1. CHAPTER
5
The Second Law of
Thermodynamics

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FIGURE 5-9
Part of the heat received by a
heat engine is converted to
work, while the rest is rejected
to a sink.
5-1

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FIGURE 5-10
Schematic of a steam power
plant.
5-2

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FIGURE 5-14
Schematic of a heat
engine.
5-3

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FIGURE 5-16
A heat-engine cycle cannot be
completed without rejecting some
heat to a low-temperature sink.
5-4

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FIGURE 5-23
The efficiency of a cooking
appliance represents the
fraction of the energy
supplied to the appliance
that is transferred to the
food.
5-5

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FIGURE 5-25
Basic components
of a refrigeration
system and typical
operating
conditions.
5-6

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FIGURE 5-26
The objective of a
refrigerator is to remove
QL from the cooled space.
5-7

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FIGURE 5-27
The objective of a heat
pump is to supply heat
QH into the warmer
space.
5-8

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FIGURE 5-33
Proof that the violation of the
Kelvin-Planck statement leads to
the violation of the Clausius
statement.
5-9

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FIGURE 5-34
A perpetual-motion machine
that violates the first law of
thermodynamics (PMM1).
5-10

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FIGURE 5-43
Execution of the Carnot
cycle in a closed system.
5-11

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FIGURE 5-44
P-V diagram of
the Carnot cycle.
5-12

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FIGURE 5-45
P-V diagram of
the reversed
Carnot cycle.
5-13

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FIGURE 5-46
The Carnot principles.
5-14

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FIGURE 5-47
Proof of the first
Carnot principle.
5-15

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FIGURE 5-49
The arrangement
of heat engines
used to develop the
thermodynamic
temperature scale.
5-16

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FIGURE 5-55
The fraction of heat that
can be converted to work
as a function of source
temperature (for TL = 303
K).
5-17

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FIGURE 5-57
No refrigerator can
have a higher COP
than a reversible
refrigerator operating
between the same
temperature limits.
5-18

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FIGURE 5-63
The condenser coils of a
refrigerator must be cleaned
periodically, and the airflow
passages must not be blocked
to maintain high performance.
5-19