한국에서 아이비리그대학 학점 따기 Mooc / 주석포함

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                           한국에서 아이비리그대학 학점따기/MOOC
“Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free . . . .”
Article 26 of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Right
"If we teach today's students as we did yesterday's, we are robbing them of
tomorrow."       John Dewey
“The competition inherent in the gadarene rush to offer MOOCs will
createa sea change by obliging participating institutions to revisit their
missions and focus on teaching quality and students as never before.”
Sir John Daniel, 2012  MOOCs as a Game Change
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1. MOOC ?
1.1. Major Players in the MOOC Universe
1. 1. 1.  Udacity
1. 1. 2.  Coursera
1. 1. 3.  EdX
1. 1. 4.  MOOC2Degree
1. 2. MOOC 수업 구성
1. 2. 1. 강의
1. 2. 2.시험
1. 2. 3. 학점(Credit)
1. 2. 4. 커뮤니티
1. 2. 5. MOOC 을 통한 미국대학교육 혁명
2. OER(Open Education Resources/무료교육자료)
2.1. OCW
2.2. OER
2.3. iTunes U
2.4. Khan Academy
2.5. MOOC
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2.5.1. In what way is a MOOC a
course?/대학정규강의/강의&시험&점수&수료증
2.5.2. In what way is a MOOC online?/온라인강의 & 오프라인
스타디그룹&감독하에 최종시험
2.5.3. In what way is a MOOC open?/무료화 & 민주화 & 지적재산권 해제
2.5.4. In what way is a MOOC massive?/강의당 수만명 수강
3. MOOC 대학교육혁명
3.1. 미국대학혁명
3. 1. 1. 학점인정
a. MOOC2Degree
b. San Jose Uni.
c. Georgia Tech
3. 1. 2. 법제화
캘리포니아주
플로리다주
연방정부
3. 1. 3. 일자리 연결
AT&T
Yahoo
3. 1. 4. MOOC 에 대한 비판과 저항
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버지니아대학
3.2. 대학입시 스펙
듀크대학
컬럼비아대학
AP&MOOC
4. 세계 각국의 MOOC
Germany/독일 MOOC
United Kingdom MOOC
Netherlands MOOC
France MOOC
Spain MOOC
Australia MOOC
Independent MOOCs
5. MOOC 수강후기
참고문헌
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1. MOOC ?
MOOC Symposium ay the MOFET institute/by Dalit Levy on Jul 04, 20131
MOOC 강의제공 경험담2
4 Professors Discuss Teaching Free Online Courses for Thousands of
Students3
1
http://www.slideshare.net/damom7http://www.slideshare.net/damom7/moocmofet
2
http://chronicle.com/blogs/wiredcampus/insideamoocinprogress/44397
3
http://chronicle.com/article/4ProfessorsDiscussTeaching/132125/
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It is also exciting to see students forming communities within the
discussion forums, to help one another with questions about content or
technology. Our more ambitious students have developed study guides.
Some selfidentified writingandcommunication instructors have formed
their own forum, to consider how they can use our course to teach their
own students.
The most rewarding aspect of the course is the weekly “Hangout”
session, livestreamed using Google Air. We invite students to join the
discussions and ask questions. Finally, I get to know some of my
students!
So, what hasn’t gone as planned? Certainly some things do not translate
from a traditional classroom course to a MOOC. Our team realized quickly
that we needed to do a better job crosslinking material on the course site.
For example, if we mention the syllabus, we must link to it. Some students,
we have learned, want a great deal of guidance.
MOOCs and the student experience of blended learning4
And when you do embark on a MOOC, you can have a good learning
experience by considering some of the tips and strategies other students
and teachers have shared here.5
4
http://blogs.usyd.edu.au/stl/2013/07/debate_moocs_and_the_student_e_1.html
5
http://moocnewsandreviews.com/category/successstrategies/
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Of course, MOOC formats may differ from one platform to another, but on
the major platforms you can expect to find more than video lectures. They
usually offer discussion forums, quizzes, peer grading exercises, exams
and readings to guide you through the content. Additionally, students are
inspired to create study groups and networks online (on Facebook, for
example), or even offline through the MeetUp website. Most courses
provide a syllabus with a schedule and detailed explanations about the
content.
Two Cheers for Web U!6
I’m getting Ivy League (or Ivy League equivalent) wisdom free.
Anyone can, whether you live in South Dakota or Senegal, whether it’s
noon or 5 a.m., whether you’re broke or a billionaire. Professors from
Harvard, M.I.T. and dozens of other schools prerecord their lectures; you
watch them online and take quizzes at your leisure.
The MOOC classrooms are growing at Big Bang rates: more than five
million students worldwide have registered for classes in topics ranging
from physics to history to aboriginal worldviews.
It creates a strange paradox: these professors are simultaneously the
most and least accessible teachers in history. And it’s not the only tension
inherent in MOOCs.
MOOC boosters tend to speak of these global online classes as if they are
6
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/21/opinion/sunday/gradingthemoocuniversity.html?_r=0
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the greatest educational advancement since the Athenian agora, highlight
in their potential to lift millions of people out of poverty.Skeptics —
including the blogger and University of California, Berkeley, doctoral
student Aaron Bady — worry that MOOCs will offer a watereddown
education, give politicians an excuse to gut state school budgets, and
harm less prestigious colleges and universities.
1.1. Major Players in the MOOC Universe7
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http://chronicle.com/article/MajorPlayersintheMOOC/138817/?cid=at&utm_source=at&utm_me
dium=en
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Coursera Khan
Academy
Udacity edX
This forprofit MOOC
founded by Andrew
Ng and Daphne
Koller has teamed
Salman
Khan made
waves when
he quit his
This
forprofit
MOOC,
started by
Harvard and
MIT put up
the original
$60million to
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up with 62 colleges
(and counting) for its
classes. The
company is
experimenting with a
career service that
makes money by
connecting
employers to its
students, and
attracted $22million
in venture capital in
its first year.
job as a
hedgefund
analyst to
record short
video
lectures on
everything
from
embryonic
stem cells
to—you
guessed
it—hedge
funds and
venture
capital.
the Stanford
professor
Sebastian
Thrun,
works with
individual
professors
to offer
courses. By
March 2013,
Udacity had
raised more
than
$21million
in venture
capital.
start this
nonprofit
MOOC. So far,
students can
take classes
only from
Harvard, MIT,
and UC
Berkeley, but
classes from
nine more
universities
are coming
soon.
1. 1. 1. Udacity
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What is Udacity?8
We're on a mission to bring accessible, affordable, engaging and highly
effective higher education to the world. We believe that higher education is
a basic human right, and we seek to empower our students to advance
their education and careers.
What is a Udacity course like?
8
https://www.udacity.com/faq
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Udacity courses are highly interactive with activities, quizzes, and
exercises interspersed between short videos and talks by instructors and
industry experts. You can take the courses at your own pace, there are no
deadlines. You can rewatch the videos at any time and and retake
quizzes, if you wish. Usually after a lesson you will have a problem set
with exercises that will help you to determine if you have learned the
material taught in that lesson. These exercises will count towards your
mastery level. See the Mastery section in this FAQ for more information on
how that works.
How much does it cost?
All of our courses are available to take for free. However, there is a
forcredit path for some of our courses, which is clearly indicated on each
course overview page. You can learn more in this FAQ. The content of the
class is the same for both options. The primary difference between
forcredit and free classes are the support services and proctored exams
that are part of the credit pathway.
What languages are Udacity courses available in?
All of our courses are closed captioned in English. Many of our courses
have subtitles available in many different languages, including Spanish,
Chinese, French, Portuguese and even less widespread languages such
as Croatian. To see coursespecific information, go to the course's
overview page and click on the "cc" button on the video. To help us
translate our videos, join the Udacity team on Amara.
How can I get the most out of Udacity courses?
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To get the most out of any Udacity course, it's important to be an active
learner. Take lessons as often as possible and be sure to do the exercises!
It's also great to practice and engage with other students through the
forums or meetups. Applying what you learn through different projects will
also be vital to your learning.
When does each course begin?
There is no official start date for courses; all classes are open enrollment,
which enables you to take the course on your own time. Some of our
newer courses may open for enrollment in advance when the course may
not yet be available, but we will keep you updated about those start dates
if you sign up for the course.
How many courses do you offer?
Check out a full list of our courses here: http://www.udacity.com/courses
How long is a Udacity course available?
In most cases, Udacity classes are always available once they have
launched.
Are there deadlines within each course?
Nope. Udacity courses have no deadlines; you can take these courses at
your own pace.
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Can I enroll in more than one class?
Yes! Enroll in as many classes as you like, but know that each course is
about the equivalent amount of coursework to an undergraduate course.
What are the rules on collaboration?
Working with other students is often the best way to learn new things. We
hope students in the class will form vibrant communities, both online and
inperson, to help each other learn. The key is to use collaboration as a
way to enhance learning, not as a way of sharing answers without
understanding them. You are welcome (and encouraged) to view the
lectures with others, and discuss and work together on answering the
inlecture quizzes. For the problem sets, you may discuss the questions
with other students in the online forums and inperson study groups, but
everything you submit should be your own work. For the final exam, you
are not permitted to work with anyone else, and should only ask
clarification questions on the online forums.
What are my testing options?
We have different options for our courses. For all courses, there will be
final assessments that you can take on your own. For courses that need to
be proctored (in order for you to receive credit or certification), we have
both proctored exam at a Pearson VUE testing center and online
proctored exam on our site. We can also provide a "testing kit" to any
institution for a low fee if they are interested in providing proctored exams
on our courses. Please look at your specific courses to see options
available.
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Where do I go to find official testing centers?
To find a testing center, visit this page from Pearson VUE
Are there assignments?
Yes. To learn any subject, it is important to solve problems on your own.
Each course includes a number of problem sets. There are no due dates
for these and they will be similar to the inclass quizzes. You will receive
instant feedback on these questions and you can try them as many times
as you like.
How will my final grade be determined?
Your final grade will be determined by your exam grade.
How do I get answers to questions I have related to the courses?
We love to see an active academic community, so we encourage you to
post your question to the course forum. One of your peers will likely
provide an adequate answer, but if not, one of our course managers will
chime in.
Mastery / Certificates / Credits9
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What is mastery?
Mastery points (coming soon) are earned when you complete certain
questions correctly in a course. Some questions may be worth more
points than others. Each class has a different distribution of mastery
points, often they appear in Problem Sets and Open Exams. You can see
where you can earn mastery points in the course details on the My
Courses page after you have enrolled.
Mastery levels are achievement targets for each course. Courses have four
different mastery levels, which are reached by accumulating mastery
points. In the course details on the My Courses page you can see how
many mastery points you will need to reach each mastery level.
How do I get a certificate?
Once you have achieved at least level 1 mastery in a course, you can
download your certificate from the course section in My Courses page.
When you achieve a higher mastery level, you can redownload the
updated certificate.
How do I get credit?
We have different options for our courses.
For all courses, there will be final assessments that you can take on your
own to earn mastery and receive our certificates. These are free and do not
give you college credit.
For courses provided together with our partner organizations you have to
refer to the FAQ of the particular organization. These tests might be for a
fee and might provide you with a path to receive credit for them.
For CS101 you can opt in for a proctored exam for a fee at a Pearson VUE
testing center. To find a testing center, visit this page from Pearson VUE.
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How does online proctoring work?
Exams will be proctored online by ProctorU for those enrolled for credit
through SJSU. There will still be exams (unproctored) for students taking
the open course. The final exam will be posted no later than May 22, 2013.
Community10
FORUMS
How do I use the forums?
If you're new to the forums, welcome. The forums are where you can post
any ideas and thoughts you have about the course, ask questions, and
receive feedback from other students.
The forum is an important social element of the classroom where the
priority is a friendly, open atmosphere that allows students to ask
questions freely. We encourage free flowing conversation.
If you're uncomfortable about posting in English, you are encouraged to
post in your own language rather than not post at all.
What is the forum?
A classroom where learning is the goal.
A place where people can ask questions and help each other out.
A place where people can express their feelings about the course and get
support and encouragement.
A place where extra information relating to the course can be shared
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A place where students can contact other students to form study. groups,
arrange hangouts and learn together.
A place where people can get feedback about their co서로 비슷한 게시물을
올리는 것은 괜찮습니다. 비슷한 질문을 올de from their fellow students.
What should I NOT do in the forums?
Post a full solution when somebody just asked for a hint.
Vote down questions where someone asks for help, or tell them their
question is stupid, or they shouldn't have asked it.
Any other behavior which creates an atmosphere where people are
unwilling to post.
What should I post?
Problem set code using the special spoiler tag. It's ok to post it even if
someone else has posted a similar post no one should be afraid to ask
someone to look at their code even if someone else asked a similar
question.
Guide people on how to search the forums try to provide a link to a useful
post, and say what you used to find it as it can be hard to use the right
search terms when you're unfamiliar with the terminology.
Clarify what the homework is asking.
How do I thank someone for their answer?
Upvote their post by clicking the thumbs up button on the left side of the
post.
Accept their answer You can accept an answer by pressing the check
mark on the left side, below the thumbs icons. This is helpful so others can
see that you're happy with an answer and so they don't need to answer it
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again. It also shows the poster they've done a good job in helping you.
Let people know they've helped you with a comment or answer in the
thread saying thanks
Who moderates this community?
This forum is moderated by the students, as well as official Udacity
representatives, who can be recognized by two diamonds next to their
name. The community features a karma system that allows users to earn
rights to perform a variety of moderation tasks.
How does the karma system work?
When a question or answer is upvoted, the student who posted it will gain
"karma points". These points serve as a rough measure of the
community's trust in him/her. Various moderation tasks are gradually
assigned to students based on those points. For example, if you ask an
interesting question or give a helpful answer, your input will be upvoted.
On the other hand, if the answer is misleading, it will be downvoted. Each
vote in favor generates 15 points, each vote against subtracts one points.
There is a limit of 200 points that can be accumulated per question or
answer. The table below explains karma requirements for each type of
moderation task:
add comments > 1
retag questions > 500
edit any answer > 2000
delete any comment > 10,000
What is a gravatar?
Gravatar means globally recognized avatar your unique avatar image is
associated with your email address. It's simply a picture that shows up
next to your posts on the websites that support gravatar protocol. The
default gravatar appears as a square filled with a snowflakelike figure. You
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can set your image at gravatar.com. It takes a few minutes for your
gravatar to sync with your account.
How come other people can edit my questions/answers?
Allowing experienced members of this community to curate the questions
and answers improves the overall quality of the knowledge base content. If
this approach is not for you, we respect your choice.
MEETUPS11
What's the best way to organize a study group?
Study groups can be organized any way you'd like. You can form online
study groups through Google Hangouts or any similar platform or arrange
for an in person meetup.
What's the best way to organize a meetup?
Meetups are already being organized. To see which ones currently exists
click here. Feel free to organize a meetup in your area if one doesn't
already exist.
Career12
What companies do Udacity students work for?
Our students work for a variety of companies from Fortune 500
companies, like Google and Oracle, to startups like Square and Spotify.
What kinds of jobs do Udacity students get?
Students have gotten jobs as Software Engineer, Data Scientist, Assistant
Instructors, Instructors, and Web Developers.
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How can Udacity make me a more desirable job candidate?
Take Udacity courses that are relevant for your dream job(s). You'll learn
relevant skills during the course, and you could even put those skills to
work on independent projects outside of class. Also make sure to update
your profile, share your resume, and be responsive to employers when
they contact you.
Who sees my CV on the Profile Page?
Our trusted partners and Udacity employees.
How do I start the job placement process?
Make sure to have your profile updated and opt into sharing your resume.
This will help make you more visible to potential employers.
Whom do I contact if I'm an employer that is interested in hiring Udacity
students?
Please send an email to employers@udacity.com if you want more
information.
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1. 1. 2. Coursera
Courses13
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https://www.coursera.org/courses
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Parters14
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https://www.coursera.org/partners
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“As I drive home, I sometimes think this is somebody else’s life,” Daphne
Koller says. She calls the experience “surreal.”
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About Coursera 15
We believe in connecting people to a great education so that anyone
around the world can learn without limits.
Coursera is an education company that partners with the top universities
and organizations in the world to offer courses online for anyone to take,
for free. Our technology enables our partners to teach millions of students
rather than hundreds.
We envision a future where everyone has access to a worldclass
education that has so far been available to a select few. We aim to
empower people with education that will improve their lives, the lives of
their families, and the communities they live in.
Our Courses
Classes offered on Coursera are designed to help you master the material.
When you take one of our classes, you will watch lectures taught by
worldclass professors, learn at your own pace, test your knowledge, and
reinforce concepts through interactive exercises. When you join one of
our classes, you'll also join a global community of thousands of students
learning alongside you. We know that your life is busy, and that you have
many commitments on your time.
Thus, our courses are designed based on sound pedago gical
foundations, to help you master new concepts quickly and effectively. Key
ideas include mastery learning, to make sure that you have multiple
attempts to demonstrate your new knowledge; using interactivity, to
ensure student engagement and to assist longterm retention; and
providing frequent feedback, so that you can monitor your own progress,
and know when you've really mastered the material.
We offer courses in a wide range of topics, spanning the Humanities,
Medicine, Biology, Social Sciences, Mathematics, Business, Computer
Science, and many others. Whether you're looking to improve your
15
https://www.coursera.org/about
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resume, advance your career, or just learn more and expand your
knowledge, we hope there will be multiple courses that you find
interesting.
teaching methods that use active learning and interactive engagement
between faculty and students, and between students and their peers
Coursera Takes A Big Step Toward Monetization, Now Lets Students Earn
“Verified Certificates” For A Fee16
Coursera today unveiled its next phase and what will likely be its most
significant source of revenue: Verified certificates./January 8th, 2013
Students who take a course on its platform will now be able to earn
“Verified Certificates” for a small fee. The new option, called Signature
Track, is available on a coursebycourse basis and is designed to provide
verification for the work students complete on its platform, giving value to
that work in the form of the startup’s first foray into credentialing. The
certificate, however does not include credit toward a degree program, it
simply aims to give them a more meaningful way to prove that they’ve
completed the course.
Students will have up to three weeks from the beginning of the course to
sign up for a Signature Track. If they participate, they take two photos with
their webcam, one of themselves, the other of a photo ID and create a
“biometric profile of their unique typing patterns by typing a short phrase.”
When submitting work for a course, they type the same phrase to match
16
http://techcrunch.com/2013/01/08/courseratakesabigsteptowardmonetizationnowlets
studentsearnverifiedcertificatesforafee/
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the record to their ID. Upon completion, students receive a certificate
issued by the university and Coursera, which they’ll be able to share with
anyone they choose via their “personal Course Records” page on
Coursera.
The price of admission into Signature track depends on the course, but
will range from $30 to $100, and students who cannot afford the fee will be
able to register for financial assistance.
Five Courses Receive College Credit Recommendations17
Coursera is committed to seeing that our courses meet our students’
educational goals, from simply experiencing the joy of learning something
new, to seeking improved employment opportunities, to working towards
a degree. To this end, we are proud to announce that theAmerican Council
on Education’s College Credit Recommendation Service (ACE CREDIT) 18
hasevaluated and recommended college credit for five courses on
Coursera. Many students face enormous financial obstacles in pursuit of
their degrees. We want to help more students enter college with credit
already accrued and exit college on time, on budget and with a degree in
hand.
ACE CREDIT is a recognized authority in assessing nontraditional
education experiences, with more than 2,000 colleges and universities
considering ACE CREDIT recommendations in determining the
applicability to their course and degree programs.19
The five courses approved for
college credit recommendation include four undergraduate credit courses:
20
17
http://blog.coursera.org/post/42486198362/fivecoursesreceivecollegecreditrecommend
ations
18
http://www.acenet.edu/newsroom/Pages/CollegeCreditRecommendationServiceCRED
IT.aspx
19
http://www2.acenet.edu/programs/ccrs/adult_learners/
20
https://www.coursera.org/signature/collegecreditguidebook
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● PreCalculus from the University of California, Irvine21
● Introduction to Genetics and Evolution from Duke University22
● Bioelectricity: A Quantitative Approach from Duke University23
● Calculus: Single Variable from the University of Pennsylvania24
And one course approved for developmental math vocational credit
recommendation:
● Algebra from the University of California, Irvine25
You can earn an ACE CREDIT college credit recommendation by signing
up for an eligible course in the Signature Track and then taking an online26
proctored Credit Exam at the end of the course.We are working with a
thirdparty provider, ProctorU, to enable online proctoring so that27
students anywhere in the world can take these special proctored
assessments via a webcam at their convenience. There is an additional fee
for the Credit Exam.
Students who meet all requirements and successfully complete one of
these five preapproved courses may request a transcript with credit
recommendations from ACE, which they can then present to the college or
university of their choice for prerequisite or undergraduate credit
consideration, to be granted at the discretion of the institution.
Duke Provost Peter Lange said “We are excited by this opportunity to
experiment with new ways of using our MOOC courses to extend our
educational reach and provide credit for students who would not
21
https://www.coursera.org/course/precalculus
22
https://www.coursera.org/course/geneticsevolution
23
https://www.coursera.org/course/bioelectricity
24
https://www.coursera.org/course/calcsing
25
https://www.coursera.org/course/algebra
26
https://www.coursera.org/signature/guidebook
27
http://proctoru.com/howitworks.php
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otherwise have access to our faculty. MOOCs, often in combination with
the creativity of individual universities, have much potential to open and
enrich the educational offerings available to students across the United
States and the globe."
Learn more at the Coursera College Credit Recommendation Guidebook.28
Earning an ACE CREDIT college credit recommendation29
1) Join the Signature Track for an eligible course
To receive transfer credit, you must join the Signature Track of the eligible
course. Registration is open during the first two to three weeks of the
course. Learn more about joining Signature Track.
The Signature Track securely links your coursework to your real identity
using your photo ID and unique typing pattern. In your course’s Signature
Track, you will be able to verify your identity with each piece of graded
coursework you submit, such as quizzes, exams, homeworks and
assignments.
At this time, not all courses featuring Signature Track are eligible for ACE
CREDIT college credit recommendations. Currently, only the courses
listed above are eligible for ACE CREDIT college credit recommendations.
2) Signup for and take course's Credit Recommendation Exam
Once in the Signature Track, you must complete the online proctored
Credit Recommendation Exam at the end of the course. This exam covers
broad course learning objectives and tests your skills and knowledge in
the course material at the college course level. Your performance on the
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Credit Recommendation Exam will be a large determinant of your final
grade. The Credit Recommendation Exam is separate from the normal
course final exam, though you are encouraged to take both.
The Credit Recommendation Exam will be online proctored, and
conducted on Coursera in partnership with ProctorU, which will provide
live human proctors who will digitally connect with you during your exam
session. You will need access to a webcam, a microphone, and a reliable,
highspeed internet connection for this (if you’d like to test your computer,
you can do so at ProctorU).
The Credit Recommendation Exam can be taken for an additional fee,
which varies by course. Please see Eligible Courses for the costs.
Signing up for a course's Credit Recommendation Exam
Towards the end of the course, students who have joined the Signature
Track will receive more information on how to sign up for the Credit
Recommendation Exam. After successfully registering for the Credit
Recommendation Exam, you will receive a confirmation email with
instructions on how to schedule your Credit Recommendation Exam
testtaking appointment with ProctorU.
Each course has its own Credit Recommendation Exam availability dates,
which are available here. You must schedule your exam at least 72 hours
(3 days) in advance of your appointment. We strongly recommend you
schedule your appointment well in advance to avoid potential problems
with limited appointment availability or late scheduling fees.
Taking your Credit Recommendation Exam
Once you have scheduled your exam, you will be sent a special link to visit
on the date and time of your examination appointment. This link will
connect you with your live proctor, who will guide you through to your
examination on Coursera.
Your proctor:
● Is knowledgeable about the examination policies
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● Will ask you to conduct a review of your testing area using your
webcam
● Will monitor webcam, audio and screensharing feeds while you are
taking your exam
● Can close the exam session at any time if necessary
● Can communicate with you via chat or audio if you have any
questions
Credit Recommendation Exam grading policies
You must meet the criteria set forth in your course’s Credit
Recommendation Exam grading policy in order to receive an ACE CREDIT
college credit recommendation. This grading policy, which will be outlined
in your class site, is different from the regular course grading policy.
In the Credit Recommendation Exam grading policy, the Credit
Recommendation Exam will be worth 80% of your course grade, with
regular assignments making up the remaining 20%. Each course will have
its own unique minimum passing grade for the purposes of determining
eligibility for college credit recommendation.
Verified Certificate with Credit Recommendation Exam
Students who take the Credit Recommendation Exam and pass the criteria
outlined in the Credit Recommendation Exam grading policy will receive a
Verified Certificate and the option to request for ACE CREDIT transcripts.
This Verified Certificate will additionally indicate that you’ve completed a
proctored exam.
If your class offers a “distinction” grade, we will take the higher score on
either the regular course final or the Credit Recommendation Exam to
determine eligibility. Therefore, students who attempt the Credit
Recommendation Exam will not be required to attempt the regular course
final.
Retake policy
A student can only attempt the Credit Recommendation Exam once per
course offering. Students who do not meet the passing requirements for
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college credit recommendations will be able to attempt the Credit
Recommendation Exam again in future offerings of the course.
3) Send your ACE CREDIT transcripts to your school
If you meet the course’s passing criteria for ACE CREDIT college credit
recommendations, Coursera will report your course information to the
American Council on Education’s (ACE) Transcript Service.
The ACE Transcript Service offers a lifelong record for students who have
successfully completed our courses that have been reviewed by ACE
CREDIT. This service enables adult learners to present a nationally
recognized transcript to the college or university of their choice for the
potential award of academic credit. For more information, visit the ACE
CREDIT Transcript Service website.30
Coursera Career Services31
Coursera and your career32
People from around the world come to Coursera with professional
aspirations in mind and some of our favorite emails have been from
students who have used their courses to find new jobs. One student
recently told us how the Gamification course helped him land a position
with a gamification company. Another student, Dawn, accepted a
communications position with the University of Illinois Cancer Center after
completing Fundamentals of Pharmacology. She talked about the course
content at length during the interview process and now uses her
newfound knowledge regularly in her new position.
30
http://www.acenet.edu/highereducation/topics/Pages/TranscriptServices.aspx
31
https://www.coursera.org/account/careerservices
32
http://blog.coursera.org/post/37200369286/courseraandyourcareer
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With students like these in mind, we are developing Coursera Career
Services, a recruiting service that connects passionate and committed
Coursera students with positions that match their skills and interests.
If you optin to our Career Services, we will try to find companies that
match your interests, skills and knowledge.  If you do well in a Coursera
class and allow us to share that information with potential employers (who
will have agreed to keep this information in strict confidence, and use only
for the purpose of considering you for employment), this could make you
even more appealing to employers.
We’ve been piloting the program for a few months and results have been
good!  We use sophisticated analytics to automatically find good
studentcompany matches, and make an introduction only if we think
there’s a reasonable chance of interest on both sides.  Recently, one of
our partner companies said “the candidates we’ve gotten from Coursera
are performing better in our process than candidates from any other
source.”  We’re working with companies of varying stage and size who are
finding great talent in innovative ways, like Facebook, Twitter, AppDirect
and TrialPay.
Essentially, Coursera’s new service is an optin to a recruiting program
that allows students to find and connect with positions that “match their
skills and interests.”
Using “sophisticated analytics,” Coursera looks for matches between
students and companies. Once it identifies a match, it sends an email to
students, seeking their approval, only making an intro if the student gives
them the goahead.Companies pay Coursera a flat fee for each
introduction, with a share of that revenue going to the colleges offering the
course.
Udacity has also begun employing a similar model and has started to
make money doing it.
VERIFIED CERTIFICATES FOR YOUR EMPLOYEES33
33
https://www.coursera.org/about/programs
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Looking for an innovative way to support your employees' ongoing
learning and development? Try sponsoring Verified Certificates within
your organization!
By sponsoring Verified Certificates, you can:
● Point your employees to a new learning resource with courses
across a range of topics like technical, business, leadership and
many more.
● Provide them with the chance to earn a valuable Verified Certificate
upon completion of these Coursera courses
The program is cost effective and easy to implement, get started here!
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1. 1. 3. EdX34
Schools/The colleges and universities that comprise the edX consortium are
among the best in the world. They are dedicated to quality education both on
campus and online. EdX is honored they have chosen to become part of the
initiative by opening their virtual doors to the world.35
34
https://www.edx.org/
35
https://www.edx.org/schools
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MIT and Harvard launch a ‘revolution in education’36
36
http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2012/edxlaunched0502.html
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MIT President Susan Hockfield and Harvard University President Drew
Faust37
WE’RE EMPOWERING LEARNING IN THE CLASSROOM AND AROUND
THE GLOBE38
At edX, we believe in the highest quality education, both online and in the
classroom.
EdX was created for students and institutions that seek to transform
themselves through cuttingedge technologies, innovative pedagogy, and
rigorous courses.
Through our institutional partners, the XConsortium, we present the best
of higher education online, offering opportunity to anyone who wants to
achieve, thrive, and grow.
Our goals, however, go beyond offering courses and content. We are
committed to research that will allow us to understand how students learn,
how technology can transform learning, and the ways teachers teach on
campus and beyond.
37
http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2012/edxlaunched0502.html
38
https://www.edx.org/aboutus
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As innovators and experimenters, we want to share what we discover. The
edX platform will be available as open source. By conducting and
publishing significant research on how students learn, we will empower
and inspire educators around the world and promote success in learning.
Our aim is to become a leading resource for learners and learning
worldwide by staying focused on the goals and principles set forth when
forming edX:
Our goals
● Expand access to education for everyone
● Enhance teaching and learning on campus and online
● Advance teaching and learning through research
Our principles
● Not for profit
● Open source platform
● Collaborative
● Financially sustainable
We are not only expanding access to knowledge, but developing best
practices to enhance the student experience and improve teaching and
learning both on campus and online.
edx FAQs39
What is edX?
EdX is a notforprofit initiative composed of over 20 leading global
institutions, the xConsortium. We offer the highest quality education, both
online and in the classroom.
Founded by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard
University, edX offers online learning to oncampus students and to
39
https://www.edx.org/orgfaq#
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millions of people around the world. EdX is building an opensource online
learning platform and hosts a web portal at www.edx.org for online
education.
What institutions offer courses and modules through edX?
EdX offers online courses from more than 20 edX xConsortium
institutions, including University of California at Berkeley, the University of
Texas system, and founders MIT and Harvard. More courses from leading
global institutions will be coming online over the months to come.
What are the goals of the partner universities and colleges?
The edX partners aim to extend their collective reach to build a global
community of online students. Along with offering online courses, partner
institutions plan to use their online courses to enhance education on their
own campuses and to undertake research on how students learn and how
technology can transform learning.
Will edX be adding additional X Universities?
EdX is committed to expanding the number of universities offering
courses on its platform. It will welcome new partners as it builds capacity
to accommodate the growing interest among universities and learners.
Potential partners are welcome to approach Director of Business
Development, Johannes Heinlein (johannes@edx.org) for any initial
inquiries.
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What is the “X University” Consortium?
In addition to providing online courses on the edX platform, the "X
University" Consortium is a forum in which members can share
experiences around online learning. Harvard, MIT, the University of
California at Berkeley, the University of Texas system and the other
consortium members are building the "X University" Consortium, whose
membership is expanding to include additional "X Universities". Each
member of the consortium will offer courses on the edX platform as an "X
University."
Open Source & the edX Technology Platform40
What technology does edX use?
Features that are available or planned for the edX learning platform
include: selfpaced learning, online discussion groups, wikibased
collaborative learning, assessment of learning as a student progresses
through a course, and online laboratories and other interactive learning
tools. The first version of the technology was used in the first MITx course,
6.002x Circuits and Electronics, which launched in Spring 2012. Because it
is open source, the platform will be continuously improved by a worldwide
community of collaborators, with new features added as needs arise. 
How is this different from what other universities are doing online?
EdX is a notforprofit enterprise that promotes the educational missions of
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likeminded universities, all dedicated to improving our understanding of
learning and delivering better educational experiences both on campus
and beyond. The platform will also serve as a laboratory from which data
will be gathered to better understand how students learn.
What is Open Source?
Open source is a philosophy that refers to making software freely available
for use and/or modification as users see fit. In exchange for use of the
software, users add their contributions to the software, making it in a form
of public collaboration. Before the contributions are officially incorporated
within the primary source code, an oversight body typically ensures
additions meet a certain standard of quality and usefulness. The edX
platform was made available as open source code on June 1st, 2013.
When/how can I get the edX opensource platform technology?
The edX learning platform source code, as well as platform developments
from Stanford, edX and other contributors, is available as of June 1, 2013
and can be accessed from the edX Platform Repository located at
http://code.edx.org/
My organization is interested in using edX software or the edX platform to
host our own content. What level of support does edX provide to do so?
Currently, the opensourced edX software is intended to be used by
developers who will contribute towards the platform development efforts.
While some edX partner organizations are using the platform to host their
own content, we don't encourage organizations outside of the partnership
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group to do so at this point.
EdX does not offer hosting or support services beyond its partner group
at this time.However, edX may evolve its participation models in the future;
we may for example offer hosting and support services to interested
organizations. Future releases of the software may also offer self
publishing capabilities. Please check our website for updates about when
these participation models may become available.
STUDENT FAQS41
edX BASICS
How do I sign up to take a course?
Simply create an edX account (it's free) and then register for the course of
your choice. Choose Register Now to get started.
Who can take an edX course?
EdX courses are open to everyone. All you need is an Internet connection
and a desire to learn.
What does it cost to take a course?
Currently, edX courses are free for everyone.
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What happens after I sign up?
You will receive an activation email. Follow the prompts in that email to
activate your account.
You will need to log in each time you access your course(s). Once the
course begins, it’s time to hit the virtual books. You can access the
lectures, homework, tutorials, etc., for each week, one week at a time.
Are courses accessible to students with disabilities?
EdX strives to create an innovative onlinelearning platform that promotes
accessibility for everyone, including students with disabilities. We are
dedicated to improving the accessibility of the platform and welcome your
comments or questions at accessibility@edx.org.
Are the courses only offered in English?
Some edX courses include a translation of the lecture in the text bar to the
right of the video. Some have the specific option of requesting a course in
other languages. Please check your course to determine foreign language
options.
When will there be more courses on other subjects?
We are continually reviewing and creating courses to add to the edX
platform. Please check the website for future course announcements or
register with edX and we will send you an email when new courses are
available. You can also "like" edXonline on Facebook, circle us on
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Google+, or follow us on Twitter – you'll receive updates and
announcements there too
When does my course start and/or finish?
You can find the start and stop dates for each course on each course
description page.
Is there a walkthrough of a sample course session?
Each course begins with an introduction of how the course works and
what to expect.You can also join a past course and walk through the user
experience there.
What happens if I have to quit a course? Will I be able to take the same or
another course in the future?
You may unregister from an edX course at anytime, there are absolutely no
penalties associated with incomplete edX studies, and you may register
for the same course (provided we are still offering it) at a later time.
What is the edX honor code?
You’ll find the edX honor code here. Each course may also have specific
agreements for student collaboration and discussion.
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How can I help improve edX?
You may not realize it, but just by taking a course you are helping edX.
That’s because the edX platform has been specifically designed to not
only teach, but also gather data about learning. EdX will use this data to
find out how to improve education online and oncampus. Additionally, if
you have enjoyed your experience on edX, we encourage you to share
your insights and enthusiasm with us and others (inperson and online.)
THE COURSES42
How much work will I have to do to pass my course?
The projected hours of study required for each course are described on
the specific course description page.
What should I do before I take a course (prerequisites)?
Each course is different some have prerequisites, and some don't. Take a
look at your specific courses recommended prerequisites. If you do not
have a particular prerequisite, you may still take the course.
What books should I read? (I am interested in reading materials before the
class starts.)
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Take a look at the specific course prerequisites. All required academic
materials will be provided during the course, within the browser. Some of
the course descriptions may list additional resources. For supplemental
reading material during the course, you can post a question on the
course's discussion forum to ask your online classmates for suggestions.
Can I download the book for my course?
Unless specifically noted in the course, edX book content may only be
viewed within the browser; downloading it violates copyright laws. If you
need or want a hard copy of the book, we recommend that you purchase a
copy.
Can I take more than one course at a time?
You may take multiple edX courses, however we recommend checking the
requirements on each course description page to determine your available
study hours and the demands of the intended courses.
How do I log in to take an edX course?
Once you sign up for a course and activate your account, click on the Log
In button on the edx.org home page. You will need to type in your email
address and edX password each time you log in.///////
What time is the class?
EdX classes take place at your convenience. Prefer to sleep in and study
late? No worries. Videos and problem sets are available 24 hours a day,
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which means you can watch video and complete work whenever you have
spare time. You simply log in to your course via the Internet and work
through the course material, one week at a time.
If I miss a week, how does this affect my performance?
It is certainly possible to pass an edX course if you miss a week; however,
coursework is progressive, so you should review and study what you may
have missed. Also, homework and exams may not be submitted after their
due dates. Check your course schedule for important dates and times.
How can I meet/find other students?
All edX courses have Discussion Forums where you can chat with and
help each other within the framework of the honor code. You can also
“like” edXonline on Facebook, circle us on Google+, or follow us on
Twitter you'll be joining a community of others with a shared interest in
edX.
How can I meet/find other students?
All edX courses have Discussion Forums where you can chat with and
help each other within the framework of the honor code. You can also
“like” edXonline on Facebook, circle us on Google+, or follow us on
Twitter you'll be joining a community of others with a shared interest in
edX.
Getting help and support
You have a vibrant, global community of fellow online learners available
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247 to help with the course within the framework of the honor code, as
well as support from the TAs who monitor the course. Take a look at the
course's Discussion Forum where you can review questions, answers and
comments from fellow online learners, as well as post a question.
Can I retake a course?
You may retake edX courses as often as you wish. Each offering of a
course is assessed independently.
Is there an exam at the end?
Different courses have slightly different structures. Please check the
course materials.
Will the same courses be offered again in the future?
Most, if not all, existing edX courses will be reoffered, and more courses
added on a regular basis.
Enrollment for a course that I am interested in is open, but the course has
already started. Can I still enroll?
Yes, but you will not be able to turn in any assignments or exams that are
past due. If it is early in the course, you might still be able to complete
enough assignments and exams to earn a certificate. Check the course
syllabus and grading policy in order to find out more.
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CERTIFICATES & CREDITS43
What is a certificate of mastery?
A certificate of mastery certifies that you have fully participated in an edX
course made available through one of its X institutions. You get a
certificate when/if you complete your course successfully (watch the
videos and successfully fulfill the requirements, per the course syllabus). If
you achieve a certificate, you should be proud. All edX courses are
rigorous and successful completion is a real accomplishment. EdX
students haveused certificates of mastery on university or job
applications, or with their employers to showcase their abilities. Today,
certificates of mastery are free. This may change in the future to help cover
our costs. See a sample certificate here.
Will my university accept my edX coursework for credit?
Each educational institution makes its own decision regarding credit.
Check with your university for its policy.
Please note: EdX does not currently offer transcripts or proof of
registration for the purpose of obtaining credit.
Will the associated X University grant credit for my course?
X Universities do not currently offer formal academic credit for edX
coursework and do not certify that MOOC students have met the same
requirements as matriculated students taking the original course on which
the MOOC is based.
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How are certificates of mastery determined?
Online learners who receive a passing grade for a course will receive a
certificate at thediscretion of edX and the underlying X University that
offered the course. For example, a certificate for MITx’s 6.002x Circuits &
Electronics will come from edX and MITx.
If you passed the course, your certificate will be delivered online through
edx.org. So be sure to check your email in the weeks following the final
grading – you will be able todownload and print your certificate.
Note: At this time, edX is holding certificates for students connected with
Cuba, Iran, and Sudan pending confirmation that the issuance is in
compliance with U.S. embargoes.
What is the difference between a proctored certificate and an honor code
certificate?
A proctored certificate is given to students who take and pass
an exam under proctored conditions in addition to completing all the
required online coursework. An honorcode certificate of mastery is
granted to students who have completed all of the required coursework
online and are in compliance with the edX honor code.
Note: Not all courses offer a proctored exam. A proctored exam happens
in a proctored facility where students register and are charged a fee.
Honor code coursework is free and available to everyone.
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Can I get both a proctored certificate and an honor code certificate?
Yes. The requirements for both certificates can be independently satisfied.
Note: At this time, edX is holding certificates for learners connected with
Cuba, Iran, and Sudan pending confirmation that the issuance is in
compliance with U.S. embargoes.
Will my grade be shown on my certificate?
No. Grades are not displayed on either honor code or proctored
certificates. The only certificates distributed with grades by edX were for
the initial prototype course.
Why did I not receive my certificate?
Certificates of Mastery are delivered approximately one week after each
course closes. If you did not receive one in this time and are certain that
you completed the requirements, please check your dashboard. The
certificate will display with your course.
I lost my edX certificate – can you resend it to me?
Please log back in to your account to find certificates from the same profile
page where they were originally posted. You will be able to reprint your
certificate from there.
1. 1. 4. MOOC2Degree44
44
http://www.mooc2degree.com/
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Public Universities to Offer Free Online Classes for Credit NYTimes ...45
45
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/23/education/publicuniversitiestoofferfreeonlineclassesforcr
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With MOOC2Degree, Academic Partnerships has collaborated with public
universities to offer creditbearing MOOCs as a first step and a free start
toward earning a degree. Through this new initiative, the initial course in
select online degree programs will be converted into a MOOC. Each MOOC
will be the same course with the same academic content, taught by the
same instructors, as currently offered degree programs at participating
universities. Students who successfully complete a MOOC2Degree course
earn academic credits toward a degree, based upon criteria established by
participating universities.
Academic Partnerships (AP) helps universities convert their traditional
degree programs into an online format, recruits qualified students and
supports enrolled students through graduation. Serving more than 40
state institutions, AP is one of the largest representatives of public
universities' online learning in the United States. The company was
founded by social entrepreneur, Randy Best, an 18year veteran of
developing innovative learning solutions to improve education. AP is
guided by the principle that the opportunities presented through distance
learning make higher education more accessible and achievable for
students in the U.S. and globally. 46
edit.html
46
http://www.academicpartnerships.com/
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1. 2. MOOC 수업 구성47
What You Need to Know About MOOCs
The MOOCLed Meritocracy/강의의 질
THE PROFESSORS: B+
The pop star analogy is not trivial. While MOOCs are a great equalizer
when it comes to students around the world, they are a great unequalizer
when it comes to teachers.
MOOCs are creating a breed of Alist celebrity professors who have
lopsided sway over the landscape of ideas. I pity the offline teachers. I fear
one of the casualties of these online courses might be the biodiversity of
the academic ecosystem.
CONVENIENCE: A
MOOCs shift control to the student.
“I’m hyper. I’m nuts ... The good news is, you can always skip parts you
don’t enjoy. Whereas if you were in the class you’d have to suffer me
throughout.”
47
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/21/opinion/sunday/gradingthemoocuniversity.html?_r=0
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TEACHERTOSTUDENT INTERACTION: D
As I mentioned, I had little to no contact with the professors. Not that I
didn’t try. I entered a lottery to join an exclusive 10person Google hangout
with my genetics professor, the Duke University biologistMohamed A.
Noor. I lost. My cosmology professor, S. George Djorgovski, of Caltech,
held office hours on Second Life, the virtual world. But the professor told
those of us who were Second Life virgins that we might not want to
bother, since the software is complicated.
A handful of lucky students got responses from professors on the
discussion boards, and a few handfuls more from teaching assistants. I
was not among them. Perhaps I should have been more solicitous, like the
student who offered to send one fluridden instructor camomile tea. The
professor gamely responded that whiskey kills more bacteria.
For MOOCs to fulfill their potential, Coursera and its competitors will have
to figure out how to make teachers and teaching assistants more
reachable. More like local pastors, less like deities on high. To their credit,
the MOOC providers seem aware of the problem and are experimenting
with fixes, like recruiting experienced students to guide discussions.Some
reformers have suggested an onlineoffline hybrid model.Students in, say,
Ecuador, could gather in a Quito classroom, watch the MOOC lectures on
video, and then have a local teacher facilitate a discussion. As I learned in
my science literacy course, it’s hard to predict what will work in the real
world, but this seems worth testing.
STUDENTTOSTUDENT INTERACTION: B
As psychologists will tell you, if you don’t talk about what you’ve learned,
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the knowledge will evaporate. With MOOCs, there is no shortage of ways
to connect with other students: Facebook, Google Plus, Skype, Twitter,
Coursera discussion boards — even shutting your laptop and meeting a
classmate in a threedimensional Dunkin’ Donuts.
I videochatted twice with a clutch of students in my Google Plus modern
history group. Our conversations on Haitian independence and the
professor’s possible firstworld biases were worthwhile and wonderfully
international: a Filipino scientist told me about his country’s education
system, and a Brazilian businessman shared a data point on his country’s
pronounced wealth inequality.
ASSIGNMENTS: B
Coursework comes in various forms: multiplechoice quizzes, essays and
projects
Of course, since students are taking quizzes without proctors, cheatingis
a big MOOC concern. As it should be. When I Googled some quiz
questions for my genetics course — as a journalist, I swear — I found a
Canadian Web site with the answers.
A company called ProctorU has designed software to allow its employees
to monitor students taking quizzes via webcam. When it comes to
cheating, the catandmouse game is likely to play out for a while.
Most of the quizzes are graded instantly by computer, but a few
assignments are judged by fellow students. I wrote an essay for my
“Aboriginal Worldviews” course in which I had to describe an American
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ritual as if it were foreign to me (I chose birthday parties). Three of my
peers graded the paper. They were kind over all, but I bristled at every
slight. Who died and made you professor?
The flexibility of courses
The flexibility of courses also may differ. On Udacity, for example, you can
start a class anytime you like and complete every task or exam at your own
pace. This reduces the massiveness and the opportunity to interact with
other students. On Coursera, classes have a start and an end date.
Although it’s possible to watch lectures at any time you want (and to
pause, start again, rewind and make your comments), most assignments
and exams have a deadline.
You might notice that most classes offered at the moment by universities
are introductory, taken from undergraduate disciplines. However, it is also
possible to find subjects in other levels or MOOCs specializing in a
particular field of knowledge.
Selfpaced, synchronous and asynchronous48
48
http://moocnewsandreviews.com/whatisamassiveopenonlinecourseanywayattemptingdefiniti
on/
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The terms selfpaced, synchronous and asynchronous are applied to
these different models in inconsistent ways. A selfpaced class at Udacity
is usually called asynchronous, since you don’t have to take it during a
specific period. You may be taking the class a year after the teacher
produced and published it.
From that perspective, the classes at Coursera and edX are often called
synchronous. Everyone is moving through the material at approximately
the same pace established by a schedule and deadlines.
Gates Foundation Offers Grants for MOOC’s in Introductory Classe49
The foundation will award as many as 10 grants of up to $50,000 each for
MOOC’s in “highenrollment, lowsuccess introductorylevel courses.”
“We are cautiously optimistic that MOOC’s might be able to improve
outcomes for lowincome students who are working toward credentials,
but there are a lot of questions that we can’t yet answer,” says Josh
Jarrett, the foundation’s deputy director for postsecondary success.
1. 2. 1. 강의
1. 2. 2.시험
49
http://chronicle.com/blogs/wiredcampus/gatesfoundationoffersgrantsformoocsinintroductorycl
asses/39792
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59
Credit by Exam50
And when you do embark on a MOOC, you can have a good learning
experience by considering some of the tips and strategies other students
and teachers have shared here.
MOOC platforms set hours of homework every week besides lecture
videos, and the homework is either graded automatically or by students'
peers.
The importance of retrieval and testing for learning51
Many people think that the primary purpose of homework is to assess or
to evaluate students. We believe that a far more important purpose is that
they drive learning, and ensure longterm retention. A key factor in the
design of the Coursera system is the extensive use of interactive
exercises, which we believe are critical for student engagement and
learning. Even within our videos, there are multiple opportunities for
interactions: the video frequently stops, and students are asked to answer
a simple question to test whether they are tracking the material. This
strategy has value not only in maintaining student focus and engagement.
Research shows that even simple retrieval questions have significant
pedagogical value. For example, in two papers in Science, (Karpicke and
Roediger III, 2008; Karpicke and Blunt, 2011) show that activities that
require students to retrieve or reconstruct knowledge produces significant
gains in learning much more so than many other learning strategies.
50
http://degreeoffreedom.org/collegecreditbyexam/
51
https://www.coursera.org/about/pedagogy
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Mastery Learning
Many of our courses’ homework are designed to give students multiple
opportunities to learn the content and demonstrate their knowledge. In
many traditional classes, if a student attempts a homework and does not
do well, he or she simply gets a low score on the assignment, and
instruction moves to the next topic, providing the student a poor basis for
learning the next concept. The feedback is also often given weeks after the
concept was taught, by which point the student barely remembers the
material, and rarely goes back to review the concepts to understand them
better. In the Coursera platform, we typically giveimmediate feedback on
that concept the student did not understand. In many cases, we provide
randomized versions of the same assignment, so that a studentcan
restudy and reattempt the homework. This process is called Mastery
Learning, and was shown in a seminal paper by Bloom to increase student
performance by about one standard deviation over more traditional forms
of instruction. This means that if in a traditional class 50% of all students
pass a certain (median) level of performance, with Mastery Learning, about
84% of students now achieve this level of performance.
Peer assessments
In many courses, the most meaningful assignments do not lend
themselves easily to automated grading by a computer. For example, in a
poetry course, we would want the students to practice critical thinking and
interpretive skills by answeringessaystyle questions, which do not have
clear right or wrong answers. Similar issues arise when we are evaluating
business plans, engineering designs, medical chart reviews, or many
others. This is particularly an issue in courses in the Humanities, Social
Sciences, Business, and other disciplines where a relatively small fraction
of the content lends itself well to an autograded format. Given our
commitment to offer courses from a broad range of disciplines, we have
invested substantial effort in developing the technology of peer
assessments, wherestudents can evaluate and provide feedback on each
other’s work. This technology draws on two bodies of literature: First, the
education literature on peer assessments. Following the literature on
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61
student peer reviews, we have developed a process in which students are
first trained using a grading rubric to grade other assessments. This has
been shown to result in accurate feedback to other students, and also
provide a valuable learning experience for the students doing the grading.
Second, we draw on ideas from the literature on crowdsourcing, which
studies how one can take many ratings (of varying degrees of reliability)
and combine them to obtain a highly accurate score. Using such
algorithms, we expect that by having multiple students grade each
homework, we will be able to obtain grading accuracy comparable or even
superior to that provided by a single teaching assistant.
teaching methods that use active learning and interactive engagement
between faculty and students, and between students and their peers
1. 2. 3. 학점(Credit)
Credit for MOOCs52
College Credit
Educational Portfolios53
Signaling Learning
52
http://degreeoffreedom.org/aceingcollege/
53
http://degreeoffreedom.org/aceingcollege/
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The MOOC Credit Paradox54
The Anatomy of a Verified Certificate & Shareable Course Records/Coursera
55
54
http://degreeoffreedom.org/themooccreditparadox/
55
http://blog.coursera.org/post/49446662335/theanatomyofaverifiedcertificateshareable
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All three of the leading MOOC providers — Coursera, edX and Udacity,
another Stanford spinoff — started by offering courses free but with no
credit, attracting millions of learners around the world. But all three are
now adapting those courses, often in blended form, for use in public
universities that will offer students credit and extra support — and bring
the MOOC providers a steady revenue stream.
56
A First for Udacity: a U.S. University Will Accept Transfer Credit for One of
Its Courses57
Colorado State to Offer Credits for Online Class58
By TAMAR LEWIN;
Colorado State University’s Global Campus would give three credits to
students who complete one of Udacity’s free “massive open online
courses.”
September 7, 2012, Friday
MOOCs for Credit/Georgia State University59
Public Universities to Offer Free Online Classes for Credit60
56
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/20/education/onlineclassesfuelacampusdebate.html?_r=0
57
http://chronicle.com/article/AFirstforUdacityTransfer/134162/
58
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/07/education/coloradostatetooffercreditsforonlineclass.html
?ref=tamarlewin
59
http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2013/01/23/publicuniversitiesmoveoffermoocscredit
60
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/23/education/publicuniversitiestoofferfreeonlineclassesforcr
edit.html?ref=tamarlewin
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64
10 large public university systems team with Coursera61
Coursera, the California company that offers free college classes online, is
forming partnerships with 10 large public university systems and public
uflagship universities to create courses that students can take for credit,
either fully online or with classroom sessions.
At the State University of New York system, the partnership is tied to
Chancellor Nancy L. Zimpher’s announcement of Open SUNY, an online
effort to enroll 100,000 new students.
The move could open online classes to 1.25 million students at public
institutions across the United States, and could help increase graduation
rates by making introductory and required classes — often a bottleneck
because of high demand — more widely available.
Joining Coursera will be the State University of New York system, the
Tennessee Board of Regents and the University of Tennessee systems,
the University of Colorado system, theUniversity of Houston system, the
University of Kentucky, the University of Nebraska, theUniversity of New
Mexico, the University System of Georgia and West Virginia University.
Some systems plan to blend online materials with facultyled classroom
sessions. Others will offer credit to students who take the courses online
followed by a proctored exam on campus.
Some will use existing Coursera materials developed by faculties at elite
61
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/30/education/universitiesteamwithonlinecourseprovider.html
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universities, but others expect that their own faculties will develop
materials for the Coursera platform, making them available at campuses
systemwide and beyond.
Faculty members will be able to customize existing courses, adding their
own lessons and refinements, the company said.
Coursera’s fees will vary, depending on the size of the class. For a large
course, universities would pay about $8 a student to use the Coursera
platform. In addition, for use of content developed at a different university,
Coursera would charge $30 to $60 per student per course.
At SUNY, which has 468,000 students at 64 campuses, the Coursera
partnership is tied to Chancellor Nancy L. Zimpher’s announcement this
year of Open SUNY, an online effort to enroll 100,000 new students and
make it possible for a quarter of them to earn a degree in three years.
Students could take courses at any campus, or at other universities on the
Coursera platform, toward a degree at their home campus. Dr. Zimpher
said it would be some time before a decision about how many of the
system’s online offerings, and which ones, would use the Coursera
platform.
Houston Davis, the chief academic officer of the University System of
Georgia, with 314,000 students, said that while the system would start with
just a handful of Coursera courses next fall, he hoped a full menu of
general education courses — the gateway classes usually taken in a
student’s first two years — would eventually be available online through
Coursera, for sharing by all the campuses.
“As I’ve told the faculty, we’re not outsourcing content delivery or casting
students to the winds,” he said. “But there are thousands and thousands
of students in Georgia with a high school diploma, or some college but no
degree, and we need to explore new ways to reach them.”
The partnerships represent a new direction for Coursera, and for the
“massive open online courses,” known as MOOCs, that have
galvanizedhigher education over the last year, as millions of students
worldwide registered for free classes that carried no credit.
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“Our first year, we were enamored with the possibilities of scale in
MOOCs,” said Daphne Koller, one of the two Stanford computer science
professors who founded Coursera. “Now we are thinking about how to
use the materials on campus to move along the completion agenda and
other challenges facing the largest public university systems.”
Initially, Coursera recruited as partners only the elite research universities
in the Association of American Universities. Now the company is eager to
work with a broader range of institutions, to see how its materials can help
more students complete their degrees.
Other leading online providers, too, have begun projects with public
universities: edX, the nonprofit collaboration founded by Harvard and the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, has teamed with the University of
Texas and some California State University campuses, and Udacity,
another Stanford spinoff, with San Jose State University.
Some faculty resistance has emerged recently against using online
materials, even if they are blended with classroom work. This week, 58
Harvard professors wrote a letter seeking the creation of a new committee
to consider the ethical issues related to edX and its impact on higher
education.
Both Dr. Koller and university officials involved in the new partnerships
said that they had no intention of undercutting faculty control over course
content and that the provision allowing faculties to customize online
materials or put their own courses onto the Coursera platform was critical
to the project’s success.
“We hope this will help public universities do more with the less they’re
getting in state support,” Dr. Koller said.
William G. Bowen, the former Princeton president and founding chairman
of Ithaka, a nonprofit organization that studies online education, sees
promise in the arrangement.
“We have encouraged Coursera to work with the large state university
systems, and the large state university systems to work with Coursera,
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because that’s where the numbers are, and that’s where there are the
biggest issues in terms of cost, completion and access,” said Dr. Bowen.
“It’s still exploratory, but this partnership has the potential to make real
headway in dealing with those issues.”
Five Courses Receive College Credit Recommendations62
The End of Nuclear Institutions63
There is compelling reason to think that unbundling institutional
knowledge provision and credentialing is not only gaining momentum but
is inevitable. Recent events confirm Peter Stokes's observation that the
fusion of the core elements of landbased education (faculty, curriculum,
credentials) is no longer inseparably tied to a single institution.3
The
emergence of MOOCs as an alternative to locationbound, proprietary
forms of campusbased learning and portals like edX, Coursera, and
Udacity that host them undermine the individually crafted course model
that sustains the "college credit monopoly."4
The acceptance of credit for
MOOCs by accredited institutions, such as Colorado State University's
Global Campus,5
Antioch University,6
San Jose State University,7
Georgia
State University,8
and the recently announced MOOC2Degree
collaboration between dozens of public universities and Academic
Partnerships,9
the impetus from Gates Foundation grants to develop
MOOCs for "high enrollment, lowsuccess" introductory courses,10
and
the partnership between the Saylor Foundation and Excelsior College and
StraigherLine11
are all opening upa path to credit for free and lowcost
courses. A parallel movement away from seattime to competencybased
learning at Western Governors University, Southern New Hampshire
University, and the University of Wisconsin System further erodes the
62
http://blog.coursera.org/post/42486198362/fivecoursesreceivecollegecreditrecommendations
63
http://www.educause.edu/ero/article/moocmodelchallengingtraditionaleducation
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68
value proposition underlying the traditional model of landbased
education.
MOOCs, as currently designed, address two of the three challenges facing
postsecondary education: access and cost. MOOCbased degree
programs would not only democratize education, but their scalability
would help end the unsustainable trajectory of tuition. They are an
effective remedy to the "cost disease" plaguing higher education12
and a
viable solution to the problem of providing global access to educational
credentials
edX Offers Proctored Exams64
Students enrolled in a free open online course offered through edX will
now have the option of getting their learning validated with a proctored
final exam, under a new program announced today.
The nonprofit onlinelearning venture, founded by MIT and Harvard, will let
students take onsite exams administered by the Pearson VUE service,
which has more than 450 testing centers in more than 110 countries.
Students who pass the tests will receivecertificates noting that they
completed a proctored exam.
In a conference call with reporters, Anant Agarwal, president of edX, said
the proctoring option would make the certificates“significantly more
valuable.”
“From our discussions with employers and institutions, they certainly feel
much more comfortable with proctored certificates, because these really
reflect the students’ own work,” he said.
For the Udacity course, the proctored exam will cost $89.
64
http://chronicle.com/blogs/wiredcampus/edxoffersproctoredexamsforopenonlinecourse/39656
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69
1. 2. 4. 커뮤니티
Harvard Asks Graduates to Donate Time to Free Online Humanities Class65
Students in Free Online Courses Form Groups to Study and Socialize66
65
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/26/education/harvardasksalumnitodonatetimetofreeonlinec
ourse.html?ref=elearning&_r=0
66
http://chronicle.com/blogs/wiredcampus/studentsinfreeonlinecoursesformgroupstostudyand
socialize/38887 –
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70
"The biggest revolution of MOOC is the interactions between students and
teachers as well as other students," says Ng of a system that offers
materials including videos and tests together with communitybuilding
user forums.67
Another major departure from previous online courses is that MOOC has
successfully brought together student communities. They either discuss
difficult points online or come together in the real world to meet.
수강중 무료 교과서 제공68
Coursera partners with publishers to bring digital textbooks to the masses
69
67
http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/indepth/201304/02/c_132279991.htm
68
http://venturebeat.com/2013/05/08/courserapartnerswithpublisherstobringdigitaltextbookstot
hemasses/
69
http://venturebeat.com/2013/05/08/courserapartnerswithpublisherstobringdigitaltextbookstot
hemasses/
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활용예/The Student Hub/강의중에만 구독가능
1. 2. 5. MOOC 을 통한 미국대학교육 혁명
Former U.S. secretary of education William Bennett has written that he
senses“an Athenslike renaissance” in the making. Stanford president70
John Hennessy told the New Yorker he sees “a tsunami coming.”71
The Crisis in Higher Education72
The excitement over MOOCs comes at a time of growing dissatisfaction
with the state of college education. The average price tag for a bachelor’s
degree has shot up to more than $100,000. Spending four years on
campus often leaves young people or their parents weighed down with big
debts, a burden not only on their personal finances but on the overall
economy. And many people worry that even as the cost of higher73
education has risen, its quality has fallen. Dropout rates are often high,
particularly at public colleges, and many graduates display little evidence
that college improved their criticalthinking skills. Close to 60 percent of
Americans believe that the country’s colleges and universities are failing to
provide students with “good value for the money they and their families
spend,” according to a 2011 survey by the Pew Research Center.
Proponents of MOOCs say the efficiency and flexibility of online
instruction will offer a timely remedy.
70
http://www.cnn.com/2012/07/05/opinion/bennettudacityeducation/index.html
71
http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2012/04/30/120430fa_fact_auletta?currentPage=all
72
http://www.technologyreview.com/featuredstory/429376/thecrisisinhighereducation/
73
http://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/tables/tablecst1.asp
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Students Rush to Web Classes, but Profits May Be Much Later74
By TAMAR LEWIN;
New companies are partnering with universities to offer online courses, in
an effort that could define the future of higher education — if anyone can
figure out how to make money.
January 7, 2013, Monday
The MOOC Model: Challenging Traditional Education75
MOOCs represent the latest stage in the evolution of open educational
resources. First was open access to course content, and then access to
free online courses. Accredited institutions are now accepting MOOCs as
well as free courses and experiential learning as partial credit toward a
degree. The next disruptor will likely mark a tipping point: an entirely free
online curriculum leading to a degree from an accredited institution. With
this new business model, students might still have to pay to certify their
credentials, but not for the process leading to their acquisition. If free
access to a degreegranting curriculum were to occur, the business model
of higher education would dramatically and irreversibly change. As Nathan
Harden ominously noted, "recent history shows us that the internet is a
74
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/07/education/massiveopenonlinecoursesprovepopularifnotlu
crativeyet.html?ref=tamarlewin
75
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73
great destroyer of any traditional business that relies on the sale of
information."1
Colleges have a problem here: the way in which the core services of
education are rendered is changing, but the underlying business model is
not. This widening disconnect threatens not only the financial viability of
traditional campuses following the "Law of More,"2
but, more
fundamentally, their rationale.
A number of converging trends pose a challenge to brickandmortar
institutions:
● the emergence of the learning sciences and their application to
educational practice,
● the movement toward competencybased education, and
● new business models that effectively combine instructional quality,
lower cost, and increased access through unlimited scalability
(MOOCs).
A turning point will occur when a MOOCbased program of study leads to a
degree from an accredited institution. Indeed, we are already partially
there: students can now receive transfer credit toward a degree from an
accredited institution for learning not obtained at a college or university.
MOOCs: Quality Matters76
Notwithstanding the importance of their role in reducing cost and
expanding access, the remaining unresolved issue facing the acceptance
of MOOCs is access to what? The major obstacle to their acceptance
relates to the third challenge: their quality. As some rightly point out,
current course models can aptly be described as"selfservice learning and
crowdsourced teaching."13
Although selfdirected learning and peer
mentoring have instructional benefits when part of a welldesigned
curriculum, most MOOCs (especially in STEM areas) are designed in a way
that skews toward autodidacts and more advanced learners. Novice
76
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74
learners needing instructional guidance are largely on their own and no
better off perhaps than those in a large gateway course delivered in a
lecture hall on campus. Although improving the quality of student learning
is one of the priorities of the major MOOC providers, most of their courses
currently lack a sophisticated learning architecture that effectively adapts
to the individual needs of each learner.
Addressing the quality of the learning experience that MOOCs provide is
therefore of paramount importance to their credibility and acceptance.
According to the most recent Babson Research Group survey, institutional
decision makers have yet to be convinced of the value of MOOCs.
Although not specifically attributing their skepticism to the perceived
quality of MOOCs, the report finds that only 28 percent of chief academic
officers believe that they are a sustainable method for offering courses.14
What potential, then, do MOOCs have not only to improve learning but to
provide the best possible educational experience? Contrary to what some
may think, designing the best learning environments does not entail their
being taught by the best professors or affiliated with elite universities.
Instead of simply using scholarly reputation and institutional prestige as
quality standards, we should judge MOOCs by how well they enable the
conditions that optimize learning for each student.
Although critics may scoff at the simplistic design of most current MOOCs,
it would be shortsighted to dismiss them as hopelessly inferior to
classroombased instruction. If there is one lesson from the history of
disruptive innovation, it is that we often wrongly assume that a product or
practice that dominates a current market defines enduring standards of
optimal quality. It would be a mistake, then, to think that the nearterm
shortcomings of MOOCs inhibit their potential to improve in quality.
MOOCs and other forms of open curricula will transform how people learn
only to the extent that they enable effective learning. What, then, might a
learningoptimized MOOC look like?
San Jose State U. Says Replacing Live Lectures With Videos Increased
Test Scores77
77
http://chronicle.com/blogs/wiredcampus/sanjosestateusaysreplacinglivelectureswithvideosi
ncreasedtestscores/40470
Page 74 of 145

한국에서 아이비리그대학 학점 따기 Mooc / 주석포함

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