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Case of the Week
Pamela Fry, MD
Objectives
—  Discuss interesting case(s)
—  Review epidemiology, pathophysiology,
diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of
condition(s)
—  Review of literature

—  Apply information to clinical practice
Case #1: QM
—  69 YO man presents with AMS + fever x2
days

—  Confusion
—  Disorientation

—  Gait ataxia
—  Difficulty with fine motor skills
—  Blurry vision
—  Left ear pain & deafness
—  7 days ago pt had a root canal performed
Case #1: QM

—  PMH: Hypertension, Hyperlipidemia, Diabetes
—  PSH: none
—  Allergies: NKDA
—  Medications: Atenolol, Glyburide, Lisinopril/HCTZ,
Metformin, Losartan, Simvastatin

—  Social: Married. Retired professor. No tobacco,
ETOH, or drugs

—  Family Hx: negative
Differential Diagnosis
—  Infection

UTI
Pneumonia
Meningitis
Encephalitis
Malignant Otitis
External
—  Mastoiditis
—  Lyme disease

— 
— 
— 
— 
— 

—  Vascular
—  Stroke

—  Metabolic
—  Electrolyte
abnormalities
—  DKA, HONK
—  Thyroid

—  Toxins
—  Neurodegenerative
—  Dementia
—  MS
Source Unknown
Physical Exam
—  VS: T 98.1, HR 90, RR 16, BP 119/69, O2 sat 98% RA
—  General: Lying on stretcher in mild distress with obvious rash
and swelling on left side of face.

—  HEENT: NC/AT, EOMI, PERRL, ptosis of left eyelid with tearing &
blurry vision; crusted, vesicular rash in distribution of 3rd
division of trigeminal n on left, swollen and erythematous left
ear canal, pain with manipulation of left pinna 

—  Neck: No meningismus signs
—  CV: RRR, no m/r/g
—  Lungs: CTAB
—  Abdomen: soft, NT/ND, no masses
—  Neuro: A/Ox2, slow to respond, CN intact except for slight
lower facial weakness and numbness to light touch,
decreased hearing in left ear, normal strength, ataxic gait
Source Unknown
Imaging/Lab Results:
—  Head CT: No acute findings
—  CBC: WBC 10.3, Hgb 13.3, Plts 230
—  Basic: Na 127, K 3.0, Cl 87, CO2 25,
glucose 60, BUN 17, Cr 1.20

—  UA: negative
—  Blood cultures: pending
—  CSF: Pink, hazy fluid
— 
— 
— 
— 

Protein 100, Glucose 25
Tube 1: RBC 12,700, WBC 250
Tube 4: RBC 7,600, WBC 265
Viral cultures: +VZV
Herpes Zoster

—  CDC: 32% of all Americans
—  Risk Factors2:
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 

Age, especially >50
Female>Male
White>Black
Immunosuppression
Chronic lung or kidney disease
Prior episode of shingles
Poor diet

Shingles: Reference. Available online at: www.thefullwiki.org/_Shingles
Impact of Varicella Vaccine
—  NEJM 1991 study: 548 children with ALL2
—  13 children (2.4%) developed zoster
—  Subgroup analysis: 96 vaccinated children matched
with natural varicella infection
—  4 immunized children had zoster
—  15 natural children had zoster

—  NEJM 2005 study: 38,000 pts ≥602
—  Reduced zoster incidence by 50%
—  Reduced postherpetic neuralgia incidence by 66.5%

—  CDC: varicella incidence decreased from 2.63
cases to 0.92 cases/100-person years 

—  CDC: zoster incidence stable
—  Vaccine recommended for healthy adults ≥60
Shingles: Reference. Available online at: www.thefullwiki.org/_Shingles
Pathophysiology

FDA, "A Course of Shingles", Wikimedia Commons
VZV Meningoencephalitis

—  Bimodal age distribution: teens & 70 s-80 s6
—  Risk Factors1:
— 
— 
— 
— 

Immunosuppression, including HIV
Cranial or cervical dermatome involvement
2 or more prior episodes of shingles
Disseminated zoster

—  Can occur more than 6 months after rash
—  Clinical Features6:
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 

HA 86%
Fever 86%
Confusion 57%
Neck stiffness 29%
Photophobia 57%
Focal neurological signs 14%
VZV Meningoencephalitis
—  Diagnosis: LP with VZV PCR
—  MRI to exclude vasculitis & infarct5
—  Treatment:
—  IV Acyclovir 10mg/kg TID for at least 10-14
days
—  Steroids are controversial
—  +/- anticonvulsive medication

—  Prognosis
—  Mortality 9-10%
—  1/3 of pts will have persistent neurological
symptoms at 3 months10
Complications of VZV

Postherpetic neuralgia
—  Pain beyond 4 months of

initial rash
—  10-15% of VZV infections
—  50% of cases occur in pts
older than 60
—  Antivirals to reduce
incidence severity & duration
—  Valacylovir superior to acylcovir

—  Steroids: no change in
incidence or duration

Source Unknown
Complications of VZV

Source Unknown

Bacterial Super-infection

—  Very common complication
—  Treat with antiboitics
—  Steroid treatment is major risk factor
Complications of VZV
Hutchinson s sign

Source Unknown

Source Unknown

Ophthalmicus HZO
—  8-56% of VZV
infections
—  Conjunctivitis,
episcleritis & lid droop
—  66% corneal
involvement
—  40% iritis
—  PO antiviral therapy,
ophthalmology referral,
+/- topical steroid
drops
Complications of VZV
Ramsay Hunt Syndrome
—  Triad:
—  Ipsilateral facial paralysis
—  Ear pain
—  Vesicles in auditory canal/auricle or hard
Source
Unknown

palate, or anterior 2/3 of tongue

—  Neuropathy of CN V, IX, X
—  Tinnitus, hyperacusis, lacrimation, taste
perception, vertigo

—  More severe than Bell s palsy
—  Tx: Antivirals + Steroids
Source
Unknown

—  Treat within 3 days of symptom onset
Complications of VZV
Oticus

—  Zoster infection of ear
without neuropathies

—  Tx: Antivirals + Steroids
—  ENT consult
Source Unknown

—  Limit tactile stimulation
—  Audiogram if hearing
affected

—  May require canal

debridement after vesicles
resolve

Source Unknown
Isolation Precautions

—  Varicella infection

—  Infectious from 24-48 hours prior to onset of rash to 5

days after onset of rash
—  Once vesicles are crusted over they are no longer infectious
—  Immunocompromised pt will be infectious longer

—  Zoster infection
—  Risk of transmission is 1/3 that of varicella

—  Transmission is both airborne and through contact
—  CDC recommends negative pressure room with

airborne & contact precautions for varicella,
disseminated zoster, & immunocompromised. 
—  Contact precautions only for immunocompetent zoster
patients.

Prevention and control of varicella in hospitals. UpToDate. 18.2. June 18, 2009.
Case #1: QM Case Update

—  ID consult: VZV Meningoencephalitis
—  IV Acyclovir x 2 weeks
—  PO prednisone x 1 week
—  No super-infection

—  Neurology consult: Ramsay-Hunt Syndrome

—  MRI: Bilateral and left vestibulocohlear nerve enchancement

—  Ophthamology: Mild conjunctivitis, no iritis or keratitis,
visual acuity 20/30 both eyes
—  Artificial tears

—  ENT: Outpatient follow-up for possible debridement
—  Pt had improvement of AMS, ataxia, hearing loss, facial
paralysis, and blurry vision 

—  Discharged after 3 days with IV meds at home
Summary

—  All people >60 years old should receive a
varicella vaccination booster

—  All zoster infections should be treated with
antivirals

—  Use steroids on a case-by-case basis
—  Look at the ears!
—  Zoster infections don t always have a rash
—  Infectious period is 24-48 hrs before rash
until vesicles crust over

—  Admit to negative pressure rooms with
airborne and contact precautions
Case #2: DF
Case #2: DF
—  CC: Chest pain
—  23 YO man presents with left-sided
pleuritic chest pain x 3 days

—  6 weeks of URI symptoms, malaise, and fatigue,
DOE, night sweats, decreased PO intake
—  Cough productive of yellow-brown phlegm
—  +occasional hemoptysis

—  No fevers, chills, wt loss, GI/GU symptoms, rash

—  Saw PMD 2 days ago 
—  Prescribed Z-pack & Mucinex for tonsillitis
—  No improvement in symptoms
—  PMH:

Case #2: DF

—  Gilbert s syndrome
—  Anxiety

—  PSH: none
—  Allergies: NKDA
—  Medications: none
—  Family Hx: negative for blood clots
—  Social Hx: 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 

Alcohol socially 
Rare cigarettes in past, but not recently 
Marijuana use in past, but not recently, no other drugs
works at a manufacturing company
lives with parents
Physical Exam

—  VS: T 98.7, HR 90, BP 102/70, RR 18, O2 sat
98% RA, Ht 80 , Wt 166 lbs, BMI 18

—  General: Uncomfortable appearing
—  HEENT: NC/AT, PERRL, EOMI, TM clear

bilaterally, nares clear, OP clear, MMM, normal
dentition

—  Neck: supple, no thyromegaly
—  Chest: CTAB with no w/r/r, nml respiratory
effort

—  Heart: RRR, no m/r/g
—  Skin: warm and clammy with mild diaphoresis
Differential Diagnosis
—  Cardiovascular
—  PE
—  Dissection
—  Vasculitis

—  Pulmonary
—  AVM
—  Spontaneous

pneumothorax
—  Sarcoidosis

—  Neoplasm

—  Infection
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 

TB
Fungi
Pneumonia
Pericarditis
Empyema
Lung abscess

—  Environmental
Pneumonitis
CXR

Source Unknown

Source Unknown
Labs
—  CBC: WBC 13.4, Hg 15.7, HCT 43.5, Plts 142
—  Differential: 80% PMN s, 11% lymphocytes, 9%
monocytes

—  CMP: Na 138, K 4.0, Cl 102, CO2 26, glucose 95,
BUN 13, Cr 0.79, TP 7.4, albumin 4.7, AST 15,
ALT 7, Alk Phos 70, T bili 4.4
Lung Abscess
—  Typically a complication of aspiration
pneumonia

—  Incidence has decreased with antibiotic use
—  Risk factors1&3:
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 

Male Sex 82-83%
Oral sugery/tonsillectomy in seated position
Smoking 65-75%
Alcoholism 17-70%
Cancer (age >50) 8%
Periodontal disease 61-82%
LOC 79%
Bronchiectasis 3%

—  18.5% of patients had no underlying illness
Lung Abscess Diagnosis
—  Symptoms are indolent 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 

Fever, other VS normal
Productive cough +/- hemoptysis
Night sweats
Chest pain
Putrid sputum
Weight loss
Assess for risk factors

—  Labs: CBC with leukocytosis & anemia
—  CXR/CT scans
—  Sputum Cultures
—  Usually + anaerobes and gram negatives
Lung Abscess Treatment
—  First line treatment = Antibiotics
—  Clindamycin +/- Cephalosporin
—  Aminopenicillin/b-lactamase inhibitor
—  Metronidazole + Pencillin or Levaquin

—  IV antibiotics until pt is afebrile &

clinically improved then transition to PO

—  Total treatment is usually 3-8 weeks
—  Follow Q2 week CXR

—  Oral therapy = IV therapy in 1974 study
—  Cure rates 85-95%
Lung Abscess Treatment 

Failure & Prognosis
—  Risks factors for
medical failure

—  Recurrent aspiration
—  Large cavity >6 cm 
—  Prolonged symptoms
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 

before treatment
Obstructing lesion
Thick-walled cavities
Serious co-morbidities
Empyema formation
Resistant organisms
Massive hemoptysis

—  Prognosis
—  Pre-antibiotic era
—  45% had surgery
—  30% mortality

—  Antibiotic era
—  <15% have surgery
—  Overall mortality 10%
—  Primary/Communityacquired abscess
mortality 2-5%
Case #2: DF Course

—  Total outpatient treatment with Levaquin and
Flagyl

—  Improved after a few days on antibiotics
—  B symptoms resolved, appetite & cough
improved
—  Feeling better and returned to work

—  CT surgeon consulted 130 miles away over

phone
—  Plan to re-CT scan after 3 weeks of antibiotic
treatment
Case #2 Summary Points
—  Lung abscess usually occurs in people at
risk for aspiration pneumonia, but can
occur in healthy people

—  Periodontal disease is major risk factor
—  Treatment is antibiotics
—  IV until symptomatic improvement then PO
—  Cover for anaerobes

—  Good prognosis with primary and
community-acquired abscesses
Special Thanks!
References:
1. 
2. 
3. 
4. 
5. 
6. 
7. 
8. 
9. 
10. 
11. 
12. 
13. 
14. 

Albrecht, MA. Clinical manifestations of varicella-zoster virus infection: Herpes
zoster. UpToDate. 18.2. July 6, 2009
Albrecht, MA. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of varicella-zoster virus
infection: Herpes zoster. UpToDate. 18.2. April 6, 2010
Albrecht, MA. Treatment of herpes zoster. UpToDate. 18.2. June 3, 2010
Bartlett, JG. Lung Abscess. UpToDate. 18.2. Sept 8, 2009
Braun-Falco, M and Hoffmann, M. Herpes zoster with progression to acute
varicella zoster virus-meningoencephalitis. Int. J of Dermatology 2009,
48:834-839
Douglas, A et al. Herpes Zoster Meningoencephalitis. Infection 38. 2010. No1
Eskiizmir, G, et al. Herpes Zoster Oticus Associated with Varicella Zoster Virus
Encephalitis. Laryngoscope 119: April 2009. 
Mandell: Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett s Principles and Practice of Infectious
Diseases, 7th ed. Bacterial Lung Abscess. 2009
Moreira, J. et al. Lung abscess: analysis of 252 consecutive cases diagnosed
between 1968 and 2004. J Bras Pneumol. 2006;32(2): 36-43
Persson, A, et al. Varicella-zoster virus CNS disease - Viral load, clinical
manifestations and sequels. J of Clinical Virology 46(2009)249-253
Sweeney, CJ and Gilden DH. Ramsay Hunt syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg
Psychiatry 2001;71:149-154
Takayanagi N, et al. Etiology and Outcome of Community-Acquired Lung
Abscess. Respiration 2010;80:98-105
Tintinalli J. Emergency Medicine. 6th edition. Lung Abscess. 2004. 456-457
Weber, DJ, Rutala, WA. Prevention and control of varicella in hospitals.
UpToDate. 18.2, June 18, 2009.
Additional Source Information

for more information see: http://open.umich.edu/wiki/CitationPolicy
Slide 8, Image 1: Source Unknown.
Slide 10, Image 1: Source Unknown.
Slide 14, Image 1: FDA, "A Course of Shingles", Wikimedia Commons, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
File:A_Course_of_Shingles_diagram.png, Public Domain.
Slide 17, Image 1: Source Unknown.
Slide 18, Image 1: Source Unknown.
Slide 19, Image 1: Source Unknown.
Slide 19, Image 2: Source Unknown.
Slide 20, Image 1: Source Unknown.
Slide 20, Image 2: Source Unknown.
Slide 21, Image 1: Source Unknown.
Slide 21, Image 2: Source Unknown.
Slide 30, Image 1: Source Unknown.
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GEMC- Case of the Week #2- for Residents

  • 1. Author(s): Pamela Fry, 2011 License: Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike 3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ We have reviewed this material in accordance with U.S. Copyright Law and have tried to maximize your ability to use, share, and adapt it. Copyright holders of content included in this material should contact open.michigan@umich.edu with any questions, corrections, or clarification regarding the use of content. For more information about how to cite these materials visit http://open.umich.edu/privacy-and-terms-use. Any medical information in this material is intended to inform and educate and is not a tool for self-diagnosis or a replacement for medical evaluation, advice, diagnosis or treatment by a healthcare professional. Please speak to your physician if you have questions about your medical condition. Viewer discretion is advised: Some medical content is graphic and may not be suitable for all viewers.
  • 2. Citation Key for more information see: http://open.umich.edu/wiki/CitationPolicy Use + Share + Adapt { Content the copyright holder, author, or law permits you to use, share and adapt. } Public Domain – Government: Works that are produced by the U.S. Government. (17 USC § 105) Public Domain – Expired: Works that are no longer protected due to an expired copyright term. Public Domain – Self Dedicated: Works that a copyright holder has dedicated to the public domain. Creative Commons – Zero Waiver Creative Commons – Attribution License Creative Commons – Attribution Share Alike License Creative Commons – Attribution Noncommercial License Creative Commons – Attribution Noncommercial Share Alike License GNU – Free Documentation License Make Your Own Assessment { Content Open.Michigan believes can be used, shared, and adapted because it is ineligible for copyright. } Public Domain – Ineligible: Works that are ineligible for copyright protection in the U.S. (17 USC § 102(b)) *laws in your jurisdiction may differ { Content Open.Michigan has used under a Fair Use determination. } Fair Use: Use of works that is determined to be Fair consistent with the U.S. Copyright Act. (17 USC § 107) *laws in your jurisdiction may differ Our determination DOES NOT mean that all uses of this 3rd-party content are Fair Uses and we DO NOT guarantee that your use of the content is Fair. To use this content you should do your own independent analysis to determine whether or not your use will be Fair.
  • 3. Case of the Week Pamela Fry, MD
  • 4. Objectives —  Discuss interesting case(s) —  Review epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of condition(s) —  Review of literature —  Apply information to clinical practice
  • 5. Case #1: QM —  69 YO man presents with AMS + fever x2 days —  Confusion —  Disorientation —  Gait ataxia —  Difficulty with fine motor skills —  Blurry vision —  Left ear pain & deafness —  7 days ago pt had a root canal performed
  • 6. Case #1: QM —  PMH: Hypertension, Hyperlipidemia, Diabetes —  PSH: none —  Allergies: NKDA —  Medications: Atenolol, Glyburide, Lisinopril/HCTZ, Metformin, Losartan, Simvastatin —  Social: Married. Retired professor. No tobacco, ETOH, or drugs —  Family Hx: negative
  • 7. Differential Diagnosis —  Infection UTI Pneumonia Meningitis Encephalitis Malignant Otitis External —  Mastoiditis —  Lyme disease —  —  —  —  —  —  Vascular —  Stroke —  Metabolic —  Electrolyte abnormalities —  DKA, HONK —  Thyroid —  Toxins —  Neurodegenerative —  Dementia —  MS
  • 9. Physical Exam —  VS: T 98.1, HR 90, RR 16, BP 119/69, O2 sat 98% RA —  General: Lying on stretcher in mild distress with obvious rash and swelling on left side of face. —  HEENT: NC/AT, EOMI, PERRL, ptosis of left eyelid with tearing & blurry vision; crusted, vesicular rash in distribution of 3rd division of trigeminal n on left, swollen and erythematous left ear canal, pain with manipulation of left pinna —  Neck: No meningismus signs —  CV: RRR, no m/r/g —  Lungs: CTAB —  Abdomen: soft, NT/ND, no masses —  Neuro: A/Ox2, slow to respond, CN intact except for slight lower facial weakness and numbness to light touch, decreased hearing in left ear, normal strength, ataxic gait
  • 11. Imaging/Lab Results: —  Head CT: No acute findings —  CBC: WBC 10.3, Hgb 13.3, Plts 230 —  Basic: Na 127, K 3.0, Cl 87, CO2 25, glucose 60, BUN 17, Cr 1.20 —  UA: negative —  Blood cultures: pending —  CSF: Pink, hazy fluid —  —  —  —  Protein 100, Glucose 25 Tube 1: RBC 12,700, WBC 250 Tube 4: RBC 7,600, WBC 265 Viral cultures: +VZV
  • 12. Herpes Zoster —  CDC: 32% of all Americans —  Risk Factors2: —  —  —  —  —  —  —  Age, especially >50 Female>Male White>Black Immunosuppression Chronic lung or kidney disease Prior episode of shingles Poor diet Shingles: Reference. Available online at: www.thefullwiki.org/_Shingles
  • 13. Impact of Varicella Vaccine —  NEJM 1991 study: 548 children with ALL2 —  13 children (2.4%) developed zoster —  Subgroup analysis: 96 vaccinated children matched with natural varicella infection —  4 immunized children had zoster —  15 natural children had zoster —  NEJM 2005 study: 38,000 pts ≥602 —  Reduced zoster incidence by 50% —  Reduced postherpetic neuralgia incidence by 66.5% —  CDC: varicella incidence decreased from 2.63 cases to 0.92 cases/100-person years —  CDC: zoster incidence stable —  Vaccine recommended for healthy adults ≥60 Shingles: Reference. Available online at: www.thefullwiki.org/_Shingles
  • 14. Pathophysiology FDA, "A Course of Shingles", Wikimedia Commons
  • 15. VZV Meningoencephalitis —  Bimodal age distribution: teens & 70 s-80 s6 —  Risk Factors1: —  —  —  —  Immunosuppression, including HIV Cranial or cervical dermatome involvement 2 or more prior episodes of shingles Disseminated zoster —  Can occur more than 6 months after rash —  Clinical Features6: —  —  —  —  —  —  HA 86% Fever 86% Confusion 57% Neck stiffness 29% Photophobia 57% Focal neurological signs 14%
  • 16. VZV Meningoencephalitis —  Diagnosis: LP with VZV PCR —  MRI to exclude vasculitis & infarct5 —  Treatment: —  IV Acyclovir 10mg/kg TID for at least 10-14 days —  Steroids are controversial —  +/- anticonvulsive medication —  Prognosis —  Mortality 9-10% —  1/3 of pts will have persistent neurological symptoms at 3 months10
  • 17. Complications of VZV Postherpetic neuralgia —  Pain beyond 4 months of initial rash —  10-15% of VZV infections —  50% of cases occur in pts older than 60 —  Antivirals to reduce incidence severity & duration —  Valacylovir superior to acylcovir —  Steroids: no change in incidence or duration Source Unknown
  • 18. Complications of VZV Source Unknown Bacterial Super-infection —  Very common complication —  Treat with antiboitics —  Steroid treatment is major risk factor
  • 19. Complications of VZV Hutchinson s sign Source Unknown Source Unknown Ophthalmicus HZO —  8-56% of VZV infections —  Conjunctivitis, episcleritis & lid droop —  66% corneal involvement —  40% iritis —  PO antiviral therapy, ophthalmology referral, +/- topical steroid drops
  • 20. Complications of VZV Ramsay Hunt Syndrome —  Triad: —  Ipsilateral facial paralysis —  Ear pain —  Vesicles in auditory canal/auricle or hard Source Unknown palate, or anterior 2/3 of tongue —  Neuropathy of CN V, IX, X —  Tinnitus, hyperacusis, lacrimation, taste perception, vertigo —  More severe than Bell s palsy —  Tx: Antivirals + Steroids Source Unknown —  Treat within 3 days of symptom onset
  • 21. Complications of VZV Oticus —  Zoster infection of ear without neuropathies —  Tx: Antivirals + Steroids —  ENT consult Source Unknown —  Limit tactile stimulation —  Audiogram if hearing affected —  May require canal debridement after vesicles resolve Source Unknown
  • 22. Isolation Precautions —  Varicella infection —  Infectious from 24-48 hours prior to onset of rash to 5 days after onset of rash —  Once vesicles are crusted over they are no longer infectious —  Immunocompromised pt will be infectious longer —  Zoster infection —  Risk of transmission is 1/3 that of varicella —  Transmission is both airborne and through contact —  CDC recommends negative pressure room with airborne & contact precautions for varicella, disseminated zoster, & immunocompromised. —  Contact precautions only for immunocompetent zoster patients. Prevention and control of varicella in hospitals. UpToDate. 18.2. June 18, 2009.
  • 23. Case #1: QM Case Update —  ID consult: VZV Meningoencephalitis —  IV Acyclovir x 2 weeks —  PO prednisone x 1 week —  No super-infection —  Neurology consult: Ramsay-Hunt Syndrome —  MRI: Bilateral and left vestibulocohlear nerve enchancement —  Ophthamology: Mild conjunctivitis, no iritis or keratitis, visual acuity 20/30 both eyes —  Artificial tears —  ENT: Outpatient follow-up for possible debridement —  Pt had improvement of AMS, ataxia, hearing loss, facial paralysis, and blurry vision —  Discharged after 3 days with IV meds at home
  • 24. Summary —  All people >60 years old should receive a varicella vaccination booster —  All zoster infections should be treated with antivirals —  Use steroids on a case-by-case basis —  Look at the ears! —  Zoster infections don t always have a rash —  Infectious period is 24-48 hrs before rash until vesicles crust over —  Admit to negative pressure rooms with airborne and contact precautions
  • 26. Case #2: DF —  CC: Chest pain —  23 YO man presents with left-sided pleuritic chest pain x 3 days —  6 weeks of URI symptoms, malaise, and fatigue, DOE, night sweats, decreased PO intake —  Cough productive of yellow-brown phlegm —  +occasional hemoptysis —  No fevers, chills, wt loss, GI/GU symptoms, rash —  Saw PMD 2 days ago —  Prescribed Z-pack & Mucinex for tonsillitis —  No improvement in symptoms
  • 27. —  PMH: Case #2: DF —  Gilbert s syndrome —  Anxiety —  PSH: none —  Allergies: NKDA —  Medications: none —  Family Hx: negative for blood clots —  Social Hx: —  —  —  —  —  Alcohol socially Rare cigarettes in past, but not recently Marijuana use in past, but not recently, no other drugs works at a manufacturing company lives with parents
  • 28. Physical Exam —  VS: T 98.7, HR 90, BP 102/70, RR 18, O2 sat 98% RA, Ht 80 , Wt 166 lbs, BMI 18 —  General: Uncomfortable appearing —  HEENT: NC/AT, PERRL, EOMI, TM clear bilaterally, nares clear, OP clear, MMM, normal dentition —  Neck: supple, no thyromegaly —  Chest: CTAB with no w/r/r, nml respiratory effort —  Heart: RRR, no m/r/g —  Skin: warm and clammy with mild diaphoresis
  • 29. Differential Diagnosis —  Cardiovascular —  PE —  Dissection —  Vasculitis —  Pulmonary —  AVM —  Spontaneous pneumothorax —  Sarcoidosis —  Neoplasm —  Infection —  —  —  —  —  —  TB Fungi Pneumonia Pericarditis Empyema Lung abscess —  Environmental Pneumonitis
  • 31. Labs —  CBC: WBC 13.4, Hg 15.7, HCT 43.5, Plts 142 —  Differential: 80% PMN s, 11% lymphocytes, 9% monocytes —  CMP: Na 138, K 4.0, Cl 102, CO2 26, glucose 95, BUN 13, Cr 0.79, TP 7.4, albumin 4.7, AST 15, ALT 7, Alk Phos 70, T bili 4.4
  • 32. Lung Abscess —  Typically a complication of aspiration pneumonia —  Incidence has decreased with antibiotic use —  Risk factors1&3: —  —  —  —  —  —  —  —  Male Sex 82-83% Oral sugery/tonsillectomy in seated position Smoking 65-75% Alcoholism 17-70% Cancer (age >50) 8% Periodontal disease 61-82% LOC 79% Bronchiectasis 3% —  18.5% of patients had no underlying illness
  • 33. Lung Abscess Diagnosis —  Symptoms are indolent —  —  —  —  —  —  —  Fever, other VS normal Productive cough +/- hemoptysis Night sweats Chest pain Putrid sputum Weight loss Assess for risk factors —  Labs: CBC with leukocytosis & anemia —  CXR/CT scans —  Sputum Cultures —  Usually + anaerobes and gram negatives
  • 34. Lung Abscess Treatment —  First line treatment = Antibiotics —  Clindamycin +/- Cephalosporin —  Aminopenicillin/b-lactamase inhibitor —  Metronidazole + Pencillin or Levaquin —  IV antibiotics until pt is afebrile & clinically improved then transition to PO —  Total treatment is usually 3-8 weeks —  Follow Q2 week CXR —  Oral therapy = IV therapy in 1974 study —  Cure rates 85-95%
  • 35. Lung Abscess Treatment 
 Failure & Prognosis —  Risks factors for medical failure —  Recurrent aspiration —  Large cavity >6 cm —  Prolonged symptoms —  —  —  —  —  —  before treatment Obstructing lesion Thick-walled cavities Serious co-morbidities Empyema formation Resistant organisms Massive hemoptysis —  Prognosis —  Pre-antibiotic era —  45% had surgery —  30% mortality —  Antibiotic era —  <15% have surgery —  Overall mortality 10% —  Primary/Communityacquired abscess mortality 2-5%
  • 36. Case #2: DF Course —  Total outpatient treatment with Levaquin and Flagyl —  Improved after a few days on antibiotics —  B symptoms resolved, appetite & cough improved —  Feeling better and returned to work —  CT surgeon consulted 130 miles away over phone —  Plan to re-CT scan after 3 weeks of antibiotic treatment
  • 37. Case #2 Summary Points —  Lung abscess usually occurs in people at risk for aspiration pneumonia, but can occur in healthy people —  Periodontal disease is major risk factor —  Treatment is antibiotics —  IV until symptomatic improvement then PO —  Cover for anaerobes —  Good prognosis with primary and community-acquired abscesses
  • 39. References: 1.  2.  3.  4.  5.  6.  7.  8.  9.  10.  11.  12.  13.  14.  Albrecht, MA. Clinical manifestations of varicella-zoster virus infection: Herpes zoster. UpToDate. 18.2. July 6, 2009 Albrecht, MA. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of varicella-zoster virus infection: Herpes zoster. UpToDate. 18.2. April 6, 2010 Albrecht, MA. Treatment of herpes zoster. UpToDate. 18.2. June 3, 2010 Bartlett, JG. Lung Abscess. UpToDate. 18.2. Sept 8, 2009 Braun-Falco, M and Hoffmann, M. Herpes zoster with progression to acute varicella zoster virus-meningoencephalitis. Int. J of Dermatology 2009, 48:834-839 Douglas, A et al. Herpes Zoster Meningoencephalitis. Infection 38. 2010. No1 Eskiizmir, G, et al. Herpes Zoster Oticus Associated with Varicella Zoster Virus Encephalitis. Laryngoscope 119: April 2009. Mandell: Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 7th ed. Bacterial Lung Abscess. 2009 Moreira, J. et al. Lung abscess: analysis of 252 consecutive cases diagnosed between 1968 and 2004. J Bras Pneumol. 2006;32(2): 36-43 Persson, A, et al. Varicella-zoster virus CNS disease - Viral load, clinical manifestations and sequels. J of Clinical Virology 46(2009)249-253 Sweeney, CJ and Gilden DH. Ramsay Hunt syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2001;71:149-154 Takayanagi N, et al. Etiology and Outcome of Community-Acquired Lung Abscess. Respiration 2010;80:98-105 Tintinalli J. Emergency Medicine. 6th edition. Lung Abscess. 2004. 456-457 Weber, DJ, Rutala, WA. Prevention and control of varicella in hospitals. UpToDate. 18.2, June 18, 2009.
  • 40. Additional Source Information for more information see: http://open.umich.edu/wiki/CitationPolicy Slide 8, Image 1: Source Unknown. Slide 10, Image 1: Source Unknown. Slide 14, Image 1: FDA, "A Course of Shingles", Wikimedia Commons, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:A_Course_of_Shingles_diagram.png, Public Domain. Slide 17, Image 1: Source Unknown. Slide 18, Image 1: Source Unknown. Slide 19, Image 1: Source Unknown. Slide 19, Image 2: Source Unknown. Slide 20, Image 1: Source Unknown. Slide 20, Image 2: Source Unknown. Slide 21, Image 1: Source Unknown. Slide 21, Image 2: Source Unknown. Slide 30, Image 1: Source Unknown. Slide 30, Image 2: Source unknown.