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Cryptography: Basics
Outline ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Cryptosystem ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Example ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Attacks ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Basis for Attacks ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Classical Cryptography ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Transposition Cipher ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Attacking the Cipher ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Example ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Example ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Substitution Ciphers ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Attacking the Cipher ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Statistical Attack ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Character Frequencies (Denning) 0.002 z 25 0.015 g 6 0.020 y 24 0.060 s 18 0.030 m 12 0.020 f 5 0.005 x 23 0.065 r 17 0.035 l 11 0.130 e 4 0.015 w 22 0.002 q 16 0.005 k 10 0.040 d 3 0.010 v 21 0.020 p 15 0.005 j 9 0.030 c 2 0.030 u 20 0.080 o 14 0.065 i 8 0.015 b 1 0.090 t 19 0.070 n 13 0.060 h 7 0.080 a 0
Statistical Analysis ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Correlation:  ( i ) for 0 ≤ i ≤ 25 0.0430 25 0.0660 6 0.0316 24 0.0299 18 0.0325 12 0.0190 5 0.0370 23 0.0392 17 0.0262 11 0.0252 4 0.0380 22 0.0322 16 0.0635 10 0.0575 3 0.0517 21 0.0226 15 0.0267 9 0.0410 2 0.0302 20 0.0535 14 0.0202 8 0.0364 1 0.0315 19 0.0520 13 0.0442 7 0.0482 0  ( i ) i  ( i ) i  ( i ) i  ( i ) i
The Result ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Cæsar’s Problem ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Vigenère Cipher ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Relevant Parts of Tableau ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Useful Terms ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Attacking the Cipher ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The Target Cipher ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Establish Period (step 1) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Repetitions in the Example Ciphertext 2, 3 6 124 118 CH 3 3 97 94 SV 2, 3 6 83 77 NE 2, 2, 2, 2, 3 48 117 69 PC 7, 7 49 105 56 QO 2, 2, 2, 3, 3 72 122 50 MOC 2, 2, 11 44 87 43 AA 2, 2, 2, 3 24 63 39 FV 2, 3, 5 30 54 24 OEQOOG 5 5 27 22 OO 2, 5 10 15 5 MI Factors Distance End Start Letters
Estimate of Period ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Check on Period using IC ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Compute IC ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Splitting Into Alphabets (step 2) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
step 3: Heuristic analysis a. Frequency Examination ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Begin Decryption ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
b. Look For Clues ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Next Alphabet ,[object Object],[object Object]
Got It! ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
One-Time Pad ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Overview of the DES ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Generation of Round Keys ,[object Object]
Encipherment
The f Function
Controversy ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Undesirable Properties ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Differential Cryptanalysis ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
DES Modes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
CBC Mode Encryption  init. vector m 1 DES c 1  m 2 DES c 2 sent sent … … …
CBC Mode Decryption  init. vector c 1 DES m 1 … … …  c 2 DES m 2
Self-Healing Property ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Current Status of DES ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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Crypto

  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 4.
  • 5.
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13.
  • 14.
  • 15. Character Frequencies (Denning) 0.002 z 25 0.015 g 6 0.020 y 24 0.060 s 18 0.030 m 12 0.020 f 5 0.005 x 23 0.065 r 17 0.035 l 11 0.130 e 4 0.015 w 22 0.002 q 16 0.005 k 10 0.040 d 3 0.010 v 21 0.020 p 15 0.005 j 9 0.030 c 2 0.030 u 20 0.080 o 14 0.065 i 8 0.015 b 1 0.090 t 19 0.070 n 13 0.060 h 7 0.080 a 0
  • 16.
  • 17. Correlation:  ( i ) for 0 ≤ i ≤ 25 0.0430 25 0.0660 6 0.0316 24 0.0299 18 0.0325 12 0.0190 5 0.0370 23 0.0392 17 0.0262 11 0.0252 4 0.0380 22 0.0322 16 0.0635 10 0.0575 3 0.0517 21 0.0226 15 0.0267 9 0.0410 2 0.0302 20 0.0535 14 0.0202 8 0.0364 1 0.0315 19 0.0520 13 0.0442 7 0.0482 0  ( i ) i  ( i ) i  ( i ) i  ( i ) i
  • 18.
  • 19.
  • 20.
  • 21.
  • 22.
  • 23.
  • 24.
  • 25.
  • 26. Repetitions in the Example Ciphertext 2, 3 6 124 118 CH 3 3 97 94 SV 2, 3 6 83 77 NE 2, 2, 2, 2, 3 48 117 69 PC 7, 7 49 105 56 QO 2, 2, 2, 3, 3 72 122 50 MOC 2, 2, 11 44 87 43 AA 2, 2, 2, 3 24 63 39 FV 2, 3, 5 30 54 24 OEQOOG 5 5 27 22 OO 2, 5 10 15 5 MI Factors Distance End Start Letters
  • 27.
  • 28.
  • 29.
  • 30.
  • 31.
  • 32.
  • 33.
  • 34.
  • 35.
  • 36.
  • 37.
  • 38.
  • 40. The f Function
  • 41.
  • 42.
  • 43.
  • 44.
  • 45. CBC Mode Encryption  init. vector m 1 DES c 1  m 2 DES c 2 sent sent … … …
  • 46. CBC Mode Decryption  init. vector c 1 DES m 1 … … …  c 2 DES m 2
  • 47.
  • 48.