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Sherren PB, Hussey J, Martin R, Kundishora T, Emerson B

Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, St.
Andrew’s Burn Centre
The lethal triad
 The ‘lethal triad’ is a well described entity in the trauma

population and is associated with significant mortality.
Moore EE. Am J Surg 1996;172:405-410.

 Major burn patients are exposed to similar physiological

insults
 Little is known about the incidence and effect of the

lethal triad in burns patients.
 A lethal triad could impact on early total burn

excision/grafting , CVS stability and septic complications
The lethal triad in burns patients
Coagulopathy
 Acute traumatic coagulopathy (ATC) is a well
described phenomenon in the trauma population
associated with significant mortality Brohi K et al. J Trauma.
2003;54:1127-1130.

 ATC is an impairment of haemostasis involving a
complex dynamic interaction between endogenous
anticoagulants and fibrinolysis
 ATC is driven by an endothelial injury and
hypoperfusion, which results in in increased
thrombomodulin expression and APC
 An early burn induced coagulopathy has yet to be

demonstrated
Hypothermia
 Significant problem!
 Factors involved
• Large volume fluid resuscitation
• Thermal tissue injury impairs skin’s insulating ability
• Anaesthesia impacts thermoregulation
• Impaired endogenous heat production as a result of
anaerobic metabolism
• Reluctance to warm burn patients by medical
professionals?
Acidaemia
 Major burns are characterised by
• direct endothelial injury
• systemic hypoperfusion
• hypovolaemia/ haemoconcentration
• myocardial contractility and cellular hypoperfusion.
 This decreased oxygen delivery results in a shift to

anaerobic metabolism, lactate production and
metabolic acidaemia
 The initial lactate is a strong predictor of mortality in
burns patients. Latenser BA. Crit Care Med. 2009 Oct;37(10):2819-26
The lethal triad in burns patients
Aim
 The primary aim of this study was to identify a

clinically significant early burn induced coaguloapthy
and a lethal triad in thermal injuries.
 We also sought any association with the validated

abbreviated burn severity index (ABSI), fluid
administration and mortality.
Abbreviated Burn Severity Index
Methods
 Patients with TBSA burns ≥30% from October 2008 to

December 2011 were identified from the metavision
database.
 A structured and anonymous metavision review was
conducted.
 The database was scrutinised for a predetermined list of
demographics, interventions, admission observations and
investigations.
 Exclusion criteria were: associated major trauma, arrival at
the burn centre>12 hours after burn, significant
CO/Cyanide poisoning, pre-existing coagulopathy, any
PRBC/FFP/PCC administration and non-thermal injuries.
Definitions
 Coagulopathy - PT≥14.7/APTT≥45

seconds (Local lab. reference & Davenport et al. Crit Care Med
2011;39(12):2652-2658)

 Hypothermia - Temperature≤35.5°C
 Acidaemia - pH≤7.25
Lethal Triad
total cases reviewed
(n=205)

excluded

(n=60)
missing data
(n=28)

Lethal triad

Non Triad group

(n=15)

(n=102)
Demographics

Lethal Triad

P-value

Present (n=15)

Absent (n=102)

Age in years, mean (SD)
Sex (M/F)
TBSA burn, mean (SD)
Inhalational injury present
Abbreviated burn severity index,
median (IQR)

46 (20.9)
10/5
59.2 (18.7)
13 (86.7%)
12 (9-13)

33.0 (21.9)
65/37
47.9 (18.1)
31 (30.4%)
8.5 (6-10)

0.033*
1
0.027*
<0.0001*
0.0011*

Time from burn to arrival Burn
Centre in minutes, mean (SD)

352 (107.5)

361.5 (160.8)

0.83

Fluid received prior to arrival at
Burns centre. ml, mean (SD)

4783.3 (2140.1)

4167.1 (2910.6)

0.43

Fluid deficit according to Parkland
formula on arrival in Burns centre.
ml, mean (SD)

1903.2 (2095.6)

301.7 (2287.5)

0.012*

10/15 (66.7)

12/102 (11.8)

<0.0001*

Mortality rate at 28 days (%)
Coagulopathy
 39.3% of the 117 patients were coagulopathic on







admission
There was no significant correlation between the PT and
volume of fluid administered (p - 0.095, r - 0.155)
The 28 day mortality rate for patients with a
coagulopathy of 39.1% was significantly higher than the
8.5% of those with normal coagulation (p-0.0001)
The predictive value of an early coagulopathy in regards
to 28 day mortality was sought using logistic regression
analysis. All components of the ABSI were adjusted for
An earlier coagulopathy was an independent predictor of
28 day mortality, OR 3.42 (1.11-10.56)
Incidence of coagulopathy with ABSI
Pearson product moment correlation coefficient r - 0.292 and p - 0.0013
100
90
80
70

Percentage
with
coagulopathy

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
≤7

8 to 9

10 to 11

ABSI

12 to 13

≥ 14
PT vs serum lactate
Pearson product moment correlation coefficient, r - 0.292 and p 0.001
8
7
6
5

Serum Lactate 4
(mmol/L)
3
2
1
0
0

5

10

15

20

25

Prothrombin Time (seconds)

30

35
Summary
 In patients with major thermal injuries there is a
clinically significant early burn induced coagulopathy

 This coagulopathy correlates to serum lactate and
ABSI but is unrelated to fluid administration
 An

earlier coagulopathy was an independent
predictor of 28 day mortality

 A subgroup of major burns patients exhibit the lethal
triad which is associated with an increased mortality
Conclusion
 In the pre-hospital management of major burns it is

vital to accurately assess the burn area and
resuscitate appropriately to limit tissue
hypoperfusion
 An acute burn induced coagulopathy has significant
bleeding implications for any surgical procedures
 Ensure temperature conservation
• Highest possible ambient temperature

• Use of Clingfilm, space blankets and layering techniques
• Use of active warming methods such as heat pads and the

En-Flow fluid warmer
Questions?

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The lethal triad in burns patients

  • 1. Sherren PB, Hussey J, Martin R, Kundishora T, Emerson B Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, St. Andrew’s Burn Centre
  • 2. The lethal triad  The ‘lethal triad’ is a well described entity in the trauma population and is associated with significant mortality. Moore EE. Am J Surg 1996;172:405-410.  Major burn patients are exposed to similar physiological insults  Little is known about the incidence and effect of the lethal triad in burns patients.  A lethal triad could impact on early total burn excision/grafting , CVS stability and septic complications
  • 4. Coagulopathy  Acute traumatic coagulopathy (ATC) is a well described phenomenon in the trauma population associated with significant mortality Brohi K et al. J Trauma. 2003;54:1127-1130.  ATC is an impairment of haemostasis involving a complex dynamic interaction between endogenous anticoagulants and fibrinolysis  ATC is driven by an endothelial injury and hypoperfusion, which results in in increased thrombomodulin expression and APC  An early burn induced coagulopathy has yet to be demonstrated
  • 5. Hypothermia  Significant problem!  Factors involved • Large volume fluid resuscitation • Thermal tissue injury impairs skin’s insulating ability • Anaesthesia impacts thermoregulation • Impaired endogenous heat production as a result of anaerobic metabolism • Reluctance to warm burn patients by medical professionals?
  • 6. Acidaemia  Major burns are characterised by • direct endothelial injury • systemic hypoperfusion • hypovolaemia/ haemoconcentration • myocardial contractility and cellular hypoperfusion.  This decreased oxygen delivery results in a shift to anaerobic metabolism, lactate production and metabolic acidaemia  The initial lactate is a strong predictor of mortality in burns patients. Latenser BA. Crit Care Med. 2009 Oct;37(10):2819-26
  • 8. Aim  The primary aim of this study was to identify a clinically significant early burn induced coaguloapthy and a lethal triad in thermal injuries.  We also sought any association with the validated abbreviated burn severity index (ABSI), fluid administration and mortality.
  • 10. Methods  Patients with TBSA burns ≥30% from October 2008 to December 2011 were identified from the metavision database.  A structured and anonymous metavision review was conducted.  The database was scrutinised for a predetermined list of demographics, interventions, admission observations and investigations.  Exclusion criteria were: associated major trauma, arrival at the burn centre>12 hours after burn, significant CO/Cyanide poisoning, pre-existing coagulopathy, any PRBC/FFP/PCC administration and non-thermal injuries.
  • 11. Definitions  Coagulopathy - PT≥14.7/APTT≥45 seconds (Local lab. reference & Davenport et al. Crit Care Med 2011;39(12):2652-2658)  Hypothermia - Temperature≤35.5°C  Acidaemia - pH≤7.25
  • 12. Lethal Triad total cases reviewed (n=205) excluded (n=60) missing data (n=28) Lethal triad Non Triad group (n=15) (n=102)
  • 13. Demographics Lethal Triad P-value Present (n=15) Absent (n=102) Age in years, mean (SD) Sex (M/F) TBSA burn, mean (SD) Inhalational injury present Abbreviated burn severity index, median (IQR) 46 (20.9) 10/5 59.2 (18.7) 13 (86.7%) 12 (9-13) 33.0 (21.9) 65/37 47.9 (18.1) 31 (30.4%) 8.5 (6-10) 0.033* 1 0.027* <0.0001* 0.0011* Time from burn to arrival Burn Centre in minutes, mean (SD) 352 (107.5) 361.5 (160.8) 0.83 Fluid received prior to arrival at Burns centre. ml, mean (SD) 4783.3 (2140.1) 4167.1 (2910.6) 0.43 Fluid deficit according to Parkland formula on arrival in Burns centre. ml, mean (SD) 1903.2 (2095.6) 301.7 (2287.5) 0.012* 10/15 (66.7) 12/102 (11.8) <0.0001* Mortality rate at 28 days (%)
  • 14. Coagulopathy  39.3% of the 117 patients were coagulopathic on     admission There was no significant correlation between the PT and volume of fluid administered (p - 0.095, r - 0.155) The 28 day mortality rate for patients with a coagulopathy of 39.1% was significantly higher than the 8.5% of those with normal coagulation (p-0.0001) The predictive value of an early coagulopathy in regards to 28 day mortality was sought using logistic regression analysis. All components of the ABSI were adjusted for An earlier coagulopathy was an independent predictor of 28 day mortality, OR 3.42 (1.11-10.56)
  • 15. Incidence of coagulopathy with ABSI Pearson product moment correlation coefficient r - 0.292 and p - 0.0013 100 90 80 70 Percentage with coagulopathy 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 ≤7 8 to 9 10 to 11 ABSI 12 to 13 ≥ 14
  • 16. PT vs serum lactate Pearson product moment correlation coefficient, r - 0.292 and p 0.001 8 7 6 5 Serum Lactate 4 (mmol/L) 3 2 1 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 Prothrombin Time (seconds) 30 35
  • 17. Summary  In patients with major thermal injuries there is a clinically significant early burn induced coagulopathy  This coagulopathy correlates to serum lactate and ABSI but is unrelated to fluid administration  An earlier coagulopathy was an independent predictor of 28 day mortality  A subgroup of major burns patients exhibit the lethal triad which is associated with an increased mortality
  • 18. Conclusion  In the pre-hospital management of major burns it is vital to accurately assess the burn area and resuscitate appropriately to limit tissue hypoperfusion  An acute burn induced coagulopathy has significant bleeding implications for any surgical procedures  Ensure temperature conservation • Highest possible ambient temperature • Use of Clingfilm, space blankets and layering techniques • Use of active warming methods such as heat pads and the En-Flow fluid warmer