.000
1996
95
Local Governorship and Municipality Inc.
Kozaklı
3000
1996
90
Municipality Inc.
Sandıklı
6000
1998
75
Municipality Inc.
Diyadin
570
1999
70
Local Governorship Inc.
Salihli
7292
2002
94
Municipality
Sarayköy
2200
2002
95
Municipality Inc.
Edremit
4881
2003
60
Municipality + Private Sector Inc.
Dikili
2500
2010
125
Municipality Inc.
Bergama
450
2008
65
Municipality Ltd.
Güre
650
2009
65
Municipality
Sorgun
1500
2008
80
Municipality
shared Inc.

11. GEOTHERMAL IS A RELIABLE ENERGY RESOURCE:
Mori GPP
A RECENT EXAPMPLE
1982.11～
The geothermal power plants at the North East of
50,000kW
Japan
Onuma GPP
1974.6～
9,500kW
Sapporo
Sumikawa GPP
1995.3～
50,000kW
Matsukawa GPP
1966.10～
23,500kW
Sendai
Uenotai GPP
1994.3～
28,800kW
M9.0
YanaizuEpicenter
Fukushima Daiichi
Nuclear PP
Nishiyama GPP
1995.5～65,000kW
Kakkonda GPP
Ⅰ.1978.5～
50,000kW
Ⅱ.1996. 3～
30,000kW
Onikobe GPP
1975.3～
12,500kW
Tokyo
Osaka
Fukuoka
Hachijojima GPP
1995.5～
All geothermal power plants in the affected area by 3,300kW
the earthquake on the 11th March 2011, recorded
M9.0, are in operation, generating the same levels
of power as those before the earthquake, although
many of them automatically shut down once right

12. All geothermal power plants in the affected area by the earthquake on
the 11th March 2011, recorded M9.0, are in operation, generating the
same levels of power as those before the earthquake, although many of
them automatically shut down once right after the event.
Under such circumstances, this has been shown how reliable and
sustainable the geothermal electricity production plants and in this
framework the geothermal applications are.
Additionally, according to Dr. Kasumi Yasukawa from Japan Institute for
Geosources and Environment and being the member of Board of
International Geothermal Association (IGA) declared to BBC News on
07.07.2011, that the “geothermal part in Japan’s electricity consumption
is 0,3 %. The Japan Government decided to increase this geothermal
portion to 10 %”.
This means that the geothermal electricity install power in Japan would
reach 28000 MWe. It is understood that Japan has selected geothermal
energy as alternative to nucleer power among all renewable energies.

13. The Reasons of the significant Progress of Geothermal Development
in Turkey :
1- The release of the Renewable Energy Law (No: 5346, May 2005)
With this law incentives to the renewable energy sources was given by different
electricity Feed in Tariff (5,5 Eurocents/kWh for geothermal). As it was amended in
2010 the incentives have been increased (10,5 $cents/kWh for geothermal).
2- The release of the Law on Geothermal Resources and Natural Mineral
Waters (No: 5686, June 2007) and its Implementation Regulation (No: 26727,
Dec.2007) providing exploration license (3 years + 1 year) and exploitation license
(30 years + 10 years) to the investors.
3- With the release of the geothermal law, MTA-General Directorate of Mineral
Research and Exploration has leased the rights of the geothermal fields suitable for
geothermal electricity production to the private sector in the form of operation
licenses by means of tenders. The high temperature geothermal fields have been
leased between 6,5 – 110 Million USD selling prices (we think that there is no another
similar example in the world) to the Turkish Private Sector.
4- The risk and fast action capability of the Turkish Private Sector.

14. TOTAL GEOTHERMAL THEORETICAL HEAT POTENTIAL OF TURKEY
(HYDROTHERMAL 0–3 km)
- 60000 MWt
= 7,5 Million Residences Equivalence heating or 300 billion m2 greenhouse heating
= Over 1 million thermal facility bed capacity
= 60 Billion m3/year natural gas equivalence
TOTAL GEOTHERMAL THEORETICAL ELECTRICITY POTENTIAL OF TURKEY
(HYDROTHERMAL) (0-3 km)
- 4500 MWe (36 Billion kWh/Year) theoretical potential
TOTAL GEOTHERMAL TECHNICAL AND ECONOMICAL ELECTRICITY
POTENTIAL OF TURKEY (HYDROTHERMAL) (0-3 km)
- 2000 MWe (16 billion kWh/Year), with additional incentive (15 USAcent/kWh feed in
tariff, 15-20 years)
THE GEOTHERMAL ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION TARGET OF TURKEY FOR
2018
-750 MWe (6 Billion kWh/Year) (10,5 USAcent/kWh existing feed in tariff, 10 years)

15. THE EGS- ENHANCED GEOTHERMAL SYSTEM TECHNICAL ELECTRICITY
PRODUCTION POTENTIAL OF TURKEY (3-5 km)
-250.000 MWe
Total EGS-Enhanced Geothermal System Electricity production technical potential
of Turkey
THE EGS- ENHANCED GEOTHERMAL SYSTEM TECHNICAL AND
ECONOMICAL ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION POTENTIAL OF TURKEY (3-5 km)
-25.000 MWe
Technical and Economical EGS Electricity production potential expected to be
realized during next 20 years period and feed in tariff of 15 US$cent/kWh

16. THE GEOTHERMAL PROJECTIONS FOR 2014 – 2018 OF TURKEY (Acc. To
the 10th development plan (2014 – 2018) of the Ministry of Development
Geothermal Utilizations
Targets for 2018
Additional investment USD
(until 2018)
Electricity generation
750 MWe
(6 Billion kWh)
2,0 Billion USD
4000 MWt
(500.000 Residences
Equivalence)
1,4 Billion USD
Greenhouse Heating
2040 MWt
(6 billion m2)
300 Million USD
(including wells)
Drying
500 MWt
(500.000 tons/year)
180 Million USD
Heating (residences, hotels,
thermal facilities and others)
Thermal Tourism
Air conditioning
1100 MWt
400 Thermal
Facility equivalence
300 MWt
(50.000 Residences
Equivalence)
1,2 Billion USD
300 Million USD
Aquaculture + others
400 MWt
150 Million USD
Total Direct Use
8340 MWt
5,53 Billion USD
Natural Gas Equivalence of all the above mentioned
geothermal direct use utilizations
6,1 Billion USD/Year
The economical value added to the Turkey’s economy by
means of above mentioned utilizations until the end of
2018
32 Billion USD/year
The created employment (Direct and Indirect)
300.000 person

17. Some examples about geothermal greenhouses in
Turkey:
Izmir-Dikili
Manisa-Salihli,Urganli
Kutahya-Simav
Denizli-Kizildere
Sanliurfa-Karaali
Diğerleri
: 880.000 m2
: 250.000 m2
: 310.000 m2
: 152.740 m2
: 424.000 m2
: 885.000 m2
TOTAL
: ~ 3 Million m2

18. Especially in the Western Turkey, many deep wells have been drilled. In some of them,
200-250°C downhole temperatures has been measured and ab0ut half of them have
very low permeability (like dry).
These achieved temperatures gave us the thoughts about EGS systems applications.
According to our approach and calculations, we have obtained huge geothermal
electricity potential by taking EGS applications into account, our work is continuing
to be able to harness this potential.
We have conveyed the necessity about additional incentive demand for geothermal
heating and EGS applications to the Turkish Government.
The additional incentives for geothermal heating and EGS applications are expected
until the end of 2013 or mid of 2014.
A remarkable development is expected at the power generation with EGS in Europe in 2020.

19. The foreign investors are welcome for technical cooperation,
information exchange and joint venture investments in
geothermal in Turkey.
Hereafter;
We will give importance especially to geothermal district cooling
(air-conditioning) and fish farming utilizations in Turkey.

20. We would like to thank to and congratulate Turkish Government, MTA,
Geothermal Experts and Turkish Private Sector for this success’.
We would like to thank
Green Power Conferences
for this excellent organisation
MANY THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION.
TURKISH GEOTHERMAL
ASSOCIATION
And sokak 8/2, 06880 Çankaya/Ankara
Tel: +90-312-4404319 Fax: +90-312-465 0375
E-mail: tjd@jeotermaldernegi.org.tr