13 Colonies

1. Unit 1 Notes
Colonization of the New World

2. 1st English Colonies

3. Protestant Reformation
• Martin Luther – leader of the Protestant
reformation, expelled from the Catholic
Church, but his ideas spread and became
known as the Lutheran Church.
• John Calvin - Suggested that the Monarchy
should not control the church.

4. Economic Changes in England
• Manoralism
• English nobles realized that they could make
more money by raising sheep than by renting
their land.
• Enclosure Movement – landowners converted
their estates from farms to sheep pastures and
evicted the tenants.
• Created thousands of poor, unemployed
beggars.

5. The 1st English Colony
• Richard Hakluyt - Geographer who urged England to start a
colony in the Americas
• England didn't control 1 square foot of America at the time
(late 1500's)
• Said new colony would benefit England
1. Place to send petty criminals
2. Allow England to build overseas bases
3. Provide a market for English manufactured goods and a
place to get raw materials
4. Plant the Protestant faith in the Americas (control
Catholicism)
• He forgot to say that the colony should be able to feed itself

6. The Founding of Roanoke
• Roanoke founded by Sir Walter
Raleigh
• Claimed land between the 34th
and 45th parallels for England
(North Carolina to Maine)
• Named region Virginia (for
England's virgin queen)
• 1585 - 1st colony began at
Roanoke Island
• Roanoke and Croatian Indians lived
nearby and provided help at first
• Colonist treated Indians with
disrespect (conflicts ended in
violence)
• Indians stopped helping and the
Colonist almost starved to death
• Left after a year

7. Second Attempt
• John White leads a 2nd attempt English artist convinces
Raleigh
• People carry their families and invest own money
• White had to return home for supplies
– His granddaughter (Virginia Dare) was the 1st English child born in
America
• Had to wait a couple of years to return because of the Spanish
Armada
• Everyone had disappeared when he returned
– Only two signs CRO carved on a tree and the word CROATION on a
door
• No one knows what happened to the colonist
• Called the “Lost Colony”

8. England Plans for Colonies
• Queen Elizabeth died King James became King
• James made peace with Spain enabled England to set
up colonies
• Formed joint-stock companies to fund colonies
• Virginia Company – British investment group with a
charter to start a colony in Virginia
– investors – people who put money into project to earn
money
– shares of stock – pieces of ownership in a the company
• Charter – written contract giving certain rights to a
person or group

9. Jamestown (Chesapeake Bay)
• April 1607 - 150 colonist settled in
Jamestown
• Swampy location caused diseases
• Looked for gold and refused to
work
• Winter 1607 – Only 38 colonist
remained
• John Smith took control of the
colony
• Made rule requiring people to
work for food
• Persuaded the Powhatan Indians
to give them food
• Smith was forced to return to
England after burning himself

10. Chief Powhatan
• Powhatan – Native
American leader who John
Smith befriended in an
effort to save the colony.
• Powhatan Confederacy –
trade agreement between
Jamestown and the Native
Americans.

11. Jamestown
• Spring 1609 - 600 more colonist
arrive
– Only 60 survived the winter
• 1610 – Surviving colonist
decided to leave
1. Met new colonist on the
James River
2. Persuaded to return
• New leaders flogged or hung
colonist who neglected work
• Colony continued to grow due to
Virginia Company’s support
• Began growing tobacco

12. Tobacco Saves the Colony
• John Rolfe – Colonist who crossed Brazil tobacco
with harsh strain grown in Virginia (High Quality)
1. Demand for tobacco in England made it profitable
• Tobacco was the First Cash Crop
• Tobacco created a demand for field labor
1. Headright System – Gave anyone who paid for
their or another’s passage 50 acres of land
(Increased immigration)
2. Indentured Servants – People who agreed to a
limited term of servitude in exchange for passage to
North America

13. Tobacco Saves the Colony
• 1610 – 1st African American slaves arrived
– Treated them like indentured servants
– Not popular in the beginning due to cost (Cost
twice much as indentured servants did)
• Late 1600s – Began importing slaves in large
numbers
• Indentured servant population dropped
• Colonist were wealthier

14. House of Burgesses
• Burgesses - representative
• House of Burgesses - First elected general
assembly in American History.

15. Clashes with Native Americans
• English didn’t want to live
with the Native
Americans they defeated
• Leaders began
demanding tributes and
of corn and labor from
local Indians
• Burned Powhaton villages
and kidnapped hostages
(Pocahontas)
• 1614 – Pocahontas
married John Rolfe
(Temporary peace)

16. Clashes with Native Americans
• 1622 – Powahaten Indians killed over 340
colonists
1. Nearly bankrupted the Virginia Company
• 1624 – King James revoked the Virginia
Company’s Charter and turned Virginia into a
royal colony
1. Sent more troops and settler to strengthen
colony

17. The Pilgrims
• Separatists – religious group
that broke from the Church of
England
• Sought freedom form
persecution (bad treatment)
• 1620 – Mayflower landed at
Plymouth
– storm blew them off
course
• Landed outside the limits of
the Virginia Company’s
– Charter didn’t apply to
them

18. The Pilgrims
• Mayflower Compact –
people agreed to obey laws
that were for the good of
the colony – 1st in American
history
• William Bradford -
Leader of the Pilgrims
• Squanto - helped colonist
plant corn, beans, and
pumpkins in the tribal lands
– Served as an interpreter to
local Indians and helped
maintain peace
• 1621 – celebrated 1st
Thanksgiving

19. Unrest in England leads to growth of
colonies population
• 1620 - King Charles insisted that everyone worship
the same as him
• Puritans - group that wanted to purify the Church
of England
– Wanted to rid the church of “Popish” traditions such as the
use statues, painting, and instrumental music.
– Didn’t like celebrations such as Christmas and church
weddings
– Thought playing games sports and games on Sunday was
sinful
• King said that church and state were one (people
who questioned church’s authority would question
the king’s too )

20. The Great Migration – period when many
puritans came to America
• Most move to England’s
colonies in the West Indies
• 1629 – Massachusetts Bay
Company received charter
(recruited Puritans to move
to America)
• John Winthrop – led great
migration to New England
(became 1st governor of
colony)
• Great Migration - 1630 –
New England’s white
population nearly doubled

21. Massachusetts Bay Colony
(Established1630)
• John Winthrop served as governor
• Commonwealth - people worked for the good of the
whole
• People believed they had an agreement with God to
build a holy society “City Upon a Hill”
– It should be an example of Godly living for all the world to see
• Brought their families with them
• A Town Meeting was a time for voting on issues, giving
opinions, and setting governances.
– Heart of the colonies

22. Colonial New England Towns
• Congregation was the basic unit (people who belonged
to the same church)
– Each Puritan congregation set up its' own town
• Towns built around an open field
• Farmers lived in the towns and went out each day to
work in fields
• Meeting house was most important building in town
(handled politics and church there)
– When town grew too big for meeting house, congregation
divided and started a new town.
• The Half-Way Covenant perpetuated the role of religion
in the colonies by continuing to encourage people to join
the church (even though the church founders had passed
away).

23. New England Way
• Everyone was required to attend church
• People who made noise were punished
• Puritans believed in godliness, hard work and
honesty
• Thought dancing and playing games would lead
laziness and sin
• Bible was the source of truth so everyone should be
able to read it.
• Required everyone to learn how to read
• Drunkenness, swearing, theft, and idleness were
illegal

24. Challenges to the Puritans
• Puritans didn't believe
in religious tolerance
• Roger Williams - said
that the government
should have no power
over religious matters,
fled Massachusetts and
founded the colony of
Rhode Island

25. Challenges to the Puritans
• Anne Hutchinson – declared a Heretic and
banished from the colony for saying that each
person could find divine guidance without the
help of the ministry, moved to Rhode Island
and founded the town of Portsmouth
• Killed by Indians in a war between the Native
Americans and the Dutch

26. Disputes over Land
• Native Americans believed that no one owned
the land
• Viewed treaties land treaties where they
received gifts as agreement to share the land
for a limited time
• Colonist saw the agreement as a one –time
deal where they bought the land

27. King Phillip’s War
• In 1675 the Plymouth Colony tried and executes three
Wampanoag for a murder which led to attacks by native
Americans against colonist
• Wampanoag chief Metacom organized his tribe in an alliance
with several others in order to wipe out the colonist
• Attacked and burned outlying settlements in New England
• Native American were forced to surrender and flee after a
year of fighting
1. Worn down by diseases, casualties, and lack of food
• Metacom was killed by a Native American ally of the colonist
1. Puritans exhibited Metacom’s head at Plymouth for twenty
years
• English destroyed the power of the New England Indians

28. King Phillip’s War
• The reason for King Phillip’s War was that
Colonists were trying to enforce British law on
Native Americans
• The significance of King Phillip’s War was that
few Native Americans remained in New
England; many moved to get away from the
settlers

29. New Netherland
• Henry Hudson – explored the
area between New England and
the Chesapeake and claimed it for
the Dutch.
• Settled the area by patroons - a
person who brought 50 settlers to
New Netherland
1. Had same power as a feudal
lord
• Dutch profited from Fur trading
1. Established Albany and New
Amsterdam
• Peter Stuyvesant - governor of
New Amsterdam (conquered
New Sweden)

30. Seizure of New Netherlands
• England jealous of New Amsterdam's success
( It also divided their lands)
• King Charles the II decided his brother the
Duke of York should take it from the Dutch
• Dutch gave up without a fight
• Dutch of York becomes proprietor (owner)
renames it New York

31. New Jersey & Pennsylvania
• Dutch of York gave New
Jersey to two of his
friends
• King gave Pennsylvania
to William Penn,
Penn wanted a place for
the Quakers to live
without persecution

32. Quakers face Persecution (Quakers were a
Puritan Group)
• Said that neither ministers or the bible were
needed (each person could know God directly
through an "inner light"
• Were treated harshly in Massachusetts
(whipped, thrown in jail, parts of ears cut off
and bored their tongues with hot irons)
• 1691 - King forced a new charter on
Massachusetts (governor chosen by the King
rather than elected)

33. The Quakers Settle in Pennsylvania
• William Penn received the land as repayment for a debt King
Charles II owed Penn’s father
• Penn wanted place for Quakers to live
• They were harassed by both Anglicans and Puritans
• Gave every settler 50 acres of land
• The government called for the establishment of a
representative assembly and freedom of religion
• Capital of the colony was Philadelphia “City of brotherly love”
• Recruited immigrants from western Europe
• Thousands of Germans migrated to the colony
1. Brought craft skills and farming techniques
• The colonies principles of equality, cooperation , and religious
tolerance eventually became fundamental values of the new
American nation

34. Maryland
• 1632 - Maryland founded by
Lord Baltimore, Wanted
a place for Catholics
• Received a land grant from
Charles I
• Colony was named after
Queen Henrietta Maria
1. Charles’ Queen

35. Carolinas and Georgia
• Charles II gave 8 supporters
land between Virginia and
Spanish Florida
1. Carolina - Feminine form of
Charles
• 1729 - King took over Carolina
charter and divided it into
North and South
• 1732 Georgia was founded to
act as buffer between Spanish
and Carolinas
• Georgia founded By James
Oglethorpe
• Debtors colony

36. England and Its Colonies Prosper
• Colonies export raw materials,
Britain manufactures goods
• Purpose of the colonies was to
make Britain prosper
• Mercantilism—economic
system to make a nation self-
sufficient
- Nation obtains gold, silver,
and establishes a favorable
balance of trade
• Colonist began exporting
goods directly to other
European countries
- Made more money

37. England and Its Colonies Prosper
• British pass Navigation Acts in
1651 to control colonial trade
- Required that all foreign goods
pass through English ports
- Required that all good be
carried on English or colonial
ships
- Created jobs for dockworkers
and ship builder
• Colonial merchants resented the
laws
- Continued to smuggle goods
- Howard Teach became the most
famous smuggler (Blackbeard)

38. New England
• Dominion of New England – created by King
James, consisted of Massachusetts, Plymouth,
and Rhode Island
– A year later New Jersey and Connecticut was
added
– Created to help enforce the navigation acts
• Run by a governor-general
– He had all power over the colonies

39. Glorious Revolution
• King James unpopular in England:
is Catholic, disrespects Parliament
• 1688 - James wanted to return
England to Catholicism (gets
kicked out)
• Glorious Revolution—Parliament
asserts its power over monarch,
1689
- Parliament crowns Mary
(James’s daughter) and William of
Orange
• Glorious Revolution – showed
that government was based on
law not the whims of kings
- Authority of the king came from
Parliament not God

40. Glorious Revolution
• English Bill of rights (a list)
-No taxation without representation
-No cruel or unjust punishment,
- Free speech in parliament
-No imprisonment without a trial,
-The right to petition
-The right to bear arms
-The right to trial by jury
• Massachusetts colonists arrest Governor Andros and royal councilors
• 1691 – England restored Massachusetts’ charter
• King appointed a royal governor
• Required more religious toleration and non-Puritan representation in
the colonial assembly
• Ended Puritan persecution of other groups

41. England Loosens the Reigns
• England turned its attention towards France after
1688
- Competing for control of Europe
• Passed laws to tighten the Navigation Acts but didn’t
enforce them
- Smuggling trials in admiralty courts with English
judges, no juries
- Board of Trade has broad powers to monitor
colonial trade
• Salutary Neglect – England didn’t enforce the
regulations in exchange for colonies continued
economic loyalty

42. Plantation Economy
• Shaped the southern colonies
- Maryland, Virginia, the
Carolinas, and Georgia
• Depended on growing cash crops
and slave labor
- Tobacco and Rice
• Long, deep rivers allow planters
to ship goods directly to markets
• Plantations produced most of
what farmers needed on their
property
- Few cities grew: warehouses,
shops not needed
• Southern population mostly
small farmers
• Planters are minority but control
economy
• By mid-1700s, growth in export
trade makes colonies prosperous

43. Bacon’s Rebellion
• The main cause of Bacon’s
Rebellion was when Virginia
farmers wanted Native
American land for larger
farms and the government
said no.
• The major long-term effects
of Bacon’s Rebellion were
that it expanded the Southern
need for slavery and began a
policy of pushing Native
Americans west.

44. The Role of Women
• Women have few legal or social rights, little
formal schooling
• Most women cook, clean, garden, do farm
chores
• Rich and poor women must submit to
husbands’ will

45. Turn to Slavery
• Turned to African slavery after Indians died
• Slaves—people who are considered the property
of others
• 1660s – South’s labor system began changing from
indentured servants to slavery
• New planter class gained power in Virginia (Cavaliers)
• English colonists increasingly unable to enslave Native
Americans
• Indentured servant price rises; slaves work for life, are
better buy
• Most white colonists think Africans’ dark skin justifies
slavery

46. Turn to Slavery
• 3-way Triangular
Trade network ties
colonies, Africa,
West Indies:
- New England
exports rum to Africa
- Africa exports
slaves to West Indies
- West Indies export
sugar, molasses to
New England

47. Turn to Slavery
• The Middle Passage—
middle leg of transatlantic
trade, transports slaves
- 20% or more of Africans
on ship die from disease,
abuse, suicide
- Slaves were crowded
together (Many died)
- Beaten if they refused to
eat or tried to jump
overboard
- Overloaded the boats by
1/3

48. Growth of Plantations
• Black population grew rapidly in the
Southern Colonies
- Rose from 6 % in 1660 6% to Over 20%
in 1700
• Plantation farming grew in South
Carolina and Georgia
• Grew rice in the lowlands
- Had to drain swamps and clear land
- Plantation owners sought out slaves
who were from Africa’s rice growing
regions
• Grew Indigo in the uplands
- Started by Eliza Lucas
- Could raise it on land not suitable for
rice

49. Life Under Slavery
• Small Farms - People who owned only a few slaves worked
side by side with them
- Shared same living area
- Treated like indentured servants
- Often taught to read and write and given chance to purchase
freedom
- Common outside the south
• Plantations -Worked in groups of 20-25
• 80–90% of slaves work in fields; 10–20% work in house or as
artisans
- Slaves work full-time from age 12 until death
- Owners beat, whip slaves considered disobedient,
disrespectful
• Planters feared a slave uprising

50. Life Under Slavery
• 1739 Stono Rebellion Slaves
rebelled near Charles Town
- Killed planter families
- militia defeated slaves (Killed
fighting or executed)
• Passed Slave codes –Harsh laws
that controlled the treatment of
slaves
- Prohibited slaves from leaving the
plantation without permission
- Forbid slaves to meet with free
blacks
- Forbid slaves to learn how to read
or write

51. New England Colonies

52. Life in the New England Colonies
• Farming was difficult in the Region
• Low mountains and rocky soil
• Long cold winters
• Atlantic ocean was their main resource

53. Fishing and Shipbuilding in New England
• Settlers switched from farming to fishing
• Good harbors and rich fishing areas
• Region had abundance of wood to build ships
• Boston became the richest American colonial
town

54. African Americans in New England
• Little slavery in New England
- Didn’t need large amounts of unskilled labor
• New England slave owners differed from Southern
slave owners
- Often provided religious and educational
instruction
• More free blacks lived in New England than any
other region
- Became merchants, sailors, printers and carpenters
• Were NOT treated as equals to whites

55. Roles of Women
• Women and girls did jobs associated with household
- Made candles, soap, and butter
- Spun cloth, weaved, washed, and cooked
• Some women had special skills within the
community
- Helped deliver babies
- Run a Dame school (Home where young children
were taught to read and write)
• Widows, women who never married or wives of
seagoing fishermen often entered business
- Printers, merchants, carpenters, and ship owners

56. Changes in Puritan Society
• Late 1600s – New England had moved away
from the church-centered society
• Caused by growing prosperity and the end of
Puritan political control
• New Generation of colonist didn’t share their
parent’s strict religious views
- Valued wealth
• Puritan Ministers began complaining that their
“city on the hill” was full of greedy merchants

57. Witchcraft Trials in Salem
• In 1692 – Several young girls
made false accusations of
witchcraft
- Led to trials and hysteria
• Many accusers were poor who
brought charges against rich
• Several victims were women
considered too independent
• Hundreds of people were
accused of witchcraft or dealing
with the devil
• Nineteen people were hanged
after being charged with witch
craft during the Salem Witch
Trials, showed that a society
can create scapegoats for its
problems

58. The Enlightenment
• For centuries philosophers used reason,
science to explain world
• Enlightenment—movement in 1700s
emphasized reason, observation
• Enlightenment ideas spread quickly through
books, pamphlets
• John Locke – Natural Rights - Life, Liberty, and
Property

59. The Enlightenment
• Benjamin Franklin
embraced Enlightenment
ideas
- Kite experiment
• Franklin becomes symbol
for Social Mobility
• Other colonial leaders also
adopted Enlightenment
views
• Thomas Jefferson used
reason to conclude people
had natural rights that
government must respect

60. The Great Awakening
• 1720 – Only 25% of New
Englanders belonged to a church
- Lower in other colonies
• Educated men became lawyers
and merchants rather than
ministers
• 1730s and 1740s – New religious
movement roared through
colonies
• The Great Awakening was a
resurgence of religion in America
- Minister went from town to
town
- Held revival meetings and urged
people to return to their faith

61. The Great Awakening
• Great Awakening was led by
Jonathan Edwards
- He described the agonies
of hell and urged people to
repent their sins
- preaches people are sinful,
must seek God’s mercy
- Sinners in the Hands of an
Angry God
• George Whitfield – Traveled
the colonies and gave “fire
and brimstone sermons”

62. The Great Awakening
• Great Awakening had several effects
- People returned to the church
- A sense of equality among American arose
- Everyone was seen as equal in God’s eyes
- Many people began calling each other brother and
sister
- People began reaching out to African Americans
and Indians
- Jonathan Edwards became a missionary to Indians
in Massachusetts
- Interest in learning increases; Protestants found
colleges

63. Middle Colonies

64. A Farm and City Life in the Middle Colonies
• Consisted of New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and
Pennsylvania
• Region had a wealth of resources
- Rich soil, good growing season, and several large rivers with
good harbors
• New York City – Mouth of the Hudson River
• Philadelphia – located on the Delaware river which drained
into Delaware Bay
• Colonist came from farming traditions
- Germany, Switzerland, and Holland
- Skills enabled them to produce large amounts of food for
export
- Wheat production earned the colonies the nickname “Bread
basket”

65. The Importance of Mills
• Mills –Machines that process materials such as grain
• Lumber mills, iron works, paper mills and Gristmills
• Most were ran by water power
- A few were ran by wind or animal power
• Gristmill was the most common
- Ground grain into flour
- Used two large stones (Could adjust the setting to make fine
flour or course meal)
- Largest mills were in Pennsylvania, New Jersey
and Delaware
• People in Middle colonies ate about a pound
of grain a day (3 times as much as we eat today)

66. Philadelphia’s Prosperity
• Growing commerce and a supply of skilled artisans led to
small scale manufacturing in Middle colonies
• Large Scale manufacturing occurred in shipbuilding
• 1750 – Region led the colonies in shipbuilding
• Philadelphia was the main shipbuilding area
- Philadelphia second largest city in British empire; has urban
plan
• Used wealth to build a state of Pennsylvania house
(Independence Hall)
• Lighted and Paved Streets
• Established a fire department and library
• Benjamin Franklin was behind many of the improvements

67. A Climate of Tolerance
• Life was shaped by a number of groups
-Variety of Languages
• Differed from the other two regions
- New England – Puritans / Southern – Cavaliers
• Earliest settlers practiced religious tolerance
- Quakers in Pennsylvania and Dutch in New York
• Quakers believed man and women were equal
- Many women became preachers
- 1688 - Quakers were the first people to speak out
against slavery

68. Life in the Backcountry
• Inland settlers differed from people on the
coast
• Wore simple clothing
• Spoke plain talk
• Believed in equality, self-sufficiency and elbow
room

69. Geography of the Backcountry
• 1700s – Area along the Appalachian Mountains
• Started at the fall line in the South
- Point at which waterfalls made river navigation
impossible
• Piedmont was beyond the fall line
- Broad Plateau leading to the Blue Ridge Mountains
• Numerous Springs and steams made it easy for small
family farms to prosper

70. Settling the Backcountry
• Indian traders were the first Europeans to move into
the backcountry
• Deerskins were used as currency
• Cattle ranchers and then settler followed the traders
• Resulted in clashed between settlers and Indians
• Many backcountry settlers became self-sufficient
farmers
• Cleared land built log Cabin, and planted garden
• 1600s =- People moved to backcountry to escape
plantation agriculture
• Large estates were crowding out small farmers
• 1700 – Scots-Irish became the first group of people
to go directly from England to the backcountry

71. Backcountry Life
• Typical homestead was the
log Cabin
- Introduced by the Swedes
- Became common after
the Scots-Irish arrived
• Ideal for Backcountry
- Could be built quickly
(Ax)
• Pegs lined the inside of the
cabin
- Used to hang family’s
clothes (also served as
decorations)
- Sign of wealth or poverty

72. Backcountry Life
• Clothing
- Women wore homespun clothing, and bonnets and
went barefoot in warm weather
- Men wore a long hunting shirt with large sleeves
- Linen in summer deer skin in the winter
- Carried a bullet bag, knife and tomahawk on their
belt
• People in the backcountry treated each other as
equals although some were wealthier than others
- Called each by first name
• Spread knowledge through ballads, folksongs, and
folktales rather than books

73. French and Indian War
“Seven Years War”

74. Controlling the Mississippi
• Wanted to keep England
from expanding
• Jean Baptiste de Bienville -
oversaw the French
settlements
- Fort at Biloxi
- 1788 - New Orleans built
• France had two main access
points to the American
interior
- St Lawrence River and the
Mississippi River

75. Wars over Fur Trade
• England and France competing over the fur trade
• Quebec – French settlement established for fur
trading
• Indians caught in the middle
• Iroquois were the most powerful Indian group
- Formed League of the Iroquois (consisted of 5
Indian Group)
• England and France fought two wars over the fur
trade
- Didn’t change the Balance of Power

76. English Population Growth
• Changed the balance of power between
France and England
• Land speculators - began planning for a
settlement in the Ohio Valley
• France began building forts along its rim to
prevent English settlement

77. At the Forks of the Ohio
• George Washington sent to
tell the French to leave.
- Land claimed by Virginia
- Governor ordered him to
force the French out
• Washington built another
fort (Fort Necessity)
• Battle at Fort Necessity – 1st
battle of the French and
Indian War
- Became part of the Seven
Years War

78. Albany Plan of Union
• Albany Plan of Union called for the colonies to
unite
• Each colony would send delegates (patterned
after the League of Iroquois)
• Colonies rejected the Albany Plan
- Didn't want to give up power or pay taxes for
joint defense

80. Early French advantages
• England lost its Indian
Allies – They wanted to
be on the wining side
• Controlled access to the
interior
• Used Guerrilla warfare

81. William Pitt
• Became England's Prime
Minister
• Spent large amounts of
money on the war
• Forced England into debt
• Persuaded colonies to
furnish more troops and
money
• England recaptures Fort
Duquesne (rename it
Pittsburg)

82. Battle of Quebec
• Most important battle
of the war (turning
point)
• Quebec seemed
unconquerable
(location)
• England wins and goes
on to take Montreal

83. Treaty of Paris (1763)
• Treaty of Paris 1763 Formally ended the
French and Indian War
• England took France's lands east of the
Mississippi
• Spain had to give England Florida (sided with
France in the war)
• France gave Spain New Orleans and its claim
to all of Louisiana west of the Mississippi

85. Pontiacs Uprising
• Proclamation of 1763—
colonists cannot settle
west of Appalachians

86. British Policies Anger Colonists
• Halt to western expansion upsets colonists
• Tensions in Massachusetts increase over
crackdown on smuggling
• Writs of assistance allow searches of ships,
businesses, homes
- British had cracked down on smuggling
during war

87. Problems Resulting from the War
• Colonists felt threatened by
British troops stationed in
colonies
• Prime Minister George Grenville
sets policies to pay war debt
• Parliament passes Sugar Act
(1763):
- Duty on foreign molasses
halved
- New duties placed on other
imports
- Smuggling cases go to vice-
admiralty court