ENBE Final Project

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Introduction
The final project of elements of natural and built environment for this course (FNBE)
is all about elements of a city for the future and the situations that will happen in few
years later makes us to think about building new cities, and different from the cities
that we are living in currently.
In this project students are required to imagine that the year is 2033 and they are
the mayor of the “X” city (they are required to choose a name for the city). They as
mayors know a secret about the city and they know that the city is no longer safe to
live in, so they have to prepare a proposal for the new city. First, students need to
create a situation for their city which make it not safe to live, and then find the best
solution to build a new city depend on the problem . They have five options, they
can build city underground, underwater, floating on water or enhance the city and
after they choose the option. They have to start research, sketches, etc to prepare
the proposal of the city and after that students must choose one city within their
units and make a model of it and present it to lecturers.
This project acquaints students with elements of natural and built environment and
they understand how to analyze different situation and symbiotic relationships that
they need to consider in natural and built environment.

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The City
Definition: a center of population, commerce, and culture; a town of significant size
and importance.
Cities generally have complex systems for sanitation, utilities, land usage, housing,
and transportation. The concentration of development greatly facilitates
communication between people and businesses, benefiting both parties in the
process. A big city or metropolis usually has associated suburbs and exurbs. Such
cities are usually related with metropolitan areas and urban areas, creating various
business commuters traveling to urban centers for employment. Once a city grows
far enough to reach another city, this region can be believed a conurbation or
megalopolis.
History: towns and cities has very
long history, since humans
understood that they need each
other, but there are many different
opinions on whether any particular
ancient settlement can be
considered to be a city. Different
cities formed as center places to
benefit members living close
proximity to others facilitates
interaction of all kinds by trading.
The first true towns started shaping

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when they became places which people were not simply farmers and they began
to take on specialized occupations, trade, food storage, and power was centralized,
then they started growing and became cities.
Elements of urban design: involves the design and coordination of all that makes
up cities and towns.
 Building: buildings are the most pronounced elements of urban design, they
shape and articulate space by forming the street walls of the city.
 Public space: great public spaces are the living room of the city, the place
where people come together to enjoy the city and each other.
 Streets: streets are the connection between spaces and places, as well as
being space themselves.
 Transport: transport system connect the parts of the cities and help shape
them, and enable movement throughout the city.
 Landscape: the landscape is the green part of the city that weaves
throughout in the form of urban parks, street trees, plants, flowers, and water
in many forms.
Urban designs weave together these elements into a coherent, organized design
structure.
The urban design structure defines the urban form and the building form.
The creative articulation of space is the most prominent aspect for urban design.
The following artistic principles are an integral part of creating form and spatial
definition:
1.Order 2.Unity 3.Balance 4.Proportion 5.Scale 6.Hierarchy 7.Symmetry 8.Rhythm
9.Contrast 10.Context 11.Detail 12.Texture 13.Harmony 14.Beauty

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Smart cities infrastructure
System development technology
 Technological development is necessary based on the assumption
that growth and development will occur along the changes in
response to internal and external environment.
 Technological system supports processes from planning through
construction, operation, and evaluation in a uniform manner.
 Autonomous disclosure of resource information and accommodation
between systems work to maintain the sustainability of society as a
whole.
 System development technology requirements differ over the three
stages of planning.
 Advanced IT support is needed for the realization of each type of
systems development technology.
Mobility
 Making transportation as a mean of reaching your destination fun,
stress-free, and comfortable.
 Six problems that must be resolved by smart mobility:
1.congestion problem 2.vuluerable road user problem
3.eco problem 4.deterioration problem 5.disaster planning problem
6.transportation company efficiency improvement problem
Coordination of infrastructure
 Due to technological progress, urbane and service infrastructures are
growing more diverse, and the number of situations where
information can be utilized in increasing.

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 Coordination of infrastructures is required to resolve issues related to
organization, usage, and environmental load associated with
infrastructures.
 Cost of usage is reduced while convenience and comfort are
improved.
 City managers also enjoy benefits such as improved reliability and
increased business opportunities.
Communications
 Many of requirements demanded of a smart city are realized
through seamless coordination.
 More enjoyment and convenience through a network with
dependable security
 Businesses can be realized by “connecting” to the network.
 System efficiency is pursued from the network design stage by giving
consideration to energy consumption.
 The network can be utilized in order to visualize the state of energy
usage in real time.
It platform
 Coping with diversity.
 Satisfying demand for reliability.
 Coping with growth of cities and long- term sustainability.
Water
 Sources of fresh water that can be used by humans amount to a
more 0.01% of all water in the world.
 Intake increases greatly with the growing population, making water
shortages even more serious.
Energy
 Limited energy must be utilized effectively as demand for electric
power increases.
 Smart grids are one valid measure to improve the efficiency
utilization while reducing CO2 emissions.
 Different regions have different background behind the necessity of
smart grids.

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Ancient Cities
Derinkuyu: one of the largest and oldest ancient underground cities found in 1963
in the town call derinkuyu which is located in Turkey. At first a wall collapsed and
they found a passage way which led them to an underground city thousands of
years old and more than 280 feet deep. This city has 13 stories with ventilation
shafts as well as 1500 little shafts making sure that every chamber gets air. This
underground city is able to hold more than 20,000 people and contains religious
centers, store rooms, wine
presses, schools, a bar, kitchens,
and stables. The stone used is
extremely soft, so all the
supporting beams had to be
placed perfectly and it has
never had any caves ins. This
would be an extremely difficult
thing to do in modern time let
alone thousands of years ago.
The religion of the city is said to be Zoroastrian.
The creator which called Ahura Mazda. Who is
the sky god, asked one of his prophets to build
an underground city to protect select people
and animals from a global ice age. This is the
most probable answer that archeologists found,
but they also have many answers about the
incredible underground city and still nobody
finds the definitive answer.
The most wondering issue about this ancient
underground city is that how they could build a
city underground thousand years ago, but the
only thing that we can be sure about is that they
built a city underground to protect themselves
but we still don’t know why? Did extraterrestrials
cause them to build a city underground? Global
ice age? Or to protect from invading enemies
such as desert raiders or Roman legion?

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Yonaguni Monument: Yonaguni monument is located off the coast of Yonaguni,
the southernmost of the Ryukyu Islands, in Japan. the sea off Yonagun is one of the
most famous place for diving during winter because of the largest population of
hammerhead sharks and some divers while were looking for an appropriate location
to observe them in 1987, suddenly found some singular seabed formations
approximating architectonic structures, then right after that many scientists went to
see there and understood that there was a city before.
This monument is made from sandstones and mudstones which archeologists think
that this city exist since around twenty million years ago. This city is in rectangular
shape and the area is around 6,000m2 , about 27m tall and about 5m below sea
level.
The most close answer about why this ancient city in sunken can be global ice age,
which means that maybe in the future, our cities will sink so we can start thinking
about this problem from now.

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Present Cities
Paris: Paris history comes from 2,000 years ago since it was just a small French
settlement until it became the capital and primate city of France. This famous city
is located in the northern central part of France, and it is in the shape of an oval
where covers an area of about 87 square kilometers. Paris is one of the largest
population centers in Europe and it had a population of 2,234,105 in 2009.
Paris is one of the most important centers of art all around the world and many of
famous artists came from there. This city is full of museums, art galleries, and
fantastic architectural designs.
Paris is known as the city of love as it has a favorite destination for couples wishing
to enjoy their honeymoon. It has historical, dramatic places and minutes after you
can watch the Seine River going by while quietly sitting on a bench. Paris dazzles a
person's eyes with the aforesaid reasons. The beauty of Paris and its contrast from
one's own city also bring a feeling of excitement and experience that one has not
felt before. Great place to relight romance and fall in love again because its
spontaneous rather than routine.

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Paris also known as a major
rail, highway, and air transport
hub by having four airports
which two of them are
international, the city’s subway
system which called Paris
Métro, it was opened in 1900
and it can carry nine millions
passengers daily an known as
one of the most extensively
used transport system within
the city, and also seven major
railway stations which one of
the is the busiest station in
Europe together with Paris is also the most important hub of France's motorway
network with over 2,000 km (1,243 mi) of highways and motorways.
Much of contemporary Paris is the result of the vast mid-19th century urban
remodeling. For centuries, the city had been a labyrinth of narrow streets and half-
timber houses, but, beginning with Haussmann's advent, entire quarters were
leveled to make way for wide avenues lined with neo-classical stone buildings of
bourgeoisie standing. The building code has seen few changes since the 1850s,
and the Second Empire plans are in many cases still followed. The "alignement" law
is still in place, which regulates building façades of new constructions according to
a pre-defined street width. A building's height is limited according to the width of
the streets it borders, and under the regulation, it is almost impossible to get an
approval to build a taller building. Landmarks in this city are easily recognizable
which is one of the special things about Paris.

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Hamburg: Hamburg or in official Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg in area
of 755km2 is the second largest city in Germany by containing 1.8 million
people inside and also it is one of the largest ports all around the world. This
city has become media and industrial center in Germany, and also a
financial center for all countries all over the world which contains 12,000
enterprises.
Hamburg has many different architectural styles and landmarks are mostly
churches in this city. There are many streams, rivers and canals in Hamburg
are crossed by over 2300 bridges which make this city very special. In
Hamburg there all many parks which distribute all over the city to respect
nature. This city has a very organized transportation system by having railway
all around the city and more than 600 bus routes plus ferries for crossing rivers,
etc.
This city is following a very huge program to become a fully smart city and
become a paradigm of future cities.
Future of cities forum:
The annual Future of Cities Forum brings together 150 mayors, city planners,
scientists and representatives of civil society and the private sector to discuss
key challenges for future urban development. This year's Forum takes place in
Hamburg, Germany and is the third in a series on regenerative cities
organized by the World Future Council.

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A new model of urbanization, powered by renewable energy and defined by a
restorative and mutually beneficial relationship between cities and their hinterland, is
urgently needed. Cities must go beyond sustainability to truly regenerative
development: not only becoming resource-efficient and low carbon emitting, but
positively enhancing rather than undermining the ecosystems on which they
depend. Regenerative cities mimic nature’s circular metabolism and operate in a
closed-loop system that transforms waste outputs into inputs of value.

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Rafflesia Island (the imaginary city)
Rafflesia Island is located in south east of Peninsular Malaysia, in Johor state, and
quite near to Singapore. This island became British possession in 1789 after they
dispossessed Penang in 1786 and after that they found this island very strategic to
become a port in Malaysia, them it became growing to one of the largest ports in
south east Asia. In this city people are mostly work in enterprises and shipping. This
city also is one of the UNESCO heritages. People’s favorite hobby in this city is fishing
and there are many festivals about fishing every year.
 Johor flag:
 Why this city is called Rafflesia Island?
British found this flower for the first time in Malaysia, in this island, so they
named this Island Rafflesia.

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 Population: 300.000
 Area: 150km2
 Races: 60% Malays, 25% chines,10% Indians and 5% other races
 Religions: 55% Muslim 20% Christians 15% Chinese traditional religions 5%
Hinduism and 5% other religions.
 Median age:
total: 27.1 years
male: 26.9 years
female: 27.3 years
Future of the City: Unfortunately, this city because of its situation on earth will have a
very monumental problem which is becoming fully sunken around year 2043.
Ozone layer depletion:
Ozone is a naturally occurring gas that can be good or bad for your health and
environment depending on its location in the atmosphere. In the layer near the
earth’s surface (the troposphere) ground level or “bad” ozone is an air pollution that
is a key ingredient of urban swag. But higher up, in the stratosphere, “good” ozone
protects life on earth by absorbing some of the sun’s UV rays.
The tropospheric ozone layer forms a thin shield in the upper atmosphere,
protecting life on earth from sun’s UV rays. It has been called the earth’s sunscreen.

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In the 1980s, scientists found evidence that the ozone layer was being depleted.
Depletion of the ozone layer results in increasing UV radiation which causes many
problems and on top of them is global warming.
Global warming:
Global warming described as a gradual increase in the average temperature of
the earth’s atmosphere and also its oceans, which changes earth’s climate
constantly. There are debates among people about global warming is a hoax and
others believe it. But climate scientists by looking at data and facts agree that the
planet is warming. The average temperature of the earth has rising between 0.4 and
0.8 oc over the past 100 years. Causes of global warming are increasing volumes of
carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases released by the burning of fossil fuels,
land clearing, agriculture, and other human activities over past 50 years. Scientists
recently, predicted that average of global temperature could increase between 1.4
and 5.8 oc by the year 2100.
Some of the results of global warming are raising sea levels due to the melting of the
polar ice caps, as well as an increase in occurrence and severity of storms and other
severe weather events. After this in the future by increasing sea levels will start
swamping small lands outskirts of extensive lands, such as islands. Now it’s time for us
to start building new cities to save people.

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Ship Island (the future city)
To build a new city but for same people and future generations is not easy at all,
and it’s a very huge project which as to finish on time. For this purpose we need the
best city planners, scientists and representatives of civil society and the private
sector to discuss, and also Mayors of other cities for consultation.
As our city is going to sink, the first option which is enhancing city and the second
one which is building an underground city are absolutely failed. After discussing with
psychologists, we found that, we better to build a new city with some similar
elements to existing cities that people can adapt themselves with that city, so the
other two options, floating on air city and underwater city are also failed. The best
choice after all researches and discussing with the best experts in different fields, we
drew to start building a city floating on water.
As the future city will rescue people from drowning, My idea came up with growing
out of Noah ship.
After this I decided to build a city like a very huge ship and use the highest
technology in ships.
This city will be a fully green city to become a paradigm for all future cities where
we will mostly supply electrical energy by using solar panels and turbines all around
the island.

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In our future city all electric supply will be underground level in the basement level
of the ship.
Solar panels: these panels will be locate
everywhere in the city and every building will
use them in their exterior structure which move
during days to face sunshine, so during days
people may see that some buildings exterior is
changing.
Turbines: Turbines also will provide electricity to people
in this city. They will be located all around the ship in
basement level, underwater, so water flow will make
them start turning and producing energy to supply
electricity all around the island.
But how to stable the city and how to prevent
buildings topple? In this city we will have very huge
anchors in every 500 meters around the island to
make sure that water flow won’t wag this gigantic
ship.
For buildings in our future city we will use the earthquake
proof system that constructors are using in their buildings
currently. In this system they build buildings within and they
have this ability to topple a bit in a very limited area from
their foundation during earthquakes but they will not
collapse after it and they will stay stable.
One of the major problems for the future
will be water, so we will have hatches and
vey organize canal system which steer rain
waters to sewage works for filtration and
after that for supplying water, will send to
different part of the city.

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But what if we will have less rain in the future or even we will not have rain at all? For
this purpose the only option is seawater treatment and as our future city will be
exactly on the seawater we will have the best and the newest technologies to use
them, so after bringing seawater to our city by different suction ducts, it will filter in
the main filters and then in cartridge filters, then will send to reverse osmosis system,
and at the end we will have filtered water.
Waste handling:
Sewages will steer by tunnels, canals, and ducts to the
sewer service in the main tank and after that will send
to conveyance tanks. These conveyance tanks will
send to the port and after that will send to the nearest
land by ships.
What will happen to trashes in our future city? All rubbish will collect two times
during twenty four hours from every single part of the city by special trucks, after that
we collect recyclable rubbish, then recyclable rubbish will send for recycling and
the rest will put in special containers which will send to the nearest land with ships for
biomass purposes, but before that we will close up the volume of rubbish.

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Transportation in Ship Island:
All vehicles in this island will use hydride system and they will be fully electric (Using
fossil fuels for vehicles will not be allowed) which will help us to save more fossil fuels,
decrease air pollution, and save the environment.
How to produce energy for vehicles? We will have stations which there are solar
panels on top of it, they will save energy in the station and then vehicles can charge
batteries easily and cheap.
Public transport: In Ship Island we will provide one or the most organize public
transport system which includes fully electric buses with many stations in every part
of the city, and city trains which will cover around the island by having 20 stations,
this trains on the ground level at the middle of the main streets. This city train system
will work fully electric and each station can supply energy by itself (solar panels).

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To build a new city which is floating on water we will have a limited area. Our
current area is 150km2 but we will live in a 70km2 area which is less than half of the
current city, so we will need taller buildings and more compact.
This future city is planned very simply and organized. We will have fourteen parts in
our future island in square shape, except two parts where two landmarks are going
to located.
As you can see in the map two landmarks (orange circles) will be located in two
ends of the island and a main street including the city train will connect them , so
people in this city can recognize them easily.
19km
4km
52km2
1X
9km2
2X

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Landmark#1: Domes of Ship Island
This landmark will be a politics complex in our future city where, we will make the
most important decisions.
Landmark #2: Port (main building)
This landmark will be a place for ship transit, either for people or cargos.
Main streets

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Map information
This organization doesn’t mean that for example there is no school in other parts
except educational center or there is no police station except in security services
center. WE will provide all major needs in every part of the city for people
convenience
Politics and city
management complex
The port and
navy base
Air pert and air
force base
Industrial area: power
station, sewage works,
etc
Sport complex: football
stadium, fishing
confederation, etc
Health and medical center
and also the largest
mosque in the island
Business center including
the largest international
companies and their offices
Residential area
(high rise)
Residential area
(bungalows,
terrace houses, etc)
Commercial area including
the largest shopping malls in
the city
Entertainment center
including a funfair and
water park, etc.
Security services
(police, fire fighting,
etc) and army base
Educational center
including the largest
university in the city
Land marks City train routes

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Electric supply:
Sewage works:
City basement
Power station
Power station
Main routes
Branches
Sub branches
Cables map
Canals map

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How this future city will look like:
Borders between the water and one of the main streets
Squares which include parks with many fountains all around the city

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The Process & Progress
First tutorial: researches

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Second tutorial (online): underwater city

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Third tutorial: change to floating on water city

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Fourth and the last tutorial: elements of the future city

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Conclusion
As I have chosen to become a quantity surveyor in the future, this project really
helped me to understand about cities infrastructure.
When we choose to enter in construction industry, in fact we are entering in a very
huge project to build and shape cities by being part of this project, so we need to
learn about elements of building environment and all the things that we have to
consider for a city and these are the things that I have learnt in this project. Building
a city is not that easy and there are so many things in a city that people don’t know
about them and they never go through details of the city they live in to understand
how their city work, I also didn’t know much about cities, but after this project
everything in the city is interesting for me.
After all I think we must start thinking about future cities, how do we want them to
look like? What kind of things we have to consider? What kind of problems will we
have? And many other questions, to choose the best for shaping ours and future
generation’s life.

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Reference links
http://www.aviewoncities.com/paris.htm
http://www.theatlanticcities.com/arts-and-lifestyle/2013/04/transit-expansion-
designed-force-paris-make-peace-its-suburbs/5155/
http://english.hamburg.de/
http://www.futureofcitiesforum.com/
http://www.hitachi.com/products/smartcity/smart-infrastructure/
http://www.urbandesign.org/elements.html
http://akensai.com/ancient-sunken-cities/
http://www.future-cities.eu/project/idea-strategy/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxZKV8lCvzs
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rvr1Emc9xrA
http://www.theborneopost.com/2013/06/04/planning-a-green-city/
http://www.contemporaryurbananthropology.com/pdfs/Mumford,%20What
%20is%20a%20City_.pdf
http://www.urbandesign.gov.au/whatis/index.aspx
http://www.slideshare.net/jamesfurlo/underground-city-of-derinkuyu
http://us.sunpowercorp.com/homes/products-services/solar-panels/
http://www.whyzz.com/what-does-a-mayor-do

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