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Geography
in linked ancient world data
  {   Tom Elliott, Institute for the Study of the Ancient World
      Linked Ancient World Data Institute, New York, May 2012
Geography in Linked Ancient World Data
Geography in Linked Ancient World Data
Geography in Linked Ancient World Data
{   J. M. Reynolds and J. B. Ward-Perkins, Inscriptions of Roman Tripolitania,
    British School at Rome, 1952, enhanced electronic reissue, 2009.

http://irt.kcl.ac.uk/irt2009/IRT264.html
{   J. M. Reynolds and J. B. Ward-Perkins, Inscriptions of Roman Tripolitania,
    British School at Rome, 1952, enhanced electronic reissue, 2009.

http://irt.kcl.ac.uk/irt2009/IRT264.html
{   J. M. Reynolds and J. B. Ward-Perkins, Inscriptions of Roman Tripolitania,
    British School at Rome, 1952, enhanced electronic reissue, 2009.

http://irt.kcl.ac.uk/irt2009/IRT264.html

ἀγαθῇ ηύτῃ [ηῶν κσ]ρίων | Ἀζζκληπιάδης θεῷ | Ἀζζκληπιῷ εὐταριζηήρ[ι]ον
    For the good fortune of our lords; Asclepiades (set up) a thank-offering to the
    god Asclepius.

Pro uic|toria | domi|norum | nostro|rum
    For the victory of our lords.

Aretes cau|sa dio Aescu|lapio Ascle|piades Ascle|[piadis filiu]s marmorari[u]s |
Nicomed[ia]
    Because of his excellence, to the god Asclepius; Asclepiades son of
    Asclepiades, marble-merchant from Nicomedia.
{   RDF and Turtle


Resource Description Framework
http://www.w3.org/RDF/

      “a standard model for data interchange on the Web [that]
      extends the linking structure of the Web to use URIs to name the
      relationship between things as well as the two ends of the link
      (this is usually referred to as a “triple”). Using this simple model, it
      allows structured and semi-structured data to be mixed,
      exposed, and shared across different applications.”

Turtle: Terse RDF Triple Language
http://www.w3.org/TeamSubmission/turtle/

      “a textual syntax for RDF that allows RDF graphs to be
      completely written in a compact and natural text form, with
      abbreviations for common usage patterns and datatypes.”
{   Modeling IRT 264 in RDF using Turtle (saying *what* it is)


http://irt.kcl.ac.uk/irt2009/IRT264.html a
http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/Webpage .

      • The IRT 264 web page
{   Modeling IRT 264 in RDF using Turtle (saying *what* it is)


http://irt.kcl.ac.uk/irt2009/IRT264.html a
http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/Webpage .

      • The IRT 264 web page is a
{   Modeling IRT 264 in RDF using Turtle (saying *what* it is)


http://irt.kcl.ac.uk/irt2009/IRT264.html a
http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/Webpage .

      • The IRT 264 web page is a web page
         • where “web page” is defined by the Bibliographic
           Ontology
{   Modeling IRT 264 in RDF using Turtle (saying *what* it is)


http://irt.kcl.ac.uk/irt2009/IRT264.html a
http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/Webpage .




              subject                predicate                   object
{   Modeling IRT 264 in RDF using Turtle (saying *what* it is)


http://irt.kcl.ac.uk/irt2009/IRT264.html a
http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/Webpage .

      • The IRT 264 web page is a web page
      • where “web page” is defined by the Bibliographic Ontology


http://irt.kcl.ac.uk/irt2009/IRT264.html
http://purl.org/dc/terms/format “text/html” .

      • The IRT 264 web page has the format “text/html”
      • where the notion of “format” is defined by the Dublin Core
        Metadata Initiative Terms list.
{   Modeling IRT 264 in RDF using Turtle (reduce verbosity)


http://irt.kcl.ac.uk/irt2009/IRT264.html
          a http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/Webpage ;
          http://purl.org/dc/terms/format “text/html” .
{   Modeling IRT 264 in RDF using Turtle (reduce verbosity even more)


@prefix bibo: <http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/> .
@prefix dcterms: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> .

http://irt.kcl.ac.uk/irt2009/IRT264.html
          a bibo:Webpage ;
          dcterms:format “text/html” .
{   Modeling IRT 264 in RDF using Turtle (adding bibliographic description)


@prefix bibo: <http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/> .
@prefix dcterms: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> .

http://irt.kcl.ac.uk/irt2009/IRT264.html
          a bibo:Webpage ;
          dcterms:format “text/html” ;
          dcterms:creator “Joyce Reynolds” ;
          dcterms:creator “J.B. Ward Perkins” ;
          dcterms:title “IRT 264. Dedication to Asclepius” ;
          dcterms:date “2009” ;
          dcterms:license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/uk/ .
{   Modeling IRT 264 in RDF using Turtle (adding bibliographic description)


@prefix bibo: <http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/> .
@prefix dcterms: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> .

http://irt.kcl.ac.uk/irt2009/IRT264.html
          a bibo:Webpage ;
          dcterms:format “text/html” ;
          dcterms:creator “Joyce Reynolds” ;
          dcterms:creator “J.B. Ward Perkins” ;
          dcterms:title “IRT 264. Dedication to Asclepius” ;
          dcterms:date “2009” ;
          dcterms:license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/uk/ .



• We could also use terms from Bibo or other ontologies/vocabularies.
{   aside: GAWD = the Graph of Ancient World Data


http://gawd.atlantides.org/terms/

• a controlled vocabulary for expressing classes of relationships (or even
  assertions) between web-based resources in the context of Linked Data
  and Atom+GeoRSS feed applications. Its original version was a project
  deliverable for the NEH- and JISC-funded Concordia Project (2008-2009)

where
findspot
origin
observedAt
attestsTo
depicts
isEditionOf
alternateEdition
{   Modeling IRT 264 in RDF using Turtle (geography using GAWD terms)


@prefix bibo: <http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/> .
@prefix dcterms: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> .
@prefix gawd: <http://gawd.atlantides.org/terms/> .

http://irt.kcl.ac.uk/irt2009/IRT264.html
          a bibo:Webpage ;
          dcterms:format “text/html” ;
          dcterms:creator “Joyce Reynolds” ;
          dcterms:creator “J.B. Ward Perkins” ;
          dcterms:title “IRT 264. Dedication to Asclepius” ;
          dcterms:date “2009” ;
          dcterms:license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/uk/ ;
          gawd:findspot “Lepcis Magna” ;
          gawd:attestsTo “Nicomedia” .
{   aside: Pleiades (http://pleiades.stoa.org)
{   Modeling IRT 264 in RDF using Turtle (geography using GAWD terms and
    Pleiades URIs)

@prefix bibo: <http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/> .
@prefix dcterms: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> .
@prefix gawd: <http://gawd.atlantides.org/terms/> .

http://irt.kcl.ac.uk/irt2009/IRT264.html
          a bibo:Webpage ;
          dcterms:format “text/html” ;
          dcterms:creator “Joyce Reynolds” ;
          dcterms:creator “J.B. Ward Perkins” ;
          dcterms:title “IRT 264. Dedication to Asclepius” ;
          dcterms:date “2009” ;
          dcterms:license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/uk/ ;
          gawd:findspot <http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/344448#this> ;
          gawd:attestsTo <http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/511337#this> .
{   Modeling IRT 264 in RDF using Turtle (geography using GAWD terms and
    Pleiades URIs)

@prefix bibo: <http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/> .
@prefix dcterms: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> .
@prefix gawd: <http://gawd.atlantides.org/terms/> .

http://irt.kcl.ac.uk/irt2009/IRT264.html
          a bibo:Webpage ;
          dcterms:format “text/html” ;
          dcterms:creator “Joyce Reynolds” ;
          dcterms:creator “J.B. Ward Perkins” ;
          dcterms:title “IRT 264. Dedication to Asclepius” ;
          dcterms:date “2009” ;
          dcterms:license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/uk/ ;
          gawd:findspot <http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/344448#this> ;
          gawd:attestsTo <http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/511337#this> .
{   aside: Pelagios and OAC


Pelagios Project
http://pelagios-project.blogspot.com/

      its aim is to help introduce Linked Open Data goodness into online
      resources that refer to places in the Ancient World

Open Annotation Collaboration (OAC)
http://www.openannotation.org/

      to facilitate the emergence of a Web and resource-centric
      interoperable annotation environment
{   aside: Open Annotation Collaboration Data Model


An Annotation is a document identified by an HTTP URI that describes an
association created between a Body resource and a Target resource. The
Body must be somehow "about" the Target for it to be considered the body
of an Annotation.




    Both the Body and the Target of the Annotation can be any resource on the
    web, identified by a URI. As such, they can have representations in any
    format or language (or no language), or have no representations at all, such
    as for abstract resources that denote a concept.
{   Modeling IRT 264 in RDF using Turtle (Pelagios geography using OAC
    annotations)

@prefix dcterms: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> .
@prefix dc: <http://www.purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/> .
@prefix oac: <http://www.openannotation.org/ns/> .
@prefix ass: <http://isaw.nyu.edu/people/staff/tom_elliott/assertions#> .

ass:a1 <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> oac:Annotation
;
  dc:title ”IRT 264 mentions Nicomedia” ;
  dcterms:creator <http://isaw.nyu.edu/people/staff/tom_elliott> ;
  oac:hasBody <http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/511337> ;
  oac:hasTarget <http://irt.kcl.ac.uk/irt2009/IRT264.html> .
{   Modeling IRT 264 in RDF using Turtle (Pelagios geography using OAC
    annotations)

@prefix dcterms: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> .
@prefix dc: <http://www.purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/> .
@prefix oac: <http://www.openannotation.org/ns/> .
@prefix ass: <http://isaw.nyu.edu/people/staff/tom_elliott/assertions#> .

ass:a1 <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> oac:Annotation
;
  dc:title ”IRT 264 mentions Nicomedia” ;
  dcterms:creator <http://isaw.nyu.edu/people/staff/tom_elliott> ;
  oac:hasBody <http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/511337> ;
  oac:hasTarget <http://irt.kcl.ac.uk/irt2009/IRT264.html> .

ass:a2 <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> oac:Annotation;
  dc:title ”IRT 264 was found at Lepcis Magna” ;
  dcterms:creator <http://isaw.nyu.edu/people/staff/tom_elliott> ;
  oac:hasBody <http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/344448> ;
  oac:hasTarget <http://irt.kcl.ac.uk/irt2009/IRT264.html> .
{   Thoughts for Discussion (from Leif)


1.   HTTP URIs are more important than ontologies for connectivity
2.   A Little Ontology Goes a Long Way
3.   We should grow the Web of Data, not build it
4.   The Web is designed for scale. Scale requires Openness.

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Geography in Linked Ancient World Data

  • 1. Geography in linked ancient world data { Tom Elliott, Institute for the Study of the Ancient World Linked Ancient World Data Institute, New York, May 2012
  • 5. { J. M. Reynolds and J. B. Ward-Perkins, Inscriptions of Roman Tripolitania, British School at Rome, 1952, enhanced electronic reissue, 2009. http://irt.kcl.ac.uk/irt2009/IRT264.html
  • 6. { J. M. Reynolds and J. B. Ward-Perkins, Inscriptions of Roman Tripolitania, British School at Rome, 1952, enhanced electronic reissue, 2009. http://irt.kcl.ac.uk/irt2009/IRT264.html
  • 7. { J. M. Reynolds and J. B. Ward-Perkins, Inscriptions of Roman Tripolitania, British School at Rome, 1952, enhanced electronic reissue, 2009. http://irt.kcl.ac.uk/irt2009/IRT264.html ἀγαθῇ ηύτῃ [ηῶν κσ]ρίων | Ἀζζκληπιάδης θεῷ | Ἀζζκληπιῷ εὐταριζηήρ[ι]ον For the good fortune of our lords; Asclepiades (set up) a thank-offering to the god Asclepius. Pro uic|toria | domi|norum | nostro|rum For the victory of our lords. Aretes cau|sa dio Aescu|lapio Ascle|piades Ascle|[piadis filiu]s marmorari[u]s | Nicomed[ia] Because of his excellence, to the god Asclepius; Asclepiades son of Asclepiades, marble-merchant from Nicomedia.
  • 8. { RDF and Turtle Resource Description Framework http://www.w3.org/RDF/ “a standard model for data interchange on the Web [that] extends the linking structure of the Web to use URIs to name the relationship between things as well as the two ends of the link (this is usually referred to as a “triple”). Using this simple model, it allows structured and semi-structured data to be mixed, exposed, and shared across different applications.” Turtle: Terse RDF Triple Language http://www.w3.org/TeamSubmission/turtle/ “a textual syntax for RDF that allows RDF graphs to be completely written in a compact and natural text form, with abbreviations for common usage patterns and datatypes.”
  • 9. { Modeling IRT 264 in RDF using Turtle (saying *what* it is) http://irt.kcl.ac.uk/irt2009/IRT264.html a http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/Webpage . • The IRT 264 web page
  • 10. { Modeling IRT 264 in RDF using Turtle (saying *what* it is) http://irt.kcl.ac.uk/irt2009/IRT264.html a http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/Webpage . • The IRT 264 web page is a
  • 11. { Modeling IRT 264 in RDF using Turtle (saying *what* it is) http://irt.kcl.ac.uk/irt2009/IRT264.html a http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/Webpage . • The IRT 264 web page is a web page • where “web page” is defined by the Bibliographic Ontology
  • 12. { Modeling IRT 264 in RDF using Turtle (saying *what* it is) http://irt.kcl.ac.uk/irt2009/IRT264.html a http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/Webpage . subject predicate object
  • 13. { Modeling IRT 264 in RDF using Turtle (saying *what* it is) http://irt.kcl.ac.uk/irt2009/IRT264.html a http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/Webpage . • The IRT 264 web page is a web page • where “web page” is defined by the Bibliographic Ontology http://irt.kcl.ac.uk/irt2009/IRT264.html http://purl.org/dc/terms/format “text/html” . • The IRT 264 web page has the format “text/html” • where the notion of “format” is defined by the Dublin Core Metadata Initiative Terms list.
  • 14. { Modeling IRT 264 in RDF using Turtle (reduce verbosity) http://irt.kcl.ac.uk/irt2009/IRT264.html a http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/Webpage ; http://purl.org/dc/terms/format “text/html” .
  • 15. { Modeling IRT 264 in RDF using Turtle (reduce verbosity even more) @prefix bibo: <http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/> . @prefix dcterms: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> . http://irt.kcl.ac.uk/irt2009/IRT264.html a bibo:Webpage ; dcterms:format “text/html” .
  • 16. { Modeling IRT 264 in RDF using Turtle (adding bibliographic description) @prefix bibo: <http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/> . @prefix dcterms: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> . http://irt.kcl.ac.uk/irt2009/IRT264.html a bibo:Webpage ; dcterms:format “text/html” ; dcterms:creator “Joyce Reynolds” ; dcterms:creator “J.B. Ward Perkins” ; dcterms:title “IRT 264. Dedication to Asclepius” ; dcterms:date “2009” ; dcterms:license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/uk/ .
  • 17. { Modeling IRT 264 in RDF using Turtle (adding bibliographic description) @prefix bibo: <http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/> . @prefix dcterms: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> . http://irt.kcl.ac.uk/irt2009/IRT264.html a bibo:Webpage ; dcterms:format “text/html” ; dcterms:creator “Joyce Reynolds” ; dcterms:creator “J.B. Ward Perkins” ; dcterms:title “IRT 264. Dedication to Asclepius” ; dcterms:date “2009” ; dcterms:license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/uk/ . • We could also use terms from Bibo or other ontologies/vocabularies.
  • 18. { aside: GAWD = the Graph of Ancient World Data http://gawd.atlantides.org/terms/ • a controlled vocabulary for expressing classes of relationships (or even assertions) between web-based resources in the context of Linked Data and Atom+GeoRSS feed applications. Its original version was a project deliverable for the NEH- and JISC-funded Concordia Project (2008-2009) where findspot origin observedAt attestsTo depicts isEditionOf alternateEdition
  • 19. { Modeling IRT 264 in RDF using Turtle (geography using GAWD terms) @prefix bibo: <http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/> . @prefix dcterms: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> . @prefix gawd: <http://gawd.atlantides.org/terms/> . http://irt.kcl.ac.uk/irt2009/IRT264.html a bibo:Webpage ; dcterms:format “text/html” ; dcterms:creator “Joyce Reynolds” ; dcterms:creator “J.B. Ward Perkins” ; dcterms:title “IRT 264. Dedication to Asclepius” ; dcterms:date “2009” ; dcterms:license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/uk/ ; gawd:findspot “Lepcis Magna” ; gawd:attestsTo “Nicomedia” .
  • 20. { aside: Pleiades (http://pleiades.stoa.org)
  • 21. { Modeling IRT 264 in RDF using Turtle (geography using GAWD terms and Pleiades URIs) @prefix bibo: <http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/> . @prefix dcterms: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> . @prefix gawd: <http://gawd.atlantides.org/terms/> . http://irt.kcl.ac.uk/irt2009/IRT264.html a bibo:Webpage ; dcterms:format “text/html” ; dcterms:creator “Joyce Reynolds” ; dcterms:creator “J.B. Ward Perkins” ; dcterms:title “IRT 264. Dedication to Asclepius” ; dcterms:date “2009” ; dcterms:license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/uk/ ; gawd:findspot <http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/344448#this> ; gawd:attestsTo <http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/511337#this> .
  • 22. { Modeling IRT 264 in RDF using Turtle (geography using GAWD terms and Pleiades URIs) @prefix bibo: <http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/> . @prefix dcterms: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> . @prefix gawd: <http://gawd.atlantides.org/terms/> . http://irt.kcl.ac.uk/irt2009/IRT264.html a bibo:Webpage ; dcterms:format “text/html” ; dcterms:creator “Joyce Reynolds” ; dcterms:creator “J.B. Ward Perkins” ; dcterms:title “IRT 264. Dedication to Asclepius” ; dcterms:date “2009” ; dcterms:license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/uk/ ; gawd:findspot <http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/344448#this> ; gawd:attestsTo <http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/511337#this> .
  • 23. { aside: Pelagios and OAC Pelagios Project http://pelagios-project.blogspot.com/ its aim is to help introduce Linked Open Data goodness into online resources that refer to places in the Ancient World Open Annotation Collaboration (OAC) http://www.openannotation.org/ to facilitate the emergence of a Web and resource-centric interoperable annotation environment
  • 24. { aside: Open Annotation Collaboration Data Model An Annotation is a document identified by an HTTP URI that describes an association created between a Body resource and a Target resource. The Body must be somehow "about" the Target for it to be considered the body of an Annotation. Both the Body and the Target of the Annotation can be any resource on the web, identified by a URI. As such, they can have representations in any format or language (or no language), or have no representations at all, such as for abstract resources that denote a concept.
  • 25. { Modeling IRT 264 in RDF using Turtle (Pelagios geography using OAC annotations) @prefix dcterms: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> . @prefix dc: <http://www.purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/> . @prefix oac: <http://www.openannotation.org/ns/> . @prefix ass: <http://isaw.nyu.edu/people/staff/tom_elliott/assertions#> . ass:a1 <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> oac:Annotation ; dc:title ”IRT 264 mentions Nicomedia” ; dcterms:creator <http://isaw.nyu.edu/people/staff/tom_elliott> ; oac:hasBody <http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/511337> ; oac:hasTarget <http://irt.kcl.ac.uk/irt2009/IRT264.html> .
  • 26. { Modeling IRT 264 in RDF using Turtle (Pelagios geography using OAC annotations) @prefix dcterms: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> . @prefix dc: <http://www.purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/> . @prefix oac: <http://www.openannotation.org/ns/> . @prefix ass: <http://isaw.nyu.edu/people/staff/tom_elliott/assertions#> . ass:a1 <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> oac:Annotation ; dc:title ”IRT 264 mentions Nicomedia” ; dcterms:creator <http://isaw.nyu.edu/people/staff/tom_elliott> ; oac:hasBody <http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/511337> ; oac:hasTarget <http://irt.kcl.ac.uk/irt2009/IRT264.html> . ass:a2 <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> oac:Annotation; dc:title ”IRT 264 was found at Lepcis Magna” ; dcterms:creator <http://isaw.nyu.edu/people/staff/tom_elliott> ; oac:hasBody <http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/344448> ; oac:hasTarget <http://irt.kcl.ac.uk/irt2009/IRT264.html> .
  • 27. { Thoughts for Discussion (from Leif) 1. HTTP URIs are more important than ontologies for connectivity 2. A Little Ontology Goes a Long Way 3. We should grow the Web of Data, not build it 4. The Web is designed for scale. Scale requires Openness.