Paola De Castro. Critical introduction to scientific journals and the editorial process
1. NECOBELAC Training Module
Critical introduction to
SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS
AND THE EDITORIAL PROCESS
Paola De Castro
Istituto Superiore di Sanità
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P. De Castro - NECOBELAC T1 Course • Scientific journals - Dublin, May 9, 2012
2. Objective of the module
REFLECT ON
1.
2.
“Sea change” in knowledge dissemination
3.
2
Knowledge and responsibilities
to communicate results of scientific reseach
Rules and best practice for publication in scientific journals
P. De Castro - NECOBELAC T1 Course • Scientific journals - Dublin, May 9, 2012
3. Knowledge today…
learning
education
communication
representation
mental stimula
environment
1.
2.
3.
COMPLEXITY
COMPLEXITY
It can assume different meanings (contest)
It is not only information (which exists regardless of its use)
It requires a user able to link available knowledge to his/her personal experience
Today information is available (or potentially available) for all,
provided that you have proper skills and technical devices
to use it and adquire knowlege
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P. De Castro - NECOBELAC T1 Course • Scientific journals - Dublin, May 9, 2012
4. INTERNET PROVIDES TOOLS
BUT you should know
• where to find
• how to recognize quality
• how to use
these tools
A cultural change is still required
which should not only be associated to
the development and availability of new technologies
BUT to the capacity to use resources
provided by such technologies
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P. De Castro - NECOBELAC T1 Course • Scientific journals - Dublin, May 9, 2012
6. Knowledge as a SOCIAL VALUE
Learning is not a private enterprise
Privatization of knowledge generates damage
particularly in the case of research financed with public funds,
and even more in the health sector
J. Willinsky. The Properties of Locke’s Common-wealth of Learning.
Policy Futures in Education Volume 4 Number 4 2006
Knowledge dissemination becomes
a CIVIL COMMITMENT
Scientists must play an active role
in the public debate on health issues
K. Carr, Liberating the voices of science, The Australian, January 16, 2008.
Senator Carr is Australia - Minister for Innovation, Industry, Science and Research.
(http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23057489-25192,00.html)
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P. De Castro - NECOBELAC T1 Course • Scientific journals - Dublin, May 9, 2012
7. Responsibility
of science communication
For all people working in Research and Development
Information transfer is an
ESSENTIAL part of their work
It is a responsiblitity that must be
recognised and undertaken
with the same commitment and professionality
as for all the other science-related activities
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P. De Castro - NECOBELAC T1 Course • Scientific journals - Dublin, May 9, 2012
8. TO WHOM and HOW to communicate?
WHOM?
HOW?
8
Peer
General public
Policy makers
Patients
Clients
Etc. Etc.
Oral
Written
Non verbal
Identify the most appropriate way
of communicating according to
target
P. De Castro - NECOBELACyour • Scientific journals - Dublin, May 9, 2012
T1 Course
9. WHERE does responsibility lay?
•
•
•
•
•
•
Scientists
Institutions where they work
Editors (reviewers, technical editors, etc.)
Publishers
Librarians, information specialists, web-masters
Etc.
They all contribute to create (quality) information,
BUT they have different interests in the publishing enterprise
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P. De Castro - NECOBELAC T1 Course • Scientific journals - Dublin, May 9, 2012
10. VALUE OF SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS
For the target (readers)
WRITE A USEFUL ARTICLE
to contribute to the progress of science
CONSIDER
Which needs shall I meet?
Are there other publications on the same topic?
Are they up-dated?
Are they useful?
Are they easily available?
Are they free on the Internet?
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•
•
•
•
•
P. De Castro - NECOBELAC T1 Course • Scientific journals - Dublin, May 9, 2012
Why write an article?
Where to publish it?
With whom?
How much time?
Which budget?
In some cases,
national journals or books
may be more appropriate
11. VALUE OF SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS
For the author (writer)
PUBLISH IN QUALITY JOURNALS
to obtain the highest evaluation
(grants, career advancement)
HOW TO SELECT THE JOURNAL?
WHAT TO CONSIDER?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Indexed journals (IF)
Journals where important authors publish
High reject rate journals
Journals which I read for updating
•
•
•
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P. De Castro - NECOBELAC T1 Course • Scientific journals - Dublin, May 9, 2012
Where is the journal indexed
Editorial committee
Editorial organization (policy)
(peer review, time)
Online availability
Copyright issues
…
12. AUTHORSHIP & INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
1953
Watson e Crick published an article on DNA
which is very famous and well known
all over the world
… and what about
Rosalind Franklin?
Watson J D, Crick FHC.
Molecular structure of nucleic acids:
a structure for deoxyribose nucleid acid.
Nature 1953; 171: 737-738.c
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P. De Castro - NECOBELAC T1 Course • Scientific journals - Dublin, May 9, 2012
13. How does knowledge transmission
change through the centuries?
The big revolutions
Orality
Writing
Oral memory within a community
Fist graffiti
Hieroglyphs
Alphabeth
35.000 years ago
3.200 BC
1.000 BC
Symbols = concepts
syllables
Printing
Internet
13
China 1050, Gutenberg 1450
Internet 1974 – 1990 Web – Google 1995
P. De Castro - NECOBELAC T1 Course • Scientific journals - Dublin, May 9, 2012
14. The Bible, 1456
First book printed in Magonza by
Gutenberg
The Comedy
by Dante Alighieri, 1491
180 copies
36 x 29 cm
Print diffusion
Millions of copies printed in few years
Texts have already a defined structure
(commentaries by Cristoforo Landino)
Page numbering and italic
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P. De Castro - NECOBELAC T1 Course • Scientific journals - Dublin, May 9, 2012
were introduced
by Aldo Manunzio in 1501
15. SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS
rise in the 17th century in the academies
Before, philosophers communicated through philosophical dissertations and letters
Journal des Scavans
Philosophical Transactions
First journal, published in Paris 1665
Royal Society of London, 1666
OBJECTIVE
Present the
most relevant
European
scientific papers
OBJECTIVES
Inform the Royal
Society members
and other readers
about scientific
discoveries
Establish principles
scientific priority
and peer review
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P. De Castro - NECOBELAC T1 Course • Scientific journals - Dublin, May 9, 2012
16. Scientific journals develop
since the 18 th century
still today they represent the preferred channel
to disseminate scientific research results
WHO IS THE PUBLISHER?
• Scientific societies
• Universities
• Governmental agencies
• Scientific institutions
• Profesional associations
In the centuries, science
becomes more specialized
The publishing enterprise
develops
Journal “shape” keeps unchanged
until the Internet revolution
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• Sequential reading
• Texts and illustrations
• Text structure
• Paratextual elements
The book shape has an
influence
on the way of thinking
P. De Castro - NECOBELAC T1 Course • Scientific journals - Dublin, May 9, 2012
17. Scientific journals
Chronological development and figures
1660
1700
Internet
revolution
Rise (academies)
Development (100)
1850
1900
1950
1990
Development (1000)
Sectorial specialization ( 10 000)
Further specialization (100 000)
Exponencial development (300 000)
2000
2003
2004
2005
17
Gutemberg
revolution
Open Access
Berlin Declaration
Permission crisis
Development of OA policies …
P. De Castro - NECOBELAC T1 Course • Scientific journals - Dublin, May 9, 2012
2012
?
18. TODAY INTERNET
allows new ways of communication
Journals (and books)
change their shape
New ways are developed
• Blogs
•
•
•
•
•
Discussion lists
Wikis
Online answers
Social networks
Collective conversations
All this deeply affects
scientific communication
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P. De Castro - NECOBELAC T1 Course • Scientific journals - Dublin, May 9, 2012
19. The article of the future
5 minute video by Elsevier
It shows the advantages
of enriched articles
Supplementary information
interactive content
It provides true immersion in the
contest of the subject matter
Data are linked to databases
providing the most updated
information
It proves a positive correlation
between data sharing,
citations and impact
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20. OPEN SCIENCE “UNJOURNAL”
Proposal for an “UNJOURNAL”
Active participation of the research
community
Two months for open peer review, and then
the articles gets scores and citations
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P. De Castro - NECOBELAC T1 Course • Scientific journals - Dublin, May 9, 2012
21. INTERNET CHANGES ECONOMIC MODELS
AND ALLOWS NEW METRICS
Publishers are looking for new opportunities
Journal prices grow exponentially
Authors become aware of the new opportunities provided by ICT
and start negotiate their rights (self archiving is now recognised by most publishers)
Online free full text is generally required
and also the availability of research data is desired
New evaluation metrics are introduced
as alternative to IF, e.g. H index (individual research output)
OA journals utilizing free software are developed
PS
PIC MA mes
TO
BELAC s and sche
NECO
le
e mo d u u e s
includ se iss
e
or all th
f
There is confusion on the roles of the actors of the editorial process
and some contraddictions
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P. De Castro - NECOBELAC T1 Course • Scientific journals - Dublin, May 9, 2012
22. SCIENTISTS IN THE WORLD
(UNESCO, Science reports)
1800
1850
1900
1950
2007
Increased investment in research
1000
10 000
100 000
1 000 000
7 000 000
specialization
increased scientific output
Development in
technologies
indexing systems
circulation/citations
metrics
22
NUMBER OF PUBLICATIONS
now doubles every two years
P. De Castro - NECOBELAC T1 Course • Scientific journals - Dublin, May 9, 2012
23. SCIENTISTS IN THE WORLD TODAY 7,200.000
UNESCO, Science report 2010
United States
European Union
China
21.0 %
20.0 %
19.7 %
Japon
Russia
11.0 %
7.0 %
75% researchers in the world
work in the above countries
representing only 35% of the world population
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P. De Castro - NECOBELAC T1 Course • Scientific journals - Dublin, May 9, 2012
India
2.0 %
Latin America 3.5%
Africa
2.2%
24. Publications in the world (2008=986.099)
UNESCO, Science report 2010 – Based on ISI data
United States
European Union
China
28%
37%
10%
USA and EU are still the world leaders as for the
absolute number of scientific publications.
Yet, their percentage share of publications decreased
much more then any other country in the last 6 years.
On the other hand, China doubled its publications (10%)
Japon
Russia
8%
7%
Considering the size of Asian population it is
envisaged that it will become the leader continent as
for publication output in the coming years
Latin America 4.9%
Africa
2.2%
due primarily to Brasil
with 25% increase in the last 6 years
Data refer to 2008, now the situation is rapidly changing
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P. De Castro - NECOBELAC T1 Course • Scientific journals - Dublin, May 9, 2012
25. Citation increase in OA journals
Open access citation average. A. Swan
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http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/18516/2/Citation_advantage_paper.pdf
P. De Castro - NECOBELAC T1 Course • Scientific journals - Dublin, May 9, 2012
26. OPEN ACCESS: a new paradigm of communication
Basic concepts from the Berlin Declaration (2003)
Our mission of disseminating knowledge is only half complete if the
information is not made widely and readily available to society.
New possibilities of knowledge dissemination not only through the
classical form but also and increasingly through the open access
paradigm via the Internet have to be supported.
We define open access as a comprehensive source of human
knowledge and cultural heritage that has been approved by the
scientific community.
In order to realize the vision of a global and accessible
representation of knowledge, the future Web has to be sustainable,
interactive, and transparent. Content and software tools must be
openly accessible and compatible.
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P. De Castro - NECOBELAC T1 Course • Scientific journals - Dublin, May 9, 2012
27. Open Access: aprire la gabbia
… it requires the active commitment of each and every individual
producer of scientific knowledge and holder of cultural heritage.
Open access contributions include original scientific research results,
raw data and metadata, source materials, digital representations of
pictorial and graphical materials and scholarly multimedia material.
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P. De Castro - NECOBELAC T1 Course • Scientific journals - Dublin, May 9, 2012
28. Open Journal Systems
Free software for online
journal management
About 11,500 journals
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P. De Castro - NECOBELAC T1 Course • Scientific journals - Dublin, May 9, 2012
29. Development of OA policies
ISS OA policy was signed in 2007
ISS represented the first health research institute in
Italy having an OA policy
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P. De Castro - NECOBELAC T1 Course • Scientific journals - Dublin, May 9, 2012
30. Internet revolution adds complexity
to the publishing process
Death of metamorphis
of scientific journals?
We are now in search
of a new balance…
Ronald La Port. BMJ 1995, 2002
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P. De Castro - NECOBELAC T1 Course • Scientific journals - Dublin, May 9, 2012
31. The European Commission supports OA
Besides OA specific projects,
the EU requires that
all articles resulting
from EU funded projects
be deposited and preserved
in digital archives
(Special clause 39 on OA, 7FP)
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P. De Castro - NECOBELAC T1 Course • Scientific journals - Dublin, May 9, 2012
32. OA is a philosophy and not an archive
OA routes
7646 OA
7646 OA
OA journals (gold)
Digital archives (green)
CREATE AWARENESS
among all stakeholders
32
2000 listings
2000 listings
P. De Castro - NECOBELAC T1 Course • Scientific journals - Dublin, May 9, 2012
33. HOW MANY journals today?
ISSN all disciplines (aprox.1.500.000 )
900.000 current (15% online)
25.000 PEER REVIEWED
15-20% OA
DOAJ:
ISI WEB OF SCIENCE
7600 (800 health)
30% have publicaton fees
9000 “HIGH IMPACT”
SCI
6500
SSCI 1800
AHCI 1140
MEDLARS (biomedicine) 5000 journals
(21 million articles, some with links to full-text)
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P. De Castro - NECOBELAC T1 Course • Scientific journals - Dublin, May 9, 2012
34. Scientific Electronic Library Online SciELO
a model for cooperative electronic publishing in LA
Born in 1998 in Brasil,
now it includes
940 Journals
for all disciplines
294 Health sciences
98 Biological sciences
ISI formula for IF
Quality criteria
NECOBELAC - SciELO Workshop in Rome, 21 June 2012
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35. RESEARCHERS’ ATTITUDE ON OA
Survey of the Project SOAP (Study on OA Publishing, 2009-2010 )
ONLINE SURVEY
40.000 scientists
90% declare that OA is a benefit
MAIN OBSTACLES
5.000 scientists
Financial barriers OA (39%)
No quality OA journals (30%)
NEED TO CREATE AWARENESS ON OA MODELS
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P. De Castro - NECOBELAC T1 Course • Scientific journals - Dublin, May 9, 2012
36. BIOMED CENTRAL
OA publisher for biomedicine
Today 320 peer reviewed journals,
most with IF
Author keeps copyright
Articles have high visibility
(indexed in PubMed)
Preservation is guaranteed
PAGES CHARGES
36
BMC Medicine (IF 5.75)
P. De Castro - NECOBELAC T1 Course • Scientific journals - Dublin, May 9, 2012
37. PUBLIC LIBRARY OF SCIENCE
www.plos.org
OPEN LETTER
Free circulation of research results In
October 2000
Free access to publicly
funded research results
7
6
4
2
Journals
Currents
Blog Network
Hubs
Publication fee
1350 $ per article
37
P. De Castro - NECOBELAC T1 Course • Scientific journals - Dublin, May 9, 2012
38. THE HYBRID MODEL
AUTHOR PAYS
to have his article OA
Peer review is the same in
OA and non OA articles
SPRINGER
OPEN CHOICE
(Euros 2000)
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P. De Castro - NECOBELAC T1 Course • Scientific journals - Dublin, May 9, 2012
39. NEW MODELS ARE TESTED
Articles are published online after revision : “ahead of publication”
but public debate was allowed even before the review process
Atmospheric chemistry and physics discussions
39
P. De Castro - NECOBELAC T1 Course • Scientific journals - Dublin, May 9, 2012
40. Nature Precedings
A persistent and citable archive
of preliminary results
Voting is intended to be an informal way
of showing support for a researcher's work
Nature journals will consider manuscripts
that have already been circulated as preprints,
but some other publishers will not
40
P. De Castro - NECOBELAC T1 Course • Scientific journals - Dublin, May 9, 2012
41. EDITORIAL PROCESS. Basic elements
The editorial process is a communication process:
an agreement among sender and and receiver having the objective of transmitting knowledge
CHANNELL
Code
Sender
MESSAGE
Feedback
41
Receiver
noise
42. Actors of the EDITORIAL PROCESS
authors
editors
publishers
readers
• Referees
• Technical editors
• Translators
• Graphic designers
• Photographers
• Printers
• Web masters
• Librarians
• Information specialists
Be aware of the role of each actor in the process
to be able to understand and comply with their requirements
42
P. De Castro - NECOBELAC T1 Course • Scientific journals - Dublin, May 9, 2012
43. RESPONSIBILITIES
To be pointed out in T2 courses
AUTHORS
•Develop useful contents
•Select the appropriate document type
•Read instructions to authors
•Provide all information required by editors
•Do not cheat
Etc.
EDITORS
•Organize and validate information
•Garantee publication integrity
•Create useful journals
•Write instructions for authors
•Specify steps of the editorial process
Etc.
43
REFEREES
•Guarantee quality of published papers
•Declare conflicts of interest
•Comply with schedules
•Respect privacy and confidentiality
Etc.
44. SCIENTIFIC EDITING
inside an editorial office
Receiving manuscripts
First evaluation by editor in chief
Peer review (reviewers/authors, reviewers, editor)
Editor in chief (acceptance/modification/ rejection)
Scientific editing – graphics
(correction of drafts)
Receiving proofs
Article final copy
Complete issue (including all articles)
oda
T
44
ll th
ya
is
is
line
on
Blueprint
Online dissemination
Print
45. WRITING A JOURNAL ARTICLE
a challange between tradition and innovation
WARNING!
BE AWARE OF EDITORIAL RULES
AND BEST PRACTICES
1.
2.
3.
evaluate scientific content and target
be familiar with technical requirements
be familiar with the publication ethics
FORMATS OF SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES
45
P. De Castro - NECOBELAC T1 Course • Scientific journals - Dublin, May 9, 2012
46. SUMMARY of the main points
Publication of scientific output is part of the research process
and plays a basic role for science development
Scientific communication has a direct influence of science policies
which, in turn, have a direct impact on public health
and population well-being
Thanks to Internet, wide dissemination of scientific information (incluging data) is possible,
economic models are changing, new metrics are possible
Progress is reached through a mix of REALISM and IDEALISM:
consider tradition and test new models
NECOBELAC can contribute to develop scientific communication
through new collaborations between Europe and Latin America
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P. De Castro - NECOBELAC T1 Course • Scientific journals - Dublin, May 9, 2012
Notes de l'éditeur
Per rompere il ghiaccio vorrei citare due contributi recentemente apparsi su Nature
che ben rappresentano lo spirito in un intendiamo impostare queste ore di lezione:
Communication should not be left to scientists, 4 aprile 2002 Chi fa comunicazione deve farlo professionalmente
Better communication is in everyone’s interests Importanza della cooperazione a tutti i livelli perché in ultima analisi l’obiettivo è comune: il successo del prodotto
Volenti o nolenti siamo tutti coinvolti nell’attività di comunicare
e se siete qui anche in quella di pubblicare.
Sappiamo tutti che a volte la cosa può non sembrare facile
e spesso chi non lo fa di mestiere si trincera dietro la considerazione
in fondo NON E’ IL MIO lavoro IO SONO BIOLOGO….
Che cos’è il formato elettronico?
Esistono ovunque difficoltà
-amministrative (mancanza di strumentazione, carenza di personale,
- tempo a disposizione…
-di accesso alle fonti, in altri casi incapacità di reperimento
TUTTO QUESTO genera FRUSTRAZIONE
L’obiettivo del corso è sollevarvi da questa frustrazione introducendovi all’editoria scientifica e raccontandovi la nostra esperienza (SAE), che spero vi sarà utile per capire cosa succede in una redazione e affrontare consapevoli i problemi editoriali
Quale sintonia?
LA pubblicazione, inoltre è la prima manifestazione della paternità di un’opera, di un’idea, di un progetto
Pubblicare = rendere di pubblico dominio
AL di là della comunicazione orale
I greci nell’8 secolo furono i primi ad utilizzare l’alfabeto
La bibbia è il primo libro stampato 180 copie
Dai codici copiati a mano dagli amanuensi già dal 2 secolo (codici manoscritti), già innovativi rispetto ai papiri e alle tavolette
Cambia musica!
In 1662, the newly formed 'Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge' was granted a charter to publish by King Charles II and on 6 March 1665, the first issue of Philosophical Transactions was published under the visionary editorship of Henry Oldenburg, who was also the Secretary of the Society. The first volumes of what was the world's first scientific journal were very different from today's journal, but in essence it served the same function; namely to inform the Fellows of the Society and other interested readers of the latest scientific discoveries. As such, Philosophical Transactions established the important principles of scientific priority and peer review, which have become the central foundations of scientific journals ever since. In 1886, the breadth and scope of scientific discovery had increased to such an extent that it became necessary to divide the journal into two, Philosophical Transactions A and B, covering the physical sciences and the life sciences respectively
Prima del 1600 scambio epistolare (dissertazioni accademiche, lente e rivolte ad amici (non per critica)
Journal de scavan 1665
Philosophoical transactions 1666
Lenti e costosa, non raggiungevno tutti gli interessati
JAMA, Nature, Science, PNAS, BMJ, New Engl J Med, Epidemiol Prev, Tumori, Blood, Lancet
Responsabilità editoriali
Gli scopi di tali entità editoriali sono diversi tra loro,
d'altra parte, il "business" legato all'editoria era ben noto anche ai tempi di Gutenberg, poiché sia gli stampatori, sia gli editori che intraprendevano la nuova attività, avevano
come obiettivo la realizzazione di un certo guadagno, inizialmente se non altro per bilanciare gli investimenti fatti per l'acquisto degli impianti e dei materiali per la stampa.
Per le società scientifiche, invece, l’obiettivo non era e non è il guadagno, ma semplicemente
il recupero delle spese di produzione e stampa.
Negli ultimi anni le cose sono cambiate molto velocemente, lo sviluppo della tecnologia ha facilitato un certo tipo di produzione e sicuramente la diffusione dei documenti
e allora…
Gli scopi di tali entità editoriali sono diversi tra loro,
d'altra parte, il "business" legato all'editoria era ben noto anche ai tempi di Gutenberg, poiché sia gli stampatori, sia gli editori che intraprendevano la nuova attività, avevano
come obiettivo la realizzazione di un certo guadagno, inizialmente se non altro per bilanciare gli investimenti fatti per l'acquisto degli impianti e dei materiali per la stampa.
Per le società scientifiche, invece, l’obiettivo non era e non è il guadagno, ma semplicemente
il recupero delle spese di produzione e stampa.
Negli ultimi anni le cose sono cambiate molto velocemente, lo sviluppo della tecnologia ha facilitato un certo tipo di produzione e sicuramente la diffusione dei documenti
e allora…
China està a punto de superar EEUU y EU
Una citazione d’obbligo prima di cominciare riguarda la responsabilità del ricercatore nel processo di trasferimento delle informazioni
The logo of Open Access Now is a caged bird, which bursts into color as it flies out through the cage door to freedom. This is a metaphor for the current state of the scientific research literature. Today, scientific information is imprisoned behind the many closed doors of the traditional journals that allow access only to those who have paid their subscription. Like the caged bird, it can be admired only from afar, but it cannot go anywhere, it cannot spread its wings and fly. We believe it is time to open the cage door.
When scientific results and data are released from the cage they will take on a new life and a beauty that we could never have dreamed of. When we can all find, read, and use any information we need, and communicate it to others without hindrance, the value of research findings will increase enormously. Imagine what would have happened if DNA sequences had been similarly imprisoned, rather then being available freely to all through GenBank. The same freedom must be granted to research findings if biomedical research is to function efficiently and flourish.
Many in the scientific community feel strongly that there is a need to change the way that scientific results are reported and disseminated. Many feel that the transition to Open Access is inevitable. Some passionate pioneers have begun to seek alternative ways to publish their research findings. The debate has been heated at times, and there has been much confusion, as well as many good ideas. We hope to clarify some of these issues and provide a forum for constructive debate about the best way to serve the scientific community - authors, publishers and readers.
The technology now exists to open the cage door. There are sustainable Open Access business models for publishers. What is needed is for the scientific community of authors to adopt Open Access as the default mode of publishing their research articles. The time has come to open the cage door and make the scientific research literature "Free at last!".
1.092.944 ISS Testate totali correnti e non
ISI Web of Science
ISI Web of Science provides seamless access to Science Citation Expanded®, Social Sciences Citation Index®, Arts & Humanities Citation Index™ -- and now also to in-depth chemistry information via Index Chemicus, and Current Chemical Reactions.
It enables users to search current and retrospective multidisciplinary information from approximately 8,500 of the most prestigious, high impact research journals in the world. Web of Science also provides a unique search method, cited reference searching. With it, users can navigate forward, backward, and through the literature, searching all disciplines and time spans to uncover all the information relevant to their research. Users can also navigate to electronic full-text journal articles.
BioMed Central is an independent publishing house committed to providing immediate free access to peer-reviewed biomedical research
Who, What and Why?
Each issue of Open Access Now will contain a short guide to the players, stakeholders and technical terms relevant to Open Access publishing."WHAT, WHO and WHY" will help readers to become informed about the world of Open Access.
WHAT is BioMed Central?BioMed Central is an independent publisher of biomedical and clinical journals and information services. It publishes more than 90 peer-reviewed Open Access journals.
Its first entirely Open Access journals were the BMC series100 titles that cover all of the major biomedical disciplines.
BioMed Central also has a growing list of specialist Open Access journals edited by academic scientists. These journals are editorially independent, but BioMed Central provides the publishing system and technical expertise.
Journal of Biology is BioMed Central's flagship title. Edited by Martin Raff, it publishes biological research articles of exceptional interest and importance, with associated commentary. Genome Biology, Arthritis Research & Therapy, Critical Care and Breast Cancer Research publish Open Access research articles together with subscription-access reviews and comment. BioMedCentral is also the publisher of Faculty of 1000, a literature awareness service.
WHO is behind BioMed Central?BioMed Central is part of the Current Science Group - a group of independent companies. Current Science Group Chairman Vitek Tracz has a long history in publishing, having started the Current Opinion journals, Current Biology and BioMedNet, for example. BioMed Central's senior management team also has substantial expertise. Publisher Jan Velterop and Editorial Director Peter Newmark have between them worked in senior roles for Academic Press, Nature and Current Biology. An Editorial Directorate of some of the world's most respected scientists and clinicians, including Steven Hyman, Sir Paul Nurse and Harold Varmus, oversee the editorial and scientific integrity of BioMed Central.
WHY does BioMed Central exist?BioMed Central was established as an online Open Access publisher in May 2000 in response to the opportunities offered by new technologies, and to a strong feeling among scientists that the way research results are published must change. It was felt that open access to research is central to rapid and efficient progress in science. Harold Varmus had proposed a central full-text repository that evolved into PubMed Central. Many other researchers joined his attempt to redefine the economics of publishing - leading to the formation of the Public Library of Science and inspiring BioMed Central.
www.biomedcentral.com
What is SPARC?The Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition, commonly known as SPARC, describes itself as a "catalyst for action". A nonprofit organization, its overall mission is to make scholarly journals affordable. SPARC primarily operates in the science, technology and medicine (STM) arena. The European arm, SPARC Europe, is directly affiliated with SPARC but has a European remit and focus.
SPARC currently operates three main programs. The Alternatives Program provides lower cost, direct competitors to highly priced journals. The Leading Edge Program sponsors projects developing technological use or innovative business models. And the Scientific Communities Program supports the development of portals for distinct academic communities.
SPARC is also heavily involved in encouraging action from librarians and researchers. The Create Change campaign encourages advocacy, while Declaring Independence provides a guide to running academic journals that are controlled by the community, rather than by commercial publishers.
Who is behind SPARC?SPARC was created with the support of the US-based Association of Research Libraries (ARL). SPARC is open to institutions from the US, as well as the international academic and research community, and currently has about 200 members in North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia. SPARC members - primarily universities and libraries - support SPARC through annual membership fees.
The umbrella organization for SPARC Europe is the Ligue des Bibliothèques Européennes de Recherche (LIBER), with additional support from organizations including JISC, a joint committee of UK further and higher education funding bodies.
Why does SPARC exist?SPARC was launched in June 1998 by a group of libraries frustrated at high journal prices and the rapid rises in subscription costs. The founders established SPARC to promote competition in the scholarly publishing marketplace. The idea was to use libraries’ combined buying power to aid the creation and growth of high quality, low-priced peer-reviewed journals.
SPARC publishes the monthly Open Access Newsletter, edited by Peter Suber, which includes news and analysis about the Open Access movement. SPARC also hosts the Open Access Forum, an online discussion forum.
PLoS has created a 30-second television message called "Wings". The short piece humorously provides a glimpse to the scientific progress that could be made if research and discoveries were openly and freely shared (read the June 26, 2003 press release). We encourage you to openly and freely share the link to this video with your friends and colleagues (http://www.plos.org/video.html)!
"Wings" aired June 23rd - July 3rd in strategic U.S. markets on primetime cable and network tv stations.
Bill by MArtun Sabo per conto dell’OPPEN ACCESS
Nel 1996 FOA (freedom of information act firmato nel 1996 da Bill Clinton Oggi presso la NLM c’è un FOIA Office
Nel settembre 2003 BIOMED CENTRAL lettera all’NIH to support open access
Tante domande, poche risposta
Vitiello The Journal of Electronic Publishing March, 2001 Volume 6, Issue 3
The Economist, a British magazine, offered a bottle of good wine to all those who would admit to having made wrong forecasts. If The Economist kept its promises, there are a good number of drunk information economists, information specialists, and information providers around Europe
Semplificando al massimo….
I principali attori del processo editoriale possono essere ridotti
a quattro grandi categorie. Anche se in realtà il processo è molto complesso e la catena editoriale vede la compartecipazione di numerose professionalità
- Autori quali produttori di informazioni (come farsi pubblicare un lavoro)
- Case editrici (publisher) quali manager dell’informazione che hanno un posto molto rilevante nella catena documentaria (sarà accolto favorevolmente dal mercato?)
- Editori quali organizzatori e “tailors” dell’informazione (il lavoro è adatto agli scopi del giornale e al suo target?
- Lettori quali utenti e futuri produttori dell’inf (dove posso trovare questa informazione? Mi è utile?)
Nell’attività editoriale
Non esiste un modello unico che sia valido in ogni circostanza,
ogni strategia va adattata al caso particolare,
MA se non c’è una regola standard,
non è detto che la regola o le regole non siano necessarie,
anzi tutt’altro, perché il processo funzioni la regola è fondamentale.
OGNUNO DEVE BEN CONOSCERE
IL PROPRIO RUOLO E LE PROPRIE RESPONSABILITA’
AUTORI -LETTORI Dr Jeckill, Mr Hyde
TUTTI POSSONO CONTRIBUIRE nei temi della sanità pubblica
Breve nota 3000
Articolo 6000
Rassegna 10 000
Lavori sciolti
Monografie
Publishing empowerment, comunicazione via e-mail
Request for comments (RTF)
Intelligenza distribuita – open archive initiative
Biomed Central (L’autore tiene il copyright, ha visibilità perché gli articoli sono in pubmed, long term archiving
Highwire press
Open Archive initiative