1. Integumentary System
 Main functions
 Organs/parts/cells and their functions
 Diseases and disorders

2. Main functions
 Multiple roles in homeostasis
(e.g. temperature change, dehydration)
 Protects against invasion of infectious organisms, sunburn
 Protects the body’s internal tissues and organs
 Maintains the body’s form
 Generates vitamin D
 Stores fats, water, glucose and vitamin D

3. Major organs
HairSkin Nail

4. Skin
 It's your body's largest organ
 Average surface area 1.8-2.0m² (19.4-21.5ft² )
 Releases around three gallons of sweat in a hot day
 There are at least five types of receptors in the skin that
respond to pain and to touch
 White skin appeared just 20,000 to 50,000 years ago, as
dark-skinned humans migrated to colder climes and lost
much of their melanin pigment.

5. Three layers or structures of the skin
 Epidermis
 Dermis and hypodermis
 Sweat and oil glands; hair and nails

7. Epidermis
 cornified layer
(stratum corneum)
 clear/translucent layer
(stratum lucidum, only
in palms and soles)
 granular layer
(stratum granulosum)
 spinous layer
(stratum spinosum)
 basal/germinal layer
(stratum basale/
germinativum)

8. Cells of epidermis
 95% cells are keratinocytes
 Major function is the defense against environmental damage
(pathogens, heat, UV radiation and water loss)
 Melanocytes ( melanin-producing cells )
 Langerhans cells (antigen-presenting immune
cells)
 Merkel cells (oval receptor cells )
 Inflammatory cells (a cell participating in the
inflammatory response to a foreign substance. )

9. First and last layers of epidermis
 basal/germinal layer
 Cell growth of keratinocytes, attached to basement
membrane. Melanocytes and Merkel cells also can be found
in this layer.
 cornified layer
 Keratinocytes are presented at final step of differentiation
(corneocytes), surrounded by keratin proteins envelope. Most
of the barrier function are here

10. Dermis
Two layers: Stratum papillare and Stratum reticulare

11.  Stratum papillare
 This region is composed of loose connective tissue with
network of blood capillaries and Meissner's corpuscles
(type of mechanoreceptors sensitive to light touch)
 Stratum reticulare
 Is composed of dense irregular connective tissue with
collagen, elastic and reticular fibers (strength, extensibility,
and elasticity)

12. Hypodermis

13. Hypodermis or
subcutaneous tissue
 In hypodermis fibroblasts, adipose cells
and macrophages can be found
 Is used mainly for fat storage
 In arthropods, the hypodermis is an epidermal
layer of cells that secretes the chitinous cuticle

14. Glands of skin
 Sebaceous Glands
 Sweat Glands
 Ceruminous glands
 Mammary Glands

15. Sebaceous Glands
 Secrete an oily/waxy
matter, called sebum,
to lubricate and
waterproof the skin
and hair
 Greatest abundance on
the face and scalp

16. Sebaceous Glands Diseases
 Acne
 Hyperplasia - disorder of the sebaceous
glands in which they become enlarged
 Sebaceous cysts
 Sebaceous adenoma - a slow-
growing tumour
 Sebaceous gland carcinoma -
aggressive malignant cutaneous tumor

17. Sweat Glands
 Apocrine
 Eccrine

18. Apocrine glands
 produce a viscous and
odorous secretion.
They begin secreting at
puberty
 discharge in the canals
of hair follicles
 may also
contain pheromones

19. Eccrine glands
 smaller than apocrine
sweat glands, and
they do not extend as
deep into the dermis
 discharge their
secretions directly
onto the surface of
the skin
• highest density (>250 glands/cm2) being on soles,
palms, and scalp

20. Sweat Glands Diseases
 Hidradenitis - The inflammation of a
sweat gland (usually of the apocrine type)
 Hyperhidrosis - Excessive sweating
 Hypohidrosis - diminished or absent
perspiration
 Miliaria - A syndrome of cutaneous
changes associated with sweat retention
and extravasation of sweat at different
levels in the skin.

21. Ceruminous glands
 specialized sweat glands
located in hypoderm
 drain into the guard hairs
 produce cerumen, or
earwax, by mixing their
secretion with sebum and
dead epidermal cells

22. Ceruminous glands diseases
 Benign tumors
(e.g. ceruminous adenoma - tumour of the
external auditory canal in adults, 1% of all
external ear tumors)
 Malignant tumors
(e.g. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma - most
common type of malignancy in adults. Can
also be found in other organs, as bronchi,
lacrimal sac and thyroid.

23. Mammary Glands
 An organ in women
that produces milk
 Milk is produced by
cuboidal cells
surrounded by
myoepithelial cells –
thin layer above the
basement membrane

24. Mammary Glands Diseases
 Fat necrosis - firm nodule in the
breast
 Fibrocystic change - most
common disorder
 Gynecomastia - bilateral breast
enlargement in the male
 Fibroadenoma: most common
benign tumor
 Breast cancer - most common
type of cancer in women

25. Some other common Skin
Diseases
 Melanoma
 Eczema
 Otitis Externa
 Skin Cancer

26. Hair facts
 The fastest growing tissue in the body
 90% of scalp hairs are growing and 10% are resting
 Female hair grows more slowly
 Lifespan of hair: 2 to 7 years
 A single hair has a thickness of 0.02 - 0.04mm
 The average scalp has 100,000 hairs
 It is normal to lose 100 hairs per day from the scalp
 A single hair can support up to 100 grams in weight and a whole head of hair
could support up to 12 tonnes - the equivalent of two African elephants!

27. Hair Parts
 the hair root
 the hair shaft
 Hair is composed primarily
of proteins (88%). These
proteins are of a hard fibrous
type known as keratin.

28. Hair root
 Is surrounded by a pouch like structure called hair
follicle
 The terminal part of the hair follicle is called a hair
bulb (formed by actively growing cells )
• consist of:
• Fibrous connective tissue
• External/internal root sheath

29. Hair root
 At the base of each hair bulb is the dermal
papilla containing a vessel tuft (essential for the
nourishment of the growing hairs).
 Melanocytes – produce pigment melanin.
 Receptors for the male hormones - androgens,
are located on the cells of this structure.

30. Hair shaft
 The newly divided hair cells in bulb push the
previous cells up. The cells, which move upwards,
die slowly forming hard hair shaft.
 Has three layers:
 Cuticle
 Medulla
 Cortex

31. Hair diseases and disorders
Mainly associated with the follicles of
the hair
 Hypertrichosis - an abnormal
amount of hair growth on the body
 Alopecia Areata - one of the most
prevalent hair loss diseases

32. Nails
 Actually the same as hair
 Nails grow at the rate of 0.1 mm daily
 Women's nails grow slowly
 Toe nails are about twice thicker than finger nails
 The fastest growing nail is on the middle finger.
The slowest – on the thumbnail
 Nails reflect your health status

33. (I) Nail structure 6 parts:
 The root (germinal matrix) - produces most of the
volume of the nail and the nail bed.
 Nail bed (sterile matrix) - part of the nail matrix.
Contains the blood vessels, nerves, and melanocytes.
Adds material to the undersurface of the nail making it
thicker
 Nail plate - actual
fingernail, made of
translucent keratin

34. (II) Nail structure 6 parts :
 Eponychium (cuticle) – fuse
skin and nail plate, providing
waterproof barrier
 Perionychium (paronychial
edge) - the skin that overlies
the nail plate on its sides
 Hyponychium -the area
between the nail plate and the
fingertip

35. Nail diseases
 Fungal infection
(Onychomycosis)
 Beau's Lines
 Nail Lifting (Onycholysis)
 Nail Splitting
(Onychoschizia)
 Bacterial infection
(Paronychia)

36. Integumentary System Functions
 Multiple roles in homeostasis
(e.g. temperature change, dehydration)
 Protects against invasion of infectious organisms, sunburn
 Protects the body’s internal tissues and organs
 Maintains the body’s form
 Generates vitamin D
 Stores fats, water, glucose and vitamin D
Skin
Hair
Nail

37. Thank you for your attention!

38. Sources
 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/Integumentary_System#Glands
 http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1960501-overview
 http://www.medicalglossary.org/skin_diseases_sweat_gland_diseases_definitions.html
 www.gwu.edu
 http://www.hshairclinic.co.uk/hair-loss/all-about-hair/hair-structure/
 http://www.summerwinds.com/downloads/howtodocs/ANATOMY-OF-HAIR.pdf
 http://dermatology.about.com/cs/nailanatomy/a/nailanatomy.htm