This document discusses head injuries and concussions, including their nature, types, signs and symptoms, and management. Head injuries range from minor lacerations to skull fractures and brain bleeding/damage. Concussions are caused by trauma to the head and can cause temporary impairment. Signs of head injuries include headache, nausea, reduced consciousness, and visual/neurological issues. Management of head injuries follows DRABCD protocol (danger, response, airway, breathing, compressions, defibrillation) and involves stabilizing the victim, monitoring vitals, and seeking immediate medical help if needed.

1. By Grace-Anne Krapez Head Injuries and Concussion PDHPE Preliminary Course 2008 Assessment task # 4 FIRST AID

8. D anger - Check for any dangers in the environment to yourself, the bystanders and the casualty. If there are any dangers present, they must be removed if it is safe for the first aider to do so. R esponse - Ask the casualty if they are okay and try to get a response from them by squeezing their shoulders or shouting at them.Conduct COWS to initiate response. Instruct bystanders to call for an ambulance and any other services that may be needed, for example, the fire brigade. A irway - Check and clear the airway by positing the casualty on their back and tilting the head back slightly while supporting the head to check for anything obstructing the airway and if so, clearing it. The first aider should look, listen and feel for signs of life. B reathing - If there are no signs of life the head and jaw should be supported and two rescue breaths should be given.. If there are signs of life, the casualty should be placed in the lateral position to ensure the airway stays clear. C ompressions - 30 compressions should be completed for every two breaths. This should be continued until medical aid arrives. D efibrillation - If a defibrillator is available, attach to the victim and follow the prompts. Continued...