Presentation made for the Taftie Istanbul meeting November 2007 on major challenges for innovation policy development world wide.

1. The Innovation Policy Knowledge Base 8 Global Trends and Challenges Per Koch, Director for Analysis and Strategic Development The Research Council of Norway TAFTIE Conference Annalis’07, Istanbul Nov 28 2007

2. Challenge No. 1: To shift from a technology push perspective to a vision of learning

3. The linear model is not dead Research and technological development in universities, RTOs and companies gives birth to an idea and relevant new knowledge Companies make use of these ideas in the development of new products and processes The company brings the new product to the market The linear thinking lives on in a dominant technology push model

5. The systemic model of learning and innovation Knowledge of customer and market needs In-house learning Marked knowledge Tacit knowledge Acquired technology Literature Conferences and fairs New employees Commissioned R&D In-house R&D market pull Research is still very important, but is one of many learning tools. Indirect flow of R&D based knowledge and technology. New or improved products, processes or services User input

8. Challenge No. 2: Understanding innovation in “low tech” industries

10. Differences in industrial structure, 2003 Notes: high tech includes telecommunications, software, computing and other business services And medium-low includes construction and utilities. Source: STAN database and NIFU STEP

18. Company Learning Networks innovation Customers and users Suppliers Policy- institutions Financial Institutions R&D Institutions Consultants Public policy Cultural framework International framework Industrial structure Challenge 5: Understanding competence flows in the innovation system

23. Cultural decoding

24. THE ENTERTAINMENT INDVSTRY REQVIRES HELP FROM THE ARTS AND THE HVMANITIES TV series Rome

25. Understanding and developing sub-cultures

26. Design and identity: Apple & Jonathan Ive