Chapter16 and 17 From Bacteria to Fungi

Chapter 16 and 17 (Part 1) From Bacteria to Fungi 0

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],0

[object Object],[object Object],Layers of a bacterial mat

EARLY EARTH AND THE ORIGIN OF LIFE ,[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Figure 16.1A

[object Object],[object Object],Figure 16.1B

[object Object],[object Object],Figure 16.1C Paleozoic Meso- zoic Ceno- zoic Humans Land plants Animals Multicellular eukaryotes Single-celled eukaryotes Origin of solar system and Earth 1 2 4 3 Proterozoic eon Archaean eon Billions of years ago Atmospheric oxygen Prokaryotes

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

TALKING ABOUT SCIENCE ,[object Object],Figure 16.3A

[object Object],[object Object],Figure 16.3B Cooled water containing organic molecules Cold water Condenser Sample for chemical analysis H 2 O “Sea” Water vapor “ Atmosphere” Electrode CH 4 NH 3 H 2

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Figure 16.5 G A G G C G G G C C C A A A A U U U U G C U A U G C A U U C G G U U U G C A U A U G C A 1 2 Formation of short RNA polymers: simple “genes” Assembly of a complementary RNA chain, the first step in replication of the original “gene” Monomers

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Figure 16.6A Self-replication of RNA Self-replicating RNA acts as template on which polypeptide forms. Polypeptide acts as primitive enzyme that aids RNA replication. RNA Polypeptide

[object Object],[object Object],Figure 16.6B, C LM 650  Membrane Polypeptide RNA

PROKARYOTES ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Figure 16.7 Colorized SEM 650 

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Figure 16.9A–C Colorized SEM 12,000  Colorized SEM 9,000  Colorized SEM 3,000 

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Figure 16.10A Colorized TEM 70,000  Capsule

[object Object],[object Object],Figure 16.10B Colorized TEM 16,000  Pili

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Figure 16.10C Flagellum Plasma membrane Cell wall Rotary movement of each flagellum Colorized TEM 14,000 

[object Object],[object Object],Figure 16.10D TEM 34,000  Endospore

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Figure 16.10E Respiratory membrane Thylakoid membrane TEM 45,000  TEM 6,000 

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Figure 16.11B Colorized SEM 13,000 

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Figure 16.12A, B

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Figure 16.13A, B LM 13,000  Colorized TEM 5,000 

[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],Figure 16.13C, D Colorized SEM 2,800  LM 650  Photosynthetic cells Nitrogen-fixing cells Colorized SEM 2,8000 

CONNECTION ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Figure 16.14A, B SEM 12,000  Spirochete that causes Lyme disease “ Bull’s-eye”rash Tick that carries the Lyme disease bacterium SEM 2,800 

CONNECTION ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Figure 16.15

CONNECTION ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],Figure 16.16A, B Liquid wastes Outflow Rotating spray arm Rock bed coated with aerobic bacteria and fungi

PROTISTS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],Figure 16.17 Cytoplasm Ancestral prokaryote Plasma membrane Endoplasmic reticulum Nucleus Nuclear envelope Cell with nucleus and endomembrane system Membrane infolding Aerobic heterotrophic prokaryote Ancestral host cell Endosymbiosis Mitochondrion Chloroplast Photosynthetic eukaryotic cell Photosynthetic prokaryote Mitochondrion Some cells

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Figure 16.18 LM 275 

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Figure 16.19 Diplomonads Euglenozoans Dinoflagellates Apicomplexans Ciliates Water molds Diatoms Brown algae Amoebas Plasmodial slime molds Cellular slime molds Fungi Choanoflagellates Animals Red algae Green algae Closest algal relatives of plants Plants Alveolates Stramenopila Amoebozoa Ancestral eukaryote

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Figure 16.20A Colorized SEM 4,000 

[object Object],[object Object],Figure 16.20B, C Colorized SEM 1,300  Colorized SEM 1,300 

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Figure 16.21A SEM 2,300 

[object Object],[object Object],Figure 16.21B Red blood cell Apex TEM 26,000 

[object Object],[object Object],Figure 16.21C Cilia Macronucleus LM 60 

[object Object],Figure 16.22B LM 400 

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Figure 16.23A LM 185 

[object Object],[object Object],Figure 16.23B

[object Object],[object Object],Figure 16.23C Slug-like aggregate 45  LM 1,000  15  Amoeboid cells Reproductive structure

[object Object],[object Object],Figure 16.24B Chlamydomonas Volvox colonies LM 80  LM 1,200 

[object Object],[object Object],Figure 16.24C Mitosis Male gametophyte Gametes Spores Mitosis Meiosis Fusion of gametes Female gametophyte Zygote Sporophyte Mitosis Haploid ( n ) Diploid (2 n ) Key

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Figure 16.25 Unicellular protist Colony Early multicellular organism with specialized, interdepen- dent cells Later organism that produces gametes Food- synthesizing cells Locomotor cells Somatic cells Gamete 1 2 3

FUNGI ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Figure 17.15A

[object Object],[object Object],Figure 17.15B, C Hypha Mycelium

[object Object],[object Object],Figure 17.16 Key Haploid ( n ) Heterokaryotic ( n + n ) (unfused nuclei) Diploid (2 n ) Heterokaryotic stage Fusion of nuclei Fusion of cytoplasm Sexual reproduction Meiosis Zygote (2 n ) Spore-producing structures Germination Germination Asexual reproduction Spores ( n ) Mycelium Spore-producing structures Spores ( n )

[object Object],Figure 17.17A Chytrids Zygomycetes (zygote fungi) Glomeromycetes (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) Ascomycetes (sac fungi) Basidiomycetes (club fungi)

[object Object],[object Object],Figure 17.17B, C SEM 6,500 

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Figure 17.18A Key Haploid ( n ) Heterokaryotic ( n + n ) Diploid (2 n ) Fusion of nuclei Meiosis Mycelia of different mating types Cells fuse Young zygosporangium (heterokaryotic) Zygosporangium ( n + n ) Sporangium Spores ( n ) 1 2 3 4

[object Object],Figure 17.18B Key Haploid ( n ) Heterokaryotic ( n + n ) Diploid (2 n ) Fusion of nuclei Meiosis Basidia Spores ( n ) Mushroom 1 Fusion of two hyphae of different mating types 2 Growth of heterokaryotic mycelium 3 Diploid nuclei 4 Spores released 5 Germination of spores and growth of mycelia

CONNECTION ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Figure 17.19A–C

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Figure 17.20A, B Fungal hyphae Algal cell Colorized SEM 1,000 

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Figure 17.21

CONNECTION ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Figure 17.22A, B Staphylococcus aureus Penicillium Zone of inhibited growth

Chapter16 and 17 From Bacteria to Fungi

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Chapter16 and 17 From Bacteria to Fungi