1. Ronnee Yashon
Michael Cummings
Biology Basics 1
Cells and Cell Structure

2. BB1.1 Why Are Cells Important? (1)
 Life begins as a single cell: a fertilized egg,
or zygote
 Instructions for organism encoded in the
DNA of that single cell
 After ~36–39 weeks, newborn ~40 billion
cells
 All body cells originate from zygote by cell
division

3. BB1.1 Why Are Cells Important? (2)
 Organized into organ systems, with highly
specialized functions
 Controlled by genetic information
 Differences in size and shape, > 200 cell
types
 Carry same genetic information and basic
plan

4. Cells of the Human Body
 Cell Types
 Somatic form body not gametes
 Germ (gametes) eggs or sperm
 Stem cells that can divide into different cell
types
 Chromosomes contains genetic material
 Cells can divide by
 Mitosis produces identical daughter cells
 Meiosis produces haploid germ cells

5. Somatic Cells in the Body

6. Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle Red blood cells
Kidney cells Lung cells Thyroid cells Pancreatic cells
Fig. BB1-1, p. 3

7. How is a Cell Organized?
Contain 4 classes of large macromolecules
composed of subunits linked together
 Carbohydrates: (sugars) used for energy, chemical
markers on the cell
 Lipids: fats, steroids and waxes
 Proteins: enzymes, structural, hormones
 Nucleic Acids: store genetic material

8. Classes of Macromolecules in the
Cell

9. Human Cell
 Surrounded by a plasma membrane
 Contains a nucleus with chromosomes
 Contains organelles, internal structures
that act as tiny organs

10. Human Cell

11. Ribosomes
Mitochondrion
Nuclear
envelope
Chromatin
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Nuclear pore
Rough
Lysosome endoplasmic
reticulum
Microtubule Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
Centrioles
Plasma
Vacuole membrane
Golgi
complex Cytoplasm Fig. BB1-2, p. 4

12. 3D ANIMATION: Tour of an Animal Cell

13. ANIMATION: Lipid bilayer organization
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14. ANIMATION: Nuclear envelope
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15. BB1.3 What Does the Plasma
Membrane Do? (1)
 Double-layered, controls the movement of
materials into and out of the cell
 Genetically determined chemical markers
on surface give cell an identity
 For example, HLA (human leukocyte antigen)
identifies organs foreign to the body
 Mismatch in HLA markers can cause
transplant recipient to reject organ

16. BB1.3 What Does the Plasma
Membrane Do? (2)
 Contains molecular sensors or receptors
 To receive and process chemical signals
 To regulate many critical cell functions
 Mutations of receptors have important role in
some diseases
 Encloses and protects the cytoplasm

17. The Plasma Membrane

18. Outside the cell
Carbohydrate
chain
Lipid
Receptor bilayer
Various
Cholesterol membrane
molecule Channel proteins
protein
Membrane lipid molecule Inside the cell
Fig. BB1-3, p. 5

19. ANIMATION: Cell membranes
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20. BB1.4 What is in the Cytoplasm
 Membrane bound organelles
◦ Nucleus
◦ Endoplasmic Reticulum
◦ Golgi Apparatus
◦ Lysosomes
◦ Mitochondria

21. Nucleus
 Surrounded by a double layered
membrane
 Contains nucleoli that synthesize
ribosomes
 Contains chromatin organized into
homologous pairs of chromosomes
 Genes are carriers of genetic information
on the chromosomes

22. Chromosomes
• Most human cells carry two copies of each
chromosome
o diploid number (2N) =46
• Eggs and sperm carry one copy of each
chromosome
o haploid number (1N) =23
• At fertilization, the egg and sperm fuse to form
at diploid zygote

23. Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Network of
membranes
 Rough ER
contains
ribosomes,
protein synthesis
 Smooth ER
synthesis of lipids
and metabolism
of toxins

24. a. Rough ER (RER)
Rough ER lumen
Ribosomes
Vesicle budding from rough ER Ribosome Fig. BB1-7a, p. 8

25. b. Smooth ER (SER)
Smooth ER lumen
Smooth ER lumen Fig. BB1-7b, p. 8

26. Golgi Apparatus
 Sorts, modifies, packages, and distributes
proteins

27. Rough ER
Vesicle from RER,
Smooth ER
about to fuse with
the Golgi membrane
Golgi apparatus (GA)
Vesicles budded
from Golgi containing
Internal finished product
space
Fig. BB1-8a, p. 8

28. Lysosomes
 Membrane enclosed vesicle, contains digestive
enzyme for destruction of materials or cells
 > 40 genetic disorders of lysosomes

29. Lysosome
containing
Lysosome
ingested
material
Fig. BB1-9, p. 9

30. Mitochondria
 Produce energy for cell
 Carry own DNA

31. Mitochondrion
Inner mitochondrial Outer mitochondrial
membrane membrane
Fig. BB1-10a, p. 9

32. Inner Outer
mitochondrial mitochondrial
membrane membrane
Fig. BB1-10b, p. 9

33. Organelles and Genetic Disorders

34. ANIMATION: Structure of a mitochondrion
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35. INTERACTION: Structure of a
mitochondrion
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36. ANIMATION: Chromosome structural
organization
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