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Perspective and ContrastDesign Principles for Supporting Self-directed and Incidental Learning,[object Object],Christian Glahn,[object Object],Marcus Specht and Rob Koper ,[object Object],CELSTEC, Open University of the Netherlands,[object Object],I-Know + I-Semantics 2009,[object Object],Graz, 4 September 2009,[object Object]
Self-directed LearningIncidental Learning,[object Object],Learner controlled,[object Object],Unguided ,[object Object],Unstructured,[object Object],Experience based,[object Object],Hardly recognized as real learning,[object Object],but,[object Object],Most common form of learning ,[object Object]
Self-directed LearningIncidental Learningmost common forms of learning amongKnowledge Workers,[object Object]
Knowledge Workers,[object Object],are,[object Object],working environment,[object Object],Specialized ,[object Object],Experts,[object Object],Flexible,[object Object],Performance,[object Object]
Knowledge Workers=Working-lifelong Learners,[object Object],Steward, 1997,[object Object]
How to supportself-directed and incidental learningof knowledge workers?,[object Object],No tutoring,[object Object],No prepared learning materials,[object Object],Integrated into practice ,[object Object]
Support through feedback :,[object Object],Visualisations of Activity Traces,[object Object]
Reflection is essential forlearning of practitioners,[object Object],Schön, 1983,[object Object]
Reflection,[object Object],Reflection in action ,[object Object],Reflection on action,[object Object],Reflection for action ,[object Object]
Reflection(in other words),[object Object],Monitoring,[object Object],Evaluating,[object Object],Planning,[object Object]
Reflection,[object Object],requires,[object Object],Awareness,[object Object],requires,[object Object],Feedback,[object Object],requires,[object Object],Actions,[object Object]
Action - Feedback – Reflection Loop,[object Object],Butler & Winne, 1995,[object Object]
Monitoring – Response Flow,[object Object],Zimmermann, Specht, & Lorenz, 2005,[object Object]
Feedback is related toits Context,[object Object],Ley & Young, 2001,[object Object]
What information is requiredfor giving feedback to knowledge workers?,[object Object],What are the design principles of feedback?,[object Object]
Situated Learning and Context,[object Object]
People can Think,[object Object],The approach relies on the predicate that,[object Object]
People need support to think 	about their actions,[object Object]
2 design-research studies innon-artificial settings ,[object Object]
Feedback needs perspective,[object Object],1. Design principle,[object Object]
1. Study,[object Object],Glahn, Specht, & Koper, 2009,[object Object]
Perspective,[object Object],Personal Actions,[object Object],Peer Actions,[object Object]
Results,[object Object]
Feedback needs contrast,[object Object],2. Design principle,[object Object]
2. Study,[object Object],Glahn, Specht, & Koper, 2008,[object Object]
Contextual Factors and Dimensions,[object Object]
Results,[object Object]
Insights from the Studies,[object Object],Perspective Principle,[object Object],Contrast Principle,[object Object]
Conclusions,[object Object],Supportive feedback can be provided independently from explicit domain knowledge.,[object Object],Perspective is required to focus on relevant information.,[object Object],Contrast is required for meaningful relations between actions and their context.,[object Object]
Thank you ,[object Object]

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