Ozone and climate-friendly alternatives in developing countries

OZONE- AND CLIMATE-FRIENDLY TECHNOLOGIES
COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Prof. Dr. Risto Ciconkov, dipl. ing.
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,
University “Ss. Cyril & Methodius”
Skopje, R. Macedonia

Delagate to IIR Member of

UNEP, ECA meeting, Belgrade, 2011

OZONE- AND CLIMATE-FRIENDLY TECHNOLOGIES
COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

CONTENT
View on the refrigeration industries in the SE region
Domestic refrigerators
Commercial refrigeration
Air conditioners and heat pumps
Water-heating heat pumps
Liquid chillers
Industrial refrigeration
Sources of information for industries and low GWP technologies
Who decide? Reasons why natural refrigerants not applied
Suggestions

Ozone- and climate-friendly technologies commercially available in developing countries

View on the refrigeration industries in the SE region
Bankruptcy of almost all companies manufacturers of refrigerating
equipment in economy transition process in this part of Europe
“Frinko” – R. Macedonia
“Jugostroj” – Serbia
“Termomehanika”, “Termofriz” – Croatia
“Soko” – Bosnia & Hercegovina
“LTH” – Slovenia
“Obod” – MonteNegro
“Mraz” – Bulgaria
“Fyrogenis” – Greece

Consequences:
The refrigeration sector is weakened.
Lost of human recsources from the refrigeration sector.
Additional confusion caused by the Montreal and Kyoto Protocols.
Almost all refrigerating equipment is now imported.


DOMESTIC REFRIGERATORS

Approximately 100 million domestic refrigerators and freezers are
produced annually [RTOC, 2011].

In 2008, 36% of production units used HC-600a.

Manufacturers of HC refrigerators in: Europe, China, India, Brasil, …

Countries of ECA region: import domestic refrigerators.

Low GWP technology:
AVAILABLE
Used in the ECA region.

Public awareness
The customer are not informed for the refrigerant inside.



MOST COMMON SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS

According the Refrigeration, Air Conditioning And Heat Pumps Technical
Options Committee (RTOC) applications are grouped as:

DOMESTIC REFRIGERATION
COMMERCIAL REFRIGERATION
R22
INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION
TRANSPORT REFRIGERATION
AIR CONDITIONERS AND HEAT PUMPS
WATER-HEATING HEAT PUMPS R22
LIQUID CHILLERS R22
VEHICLE AIR CONDITIONING



COMMERCIAL REFRIGERATION
Supermarkets; Cold rooms

Two levels of temperature,
Refrigerant leakage:
- medium: fresh food and
- in developed countries ~30%
beverages (R22, R404A)
- in developing countries ?
- low: frozen products (R404A)


Supermarkets
Three main categories of equipment:
1. Stand-alone equipment 2. Condensing unit systems

3. Centralised systems



1. Stand-alone equipment
Heat release indoor.
Low energy efficiency.
Small refrigerant leakage.

Condensing unit
Evaporator



2. Condensing unit systems
Heat release outdoor.
Low energy efficiency.
Small/medium refrigerant leakage.

Outdoor

Evaporator
Condensing unit UNEP, ECA meeting, Belgrade, 2011


Stand-alone equipment and
Condensing unit systems

Alternatives:

HCs: R600a; R290; or
blend R600a/R290

R744 (CO2)

Low GWP technology:
AVAILABLE
Not used in the ECA region.



3. Centralised direct systems (supermarket)
Direct systems: HFC-404A and HFC-507 are not long term alternatives!

R404A

R404A
R404A
R507

UNEP, ECA meeting, 2008


3. Centralised indirect systems

Secondary coolant

Secondary coolant

refrigerant

Machinery room



Cascade systems NH3/CO2

Low GWP technology:
AVAILABLE



Centralised CO2 system (transcritical)

Higher efficiency
in locations with
colder climate

LT
Low GWP technology:
MT AVAILABLE


Self-contained air conditioners Split air conditioners
(window and through-the-wall) (residential and commercial)

indoor outdoor

Split air conditioners - ducted

outdoor




Nearly all air-cooled air conditioners and heat pumps manufactured prior
to 2000 use R22.
Since 2000: R407C and R410A
A photo made in 2009.

Low GWP technology:
AVAILABLE
?
R290 (Propane) in some low charge applications (with safety mitigation).
15 % less energy consumption; 40 % less refrigerant charge (<300 gr).
Expected expansion on the market.



WATER-HEATING HEAT PUMPS

Comfort Heating
Air to water heat pump

Air-cooled water chiller
– heating mode

Hydronic system:
Fan-coil units (50oC)
Floor heating (35oC)

Refrigerant: R407C, R410A, HCs

Low GWP technology:
AVAILABLE



WATER-HEATING HEAT PUMPS
Domestic Hot Water
Air to water heat pump
Refrigerants: R407C, R410A, HCs

Low GWP technology:
AVAILABLE

CO2 refrigerant – “Eco cute”
COP = 5
Water temperature: 70 oC (85oC)

One million units sold by 2008,
expexted several million by 2011
(Japan).


WATER CHILLERS

Compressors types



Heat exchangers



Heat exchangers

air-cooled condenser water-cooled condenser

applications 20%
applications 80%
microchannel

shell and plate plate type
shell-and-tube evaporator

(dry expansion; flooded)



WATER CHILLERS - ALTERNATIVES
R407C was first R22 alternative for chillers.
Current trends: R410A, R134a; (R717 and HCs).
R134a with screw compresors, cooling capacities up to 2200 kW.

R410A with scroll compressors, cooling capacities up to 800 kW.

R717 (Ammonia) with piston and screw compressors, medium and large
capacities.

Low GWP technology:
AVAILABLE



Cold Storage;
Food and drink processing;
Process refrigeration: pharmaceutical, chemical, petrochemical …;
Industrial heat pumps.

HFCs
?

R717 (Ammonia) is widely used in industries in developed countries;
Stagnation in the developing world last two decades.


Cold Storage INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION



Barrier (NH3 systems): safety reason.
Decrease the charge (quantity) of ammonia in refrigerating systems.

New technologies of heat exchangers;
New concepts of ammonia systems;
Cascade systems (freezing tunnels);
Improved automatic control.
Low GWP technology:
AVAILABLE
Stagnation in the ECA region.
Reasons:
- Proper information;
- Training of personnel; ; Proper maintainance of the refrigerat. systems;
- Standards and regulations, …

SOURCES OF INFORMATION FOR INDUSTRIES AND LOW GWP TECHNOLOGIES

Membership: low rate for developing countries


Sources of information for industries and low GWP technologies


WHO DECIDE?
What type of equipment (technology) will be applied?
1) Investor:
- first cost,
- reliability,
- servicing, spare parts,
- energy consumption?!
- corruption,
-…
2) Planners, consultants:
- informed (new technologies)?
- familiar with HFC equipment.

3) Local market:
- distributors of equipment,
- local manufacturers, contractors, …
4) Montreal Protocol bodies (supporting many projects)
5) …


REASONS WHY NATURAL REFRIGERANTS NOT APPLIED
Lack of information and proper information;

First cost (instead Life Cycle Cost);
Weak economy with a low purchase potential;
The priority of the companies in developing countries is how to survive.
Service companies in RAC sector are small. No budget for improvement;
No education and training courses (for low GWP technologies);
etc.

More information in the publications:
“Barriers to the use of low-GWP refrigerants in developing countries and
opportunities to overcome these”, UNEP, 2010
“Natural refrigerants in developing countries, problems and
suggestions”, R. Ciconkov, IIR, 2010


SUGGESTIONS
Dissemination of information on technologies and practices with natural
refrigerants from developed to developing countries;
Introducing new products on the market in developing countries: new
components and new systems. Incentives should be given.
Approaching to new concepts of refrigeration and air conditioning
systems with a low refrigerant charge.
The importance of energy efficiency in the RAC systems with natural
refrigerants should be emphasized.

Technical assistance, education and training for safe operation with
natural refrigerants. New manuals for maintenance and servicing.
Training courses to be organized.

To introduce standards and regulations for design and safe operation.
Positive experiences of the EU standard EN378.
To install demonstration units. etc.

Thank you. UNEP, ECA meeting, Belgrade, 2011

Ozone and climate-friendly alternatives in developing countries

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