3. Diabetes Mellitus Is a disorder of the endocrine system that causes alterations in glucose metabolism.
4. Diabetes Mellitus: Type Type 1 – an absolute lack of insulin Type 2 – relative lack of insulin
5. Diabetes Mellitus Pancreas is an organ with both endocrine and exocrine functions - Exocrine function is to release a juice full of enzymes and other components that helps with the process of digestion
6. Diabetes Mellitus - Endocrine function (islets of langerhans) Beta cells produce insulin Alpha cells produce glucagon Delta cells produce somatostatin
8. Diabetic Ketoacidosis Beta cells have the inability to produce insulin Hyperglycemia – hyperosmolar state Electrolyte shifts and total body dehydration Formation of ketones because of breakdown of fats and protein
10. Diabetic Ketoacidosis: Goals of Treatment Correction of acidosis Correction of electrolyte and fluid disturbances Insulin to lower serum glucose levels Prevention of ketosis Prevention of complications
11. Diabetic Ketoacidosis: Treatments Closely monitor blood glucose levels and acidosis Replace fluids and electrolytes Administer insulin Monitor cardiac, pulmonary, neurologic systems
15. HyperosmolarNonketotic Coma A serious metabolic complication, usually seen in type 2 diabetes Results in dehydration and electrolyte disturbances without acidosis
16. HyperosmolarNonketotic Coma: Clinical Manifestation Profound dehydration Hypotension Tachycardia Diminished CVP Dry mucous membrane Poor skin turgor Neurologic impairments including confusion, seizures and coma
23. Syndrome of Inappropriate Secretion of Antidiuretic Hormone Patient has an excess of antidiuretic hormone secreted into the bloodstream, more than amount needed to maintain normal blood volume and serum osmolality
24. Syndrome of Inappropriate Secretion of Antidiuretic Hormone Excessive water is resorbed at the kidney tubule, leading to dilutionalhyponatremia
25. Assessment Early Clinical Manifestation: - dilutionalhyponatremiainclude lethargy, anorexia, nausea and vomiting
26. Assessment Symptoms of Severe Hyponatremia: - inability to concentrate, mental confusion, apprehension, seizures, decreased level of consciousness, coma and death
27. Nursing Diagnoses Excess Fluid Volume related to comprised regulation mechanism Anxiety related to lack of control over current situation or disease progression Deficient Knowledge: Discharge Regimen related to lack of previous exposure to information
28. Medical Management Fluid restriction Sodium replacement Medications that increase renal water excretion (Demeclocycline)
29. Nursing Management Restriction of Fluids - accurate intake and output - mouth care for fluid restriction - weigh patient to gauge fluid retention or loss of body fluid
40. Thyroid Storm: Pharmacologic Management A. Drugs that block thyroid synthesis Propylthiouracil (PTU) = blocks conversion of T4 to T3 B. Drugs that block release of thyroid hormone Iodides = decreases thyroid hormone production
44. Myxedema Coma Cell is unable to maintain processes necessary to sustain life - protein synthesis is curtailed - carbohydrates and fat metabolism is incomplete - lipolysis is ineffective, and cholesterol collects in the blood stream
45. Myxedema Coma: Clinical Manifestation Dull and mask-like face Damaged cardiac myocytes due to interstitial edema Pleural effusions ADH levels is increased Decreased gastric motility Heat production decreases
47. Myxedema Management: Nursing Management Ventilatory support ABG’s measurement ECG monitoring Measures to avoid skin breakdown Manage constipation Monitor I and O