Smart City is a System of Systems

© 2010 IBM Corporation
Smart City is a System of Systems
Ville Peltola, Innovation Director, Senior Technologist IBM Innovation Network

© 2010 IBM Corporation2
Smarter cities – Facilitating the global discussion
Berlin
New York
Shanghai
June 2009
250 leaders
October 2009
500 leaders
June 2010
800 leaders
… plus 100+ local leader events
… and 3,000+ city engagements

What is a system?
“A group of interacting, interrelated, or interdependent
elements forming a complex whole”

Systems of our world and the $4 trillion opportunity

Cities are a complex collection of systems
PEOPLE
ENERGY
WATER
ICT COMMERCE
TRAFFIC FACILITIES
… and silos

Cities have systemic challenges
In a small business district in
Los Angeles, driving around for
parking in one year generated
the equivalent of 38 trips
around the world, burned
47,000 gallons of gas, emitted
730 tons of carbon dioxide.
Congested roadways cost $78
billion annually in the form of
4.2 billion lost hours and 2.9
billion gallons of wasted gas.

And not just cities…
In the U.S., a typical
carrot has traveled
1,600 miles, a potato
1,200 miles, a chuck
roast 600 miles…
…grocers and
consumers throw away
$48 billion worth of food
every year.

Urbanization makes all the challenges even harder
In 2007, for the first time in history, the majority of the world’s
population - 3.3 billion people - lived in cities. By 2050, city
dwellers are expected to make up 70% of Earth’s total
population, or 6.4 billion people.

Aging infrastructure in existing cities
Water
In the U.S., a significant
water line bursts on average
every 2 minutes
Projections show energy
consumption increasing by
50% in the next 25 years.
Transport Energy
33% of U.S. Roads in poor,
mediocre or fair condition &
27% of bridges deficient

The need to build totally new cities
Example: Masdar in UAE close to Abu Dhabi

All this complexity is typically dealt by applying reductionism*
Intelligence cameras
Automatic ticketing
Access control
Identification systems
Intrusion alarms
Video surveillance
Fire detection and alarms
…..
Alternative energy sources
Energy management
Building management
Energy distribution
Street lighting
Water distribution
Water treatment
Sewers
……
Traffic management
Radar cameras
Traffic signaling
Tolling
Pedestrian crossings
Subways
Trains
Buses
Roads
Parking
……
Fire engines
Ambulances
Emergency room
Healthcare
Public Health
K-12
Universities
Continuing education
Economic development
Social care
……
*a philosophical position that a complex system is nothing but the sum of its parts,
and that an account of it can be reduced to accounts of individual constituents

We argue that we will not understand cities through reductionism
Source: Sterman, John, “Business Dynamics: Systems Thinking and Modeling for a Complex World,” 2000, p. 187

Not an easy task…
“When the burdens of the presidency seem unusually
heavy, I always remind myself it could be worse. I
could be a mayor.”

Smarter cities are finding solutions today
Social Services: In California, Smarter Services
Agencies are improving case management for
over 158,000 clients while saving nearly $70M
Water: In Texas, Smarter Water Management
agencies have eliminated 1/3 of their service
calls by predicting maintenance needs
Public Safety: In New York, Smarter Fire
Departments are improving responsiveness and
saving lives by integrating city information

Technology can make these solutions possible
Turning Information
into Insight
Optimizing systems
to deliver outcomes

We can measure, sense and monitor almost everything
Camera phones in
existence able to
document accidents,
damage, and crimes
1 billion
RFID tags
embedded into our
world and across
entire ecosystems
30 billion
Of new automobiles
will contain event data
recorders collecting
travel information
85%
Instrumented Interconnected Intelligent

People and systems can communicate freely
Mobile phone
subscribers globally
4 billion
People on the
internet by 2011
2 billion
Connected devices in
the “internet of things”
1 trillion

We can predict and respond to changes quickly
Or one quadrillion
operations per second
can be calculated
1 petaflop
Of new information
generated every day and
can now be managed
15 petabytes
Of granularity for weather
prediction can be
modeled and measured
1 kilometer²

Smarter Planet – IBM’s current global agenda
An opportunity to think and act in new ways -
economically, socially and technically.
+ + =

“Smarter Cities” is a way to approach the complexity of the real
world in terms of the flows of information by integration across
multiple government agencies
Atlantic Council Awards Dinner, Washington, D.C., April 29, 2009
“And a city is a system—indeed, a city is a complex system of systems. All the ways
in which the world works—from transportation, to energy, to healthcare, to
commerce, to education, to security, to food and water and beyond—come together
in our cities.”
Sources
• Meters
• Traffic loops
• Toll sensors
• Surveillance cameras
• Environmental sensors
• Water flow, depth,….sensors
• Energy flow sensors
• Vehicle telematics (bus, taxi…)
• Mobile telephone (anonymous)
• People as sensors (environmental…)
• People as data collectors (text, image, video…)
• ….and many more
Uses
• “Understanding the city”
• Multi-agency alarms and emergency response
• Multi-factor predictive models (congestion
prediction…)
• Multi-factor risk analysis (impact of storms…)
• Input to government processes (“Fix that hole”)
• Polling (planning preferences…)
• Billing (resource consumption, transit, parking…)
• Visualizations (many kinds)
• ….and many more

A Smarter City is considered to be a single system with many
interconnecting and interdependent sub systems. The ability to
instrument, interconnect and gain intelligence is a fundamental
requirement for a Smarter City.
City
Water
Energy
Transportation
Security
Waste
COEmissions
ICT
Buildings
Smarter City is a system of systems

Example: Holistic and integrated approach to city operation
Smarter City Operations Center and City Operators as new
professions, who can coordinate city operations intelligently
and automatically between city agencies

Water scenario video (3 minutes)

Manage 
Data1
Analyze 
Patterns2
Optimize
Outcomes3
Uniquevaluerealized
Use of Smarter Planet capabilities
Sensors
Data Integration
Analytics
Asset Management
Collaboration
Process Automation
The path to smarter cities

Can you operate a smart city – why not try?

Smarter Cities Challenge - $50M to 100 cities

Thank you

Smart City is a System of Systems

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