2. Frederick Law Olmsted- Exoduster-
He and other architects African Americans who
like Calvert Vaux helped migrated from the South to
draw up a plan called the Kansas in the years after
"Greensward" which was Reconstruction. During this
selected to become now up to 600,000 families took
known as Central Park. He advantage of the
also started the movement governments offers and
for planned urban parks most were exodusters.
1850 1857 1862 1862
Bessemer Process- Homestead Act:
Henry Bessemer and This was a U.S. law that was
American ironmaker enacted to provide 160 acres
William Kelly started using in the West to any citizen or
this process. This process intended citizen who was
is when interjecting air head of the household and
changes into molten iron would cultivate the land for
to remove the carbon and five years. This led to a record
other impurities. number of U.S. settlers
claiming private property
which had before been
reserved for Native American
use
3. Urbanization-
This is a growth
of cities that
mainly occurs in
the regions of the
Northeast and
Midwest.
19th Century 1864 1867
Patronage- Sand Creek Oliver Kelley-
This is the Massacre- He started the Patrons
process of giving This was known as one of of Husbandry which
government jobs the most tragic events in was an organization for
history. As the Cheyanne farmers that became
to people who
believed they were under
had helped the protection they returned to known mainly as the
candidate get Sand Creek in Colorado for Grange. The main
elected. the winter. John Chivington purpose was to be a
showed up with his troops social outlet and an
and the attack on educational spot for
November 29 killed over isolated farm families.
150 inhabitants that were
mostly women and children.
4. Transcontinental Railroad- Trust-
This is a railroad line that People who took part in a
linked the Atlantic and trust turned their stock
Pacific Coasts of the U.S. over to a group of
This is when the first one trustees, which were
was completed and after that people who ran seperate
others followed including companies but were still
regional lines. At the start of apart of one large
the Civil War the nation had cooperation. They were
about 30,000 miles of track. not legal mergers.
1868 1869 1870 1870
Tammany Hall- John D. Rockefeller-
A powerful He established the Standard
political machine Oil Company and in the year
1870 the company
for Democratic
processed 2 or 3% of the
party that Boss country's crude oil and within
Tweed became a decade controlled 90%.
head of. It was He kept a lot of his assets
located in New but gave away 500 million
York City. dollars to the Rockefeller
Foundation which provided
funds to found the University
of Chicago and created a
medical institute that helped
to find a cure for yellow
fever.
5. Civil Service- Alexander Graham
Is the action of Bell-
government Invented the telephone
administration should and with this opened a
go to the most qualified worldwide
person, many believed communication
that it shouldn't matter network. Not only did it
what political views they affect office work, but
had or who it also created a job for
recommended them. women
1870 1871 1874 1876
Jacob Riis- Great Plains- Telephone-
He left Denmark for the During this period This was invented by
U.S. and became a Federal government Alexander Graham
police reporter in New set up and passed an Bell. This invention
York City. He was act that designated opened up worldwide
shocked at the the entire Great plains communication and
conditions of how overly as one enormous started something big
crowded it was and how reservation or land set for not only men but
filthy it was. He used his aside for Native women in the working
talented slaves to show American Tribes. industry. This
the awfulness of New invention benefitted
York's poor created many jobs also.
place.
6. Battle of Little Bighorn- National Farmer's
In early June this event Alliance-
occurred, Colonel Cluster This was originated by
with his troops reached the the Grange groups and
Little Bighorn river the many others who
Native Americans were sympathized for
waiting. Leading them was farmers. Lecturers were
Crazy Horse, Gall, and sent to towns all over to
Siting Bull. They crushed talk to people about
Cluster and in an hour they topics such as lower
were dead. interest rates.
1876 1876 1879 During
1870s
Thomas Alva Edison- Dumbbell
He was a pioneer on the Tenements-
new industrial frontier These were known as
when he established the overcrowded and
1st research laboratory unsanitary multifamily
in the world in New dwellings. As the
Jersey. he then working class left
perfected the immigrants took over
incandescent light bulb their old homes and
and later invented a 1-3 families would
system for producing occupy living space.
and distributing
electricity.
7. Longhorns-
Melting Pot-
The Texas longhorns
Many Native-born
were animals that
Americans saw their
were sturdy, short
country as this. It is a
tempered breeds that
mixture of people of
were mainly around
different cultures and
dry grasslands of
races who blended
Southern Spain.
together by abandoning
Many Spanish settlers
their native languages and
raised them for food.
customs.
During 1870s 1869-1871 Late 1870s
Tweed Ring-
Grange-
This was led by Boss Tweed Mark Twain-
These were earlier
and it was a group of corrupt Real name was Samuel
known as Patrons of
politicians, who wanted to Langhorne Clemens. He
Husbandry which was a
defraud the city. inspired a host of other young
social and educational
authors when he declared his
organization which
independence of "literature
farmers attempted to
and all that bosh." Many of his
combat the power of
books have became famous
railroads. During this
American literature like the
period members spent a
novel The Adventures of
lot of time fighting
Huckleberry Finn.
railroads.
8. Booker T. Washington-
Segregation-
In this period of time he
This was the process of headed the the Tuskegee
separating whites and Normal and Industrial
blacks in private or even Institute which is now called
public facilities. This was the Tuskegee University in
put into effect in schools, Alabama. This was aimed to
hospitals, parks and equip African Americans
transportation systems in with teaching diplomas and
the South. South passed useful skills in agriculture,
racial laws known as Jim domestic, and mechanical
Crow laws. work.
1870/1880s 1850-1880 1881
Gaft- Jim Crow Laws- Soddy-
This was when a Laws that were used A home that was
political machine in the South to built of blocks of turf.
got its candidates separate blacks and This was mostly
into office it could whites. This was warm in the winter
take advantage of named this after an and cold in the
many old minstrel song that summer. These
opportunities for ended in "Jump, Jim were mainly small
the illegal use of Crow." Racial and offered little
political influence segregation was put light and air. Many
for personal gain. into effect animals roamed in
everywhere with these. They used
these laws. them mostly during
this time period.
9. Colored Farmers Alliance-
Joseph Pulitzer- Collective
In this alliance the people Bargaining-
He was a hungarian promoted cooperation
immigrant who had been A negotiation
between whites and blacks. between
very active in the New York Most members accepted the
world. He pioneered popular representatives of
separations of the labor and
innovations such as a large organizations. This was
sunday edition, comics, management to
organized by a white baptist reach written
sports coverage, and missionary named R. M.
women's news. Papers agreements on
Humphrey who had to work wages, hours, and
would emphasize "sin, sex, secretly to try and avoid
and sensation." Which was working conditions.
racially motivated alliances.
an attempt to surpass
competition.
1881 1883 1886
Assimilation-
A plan under Samuel Gompers-
which Native Led the cigar makers
Americans would international union to
give up their join with other craft
beliefs and way of unions during this
life and become period in history.
part of of the white
culture. During this
period of time
many
sympathizers
started supporting
it.
10. George Eastman-
In this period of time he
introduced the Kodak camera.
The purchase of it was 25
dollars and included 100
picture roll film. After taking
the pictures the photographer
would send the camera back
to Eastman's factory in
Rochester New York where it
cost 10 dollars to develop and
are returned reloaded.
1887 1888
Dawes Act- Poll Tax- Grandfather Clause-
This law was An annual tax that had to This was a clause that
passed by be paid before qualifying stated that even if a man
congress with the to vote. Black and white failed the literacy test or
initial aim to sharecroppers were could not afford to pay
"Americanize" the most often too poor to the poll tax, he was still
Native Americans pay the poll tax and so entitled to vote if he, his
by distributing many Southern States father, or his grandfather
reservation land to issued the Grandfather had been eligible to vote
individual owners. Clause in their before January 1, 1867.
constitutions to help out
the Whites so they could
vote.
11. Ellis Island-
New York harbor located. Kickback-
About 20% of immigrants here These were illegal
were detained for a day or payments that were
more before inspected. Only made for workers
2% were denied entry. The services that enriched
process could take up to 5 the political machines
hours. During this period in and individual
time, the island was the chief politicians.
immigration place in the U.S.
estimated 17 million went
through here.
1889 1880's
Jane Addams-
She confounded
Chicago's Hull Political Machine-
House during this This machine offered
period of time. She services to voters and
was also antiwar businesses in exchange
activist, a for political or financial
spokesperson for support.
racial justice, and an
advocate for quality-
of-life issues.
12. Settlement House- Sherman Antitrust Act-
Establishing this was a few This act made it illegal to form a
reformers, these were trust that interfered with free
community centers in slum trade between states or with
neighborhoods that provided other countries. It was hard for
assistance to people in the people to prosecute however
area. Many immigrant because of the word trust.
settlement workers lived in this
area so that they could learn
firsthand about problems with
urbanization and find ways to
fix it.
Late 1800's 1890
Social Darwinism- Wounded Knee-
An economic and social This occurred when the 7th
philosophy supposedly cavalry rounded up around 350
based on the biologist sioux and took them to a camp at
Charles Darwin theory of wounded knee creek. The next
evolution by natural day soldiers commanded Native
selection. This holds the Americans to surrender and a
idea that a system with shot from an unknown spot was
unrestrained competition fired. The cavalry slaughtered
will ensure the survival of 300 unarmed Native Americans
the fittest. which included children. The
battle brought the Indian wars
and entire era to a end.
13. Scab- Eugene V. Debs-
During this period of time He attempted to form an industrial
Henry Clay Frick union which would be the American
announced plan to cut Railway union. Some people felt as
wages. He hired armed though everyone should be included
guards to protect the meaning unskilled or skilled in a
plant so that he could hire specific industry. Most of the new
scabs or people known as members happened to be
strikebreakers to keep it semiskilled and unskilled but skilled
operating. engineers and firemen joined too.
1892 1894
Ida B. Wells-
Socialism-
She was born into slavery a
little before emancipation, An economical and
she moved to Memphis to political based on
work as a teacher and later government control of
became an editor to local business and property
paper. Racial justice was a and equal distribution
main theme. Three African of wealth.
American businessmen who
she was friends with were
lynched which they were
illegally executed without
trial.
14. William Jennings Bryan- William Randolph Hearst-
Although he was also in this Had purchased the New York
election, representing the Morning Journal already owned
Democrats, he was also known the San Francisco Examiner
for his great speech called wanted to outdo Pulitzer by filling
"Cross of Gold" He won the the Journal with exaggerated
Democratic nomination with this tales of personal scandals,
speech. He carried most of the cruelty, hypnotism, and
South and the farm votes of the imaginary conquest of Mars.
Middle West. He only received During this year the circulation of
6.5 million votes in the campaign each paper had reached more
than a million copies a day.
1896 1898
William McKinley- Plessy vs. Ferguson-
In this year he was in the In this case the supreme
campaign where he was court ruled that the
nominated by the separation of races in
Republican party. He would public places was legal
campaign from his back and did not violate the
porch and thousands of well- 14th amendment
known people traveled the decision. Allowed states
country speaking for him. He to remain segregated in
got around 7 million votes facilities for blacks and
and carried the East. With whites.
his election populism
collapsed.
15. Angel Island- Orville and Wilbur
Asians were the ones who Wright-
primarily went here. In San This was when the Wright
Francisco bay, during these brothers had their first
years about 50,000 Chinese successful flight at Kitty
immigrants entered the U.S. Hawk , North Carolina
through this area. They would where the glider covered
have to go through long 120 feet and lasted 12
questioning and a long seconds. within two years
detention in a filthy place. increased their flight to 24
miles.
1899 1890's 1901 1903
Andrew Carnegie- Monopoly-
In this year he had managed Complete control over
to create the Carnegie Steel it's industry's production,
Company that manufactured wages, and prices. One
more steel than all the other way to create one was
factories in Great Britain. He to set up a holding
attempted to control as company , a corporation
much of the industry as he that did nothing but buy
could. He controlled the at the stock of other
entire thing until he ended companies.
up selling it in 1901.
16. Debt Peonage-
A system in which people bond
laborers into slavery in order to
work off a debt to the employer.
Not until this period in time did
the Supreme Court declare
involuntary peonage a violation of
the 13th amendment. Some
Mexicans and African Americans
in the Southwest were forced into
this.
1905 1911
W.E.B. Dubois-
In this period of time he
founded the Niagara
movement which insisted that
blacks should seek liberal arts
education so that the African
American community would
have more well-educated
leaders.
17. I would like to thank google
images at www.google.
images.com and I would also
like to thank http://en.
wikipedia.org for letting me
use their images for my
timeline