2. Agenda
1. Define the Cardiovascular System (CVS)
2. Why do we need to know about the CVS?
3. Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease
(CVD)
4. Different types of CVD
5. Reversing Atherosclerosis
6. Benefits of Cardiovascular Endurance
Conditioning
3. The Cardiorespiratory
System
Cardio:
heart and blood vessels
transports oxygen, nutrients,
and wastes among vital
organs and tissues
Respiratory:
lungs, air passages, and
breathing muscles
supplies oxygen and
removes carbon dioxide
4. Agenda
1. Define the Cardiovascular System (CVS)
2. Why do we need to know about the CVS?
3. Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease
(CVD)
4. Different types of CVD
5. Reversing Atherosclerosis
6. Benefits of Cardiovascular Endurance
Conditioning
6. CVD in Perspective
CVD – 953,110 deaths/year
Cancer – 540,000 deaths/year
Accidents – 96,000 deaths/year
HIV/AIDS – 17,000 deaths/year
CVD cause of 41.2% of all deaths/year
1 out of every 2.4 deaths, 2,600 deaths/day, 1
death every 33 seconds
CVD claims more lives each year than the
next seven leading causes of death combined
7. Cardiovascular Disease
Statistics – Part 1
Between 1987-1997 CVD death rates declined 19.1%
In 1997, 953,110 people in the U.S. died from heart
disease
Forty two percent of all deaths are related to CVD
One-sixth of CVD deaths are people younger than 65
years
More than 60 million (1 out of every 4) Americans have
some form of CVD: hypertension (50 million), coronary
heart disease (12.2 million), congestive heart failure (4.6
million), or stroke (4.4 million) (American Heart Association,
1997)
8. Cardiovascular Disease
Statistics – Part 2
Coronary heart disease (CHD) accounts for more deaths
than any other disease annually (489,000+ deaths)
CHD deaths greater among Blacks than Whites (Hispanics
have a lower prevalence than Whites) (Public Health
Service 1988)
CHD is caused by lack of blood supply to the heart muscle
(myocardium) resulting in myocardial ischemia
CHD begins with a degenerative, progressive plaque build-
up within the lining of the arteries known as atherosclerosis
(Endothelial Damage Theory)
9. Types of CVD*
Hypertension
Coronary heart disease
Stroke
Rheumatic heart disease
Congenital heart disease
Congestive heart failure
* CVD is the acronym for Cardiovascular Disease.
10. Myocardial Infarction
Necrosis of a part of cardiac muscle
caused by obstruction in a coronary
artery through either atherosclerosis or a
thrombus or a spasm. The onset of an
MI is characterized by a crushing,
viselike chest pain that may radiate to
the left arm, neck, or epigastrium and
sometimes stimulates the sensation of
acute indigestion or a gallbladder attack.
11. Atherosclerosis
Principle cause of coronary artery disease.
Defined as the thickening, narrowing and
hardening of the blood vessels in the body.
The etiology of this chronic disease stems
from long-term injury and plaque build-up
within the inner lining (endothelial lining) of the
arteries. This narrowing of the diameter of the
vessels (lumen) leads to various forms of
occlusion which can result in an MI
(myocardial infarction). Coronary arteries are
only as wide as a pencil lead.
12. Common Blood Vessel Disorders
Thrombus – clot
Embolus – moving clot
Hemorrhage – sudden burst of blood
vessel
Aneurysm – blood vessel balloons,
weakens and can rupture
13. Heart Attack Signals
Pale, clammy, SOB
Faint, anxious, feeling
that death is imminent
Tachycardia, thready
pulse, low BP
Chest pain > 2 min.
Radiating pain,
pressure, discomfort in
arm, jaw and back
EKG might detect
elevation of ST segment
and Q wave
ALOC – altered level of
consciousness measured
using Glasgow Coma
Scale
Nausea/Vomiting
Gastrointestinal Distress
Activate E.M.S. as soon as
possible. Forty percent of
people die within the first
hour of a heart attack.
14. Heart Attack Trivia
70% of heart attacks take place at home
30% of heart attacks outside of home
Most heart attacks occur Monday mornings
Men and post-menopausal women are at
highest risk
Men deny they are having a heart attack
Women are treated for gastric or gynecology
problems – treatment delayed because
women present different s/s for heart attacks –
Women’s Health Initiative 1991
16. Recommendations of the U.S.
Surgeon General
Moderate activity:
on most, preferably all, days of the week
a goal of 150 kcals/day (1000
kcals/week)
Examples of one day’s moderate activity:
30 minutes of brisk walking or 15
minutes of running
30 minutes of raking leaves or 15
minutes of shoveling snow
two 10-minute bicycle rides or two brisk
15- minute walks
17. Benefits of Cardiorespiratory
Endurance Exercise
Improved cardiorespiratory
functioning:
Reduces risk of CVD
Glycogen-sparing effect
Increases ventilatory capacity
Increases cardiac output
Reduces risk of dying prematurely
Reduces risk of developing
osteoporosis
Maintenance of body weight
Reduces risk of developing diabetes
18. More Benefits of Cardiorespiratory
Endurance Exercise
Reduced risk of
chronic
disease:
cardiovascular
disease
cancer
diabetes
osteoporosis
Image source: http://www.nof.org/osteoporosis/index.htm
19. More Benefits of Cardiorespiratory
Endurance Exercise
Better control of
body fat
Improved immune
function
Improved
psychological and
emotional well-
being
20. Five Health-Related Components
of Fitness
Cardiorespiratory Endurance
The ability to perform prolonged, large muscle, dynamic exercise at moderate to
high intensity levels.
Muscular Strength
The amount of force a muscle can produce with a single maximum effort.
Muscular Endurance
The ability of a muscle or group of muscles to remain contracted or to contract
repeatedly for a long period of time.
Flexibility
The range of motion in a joint or group of joints; flexibility is related to muscle
length.
Body Composition
The relative proportion of fat-free mass (muscle, bone, and water) and fat in the
body
21. Cardiovascular Endurance
The ability of the body to
perform prolonged, large-
muscle, dynamic exercise
at moderate-to-high levels
of intensity
Key health-related
component of fitness
