Anchoring Lecture for the University of Oklahoma School of Commmunity Medicine 2009 Summer Institute

1. Envisioning a Healthy Community

2. “ We shape our environments, thereafter they shape us.”

3. What kind of city have we shaped? How is our city shaping us? How do we envision a healthy community?

4. What kind of city have we shaped? density diversity design

5. Data from the USGS and FEMA.

6. Data from the US Census Bureau. Photographs from the Beryl Ford Collection.

7. first developed: 1900’s downtown 173 blocks 527 acres 3.0 acre mean 2.0 acre typical platted block streets 236 acres 186 intersections 98 signalized intersections rotated grid aligned with railroad right of way typical square blocks circumscribing highway loop irregular blocks at edges superblocks at major building complexes characteristics blocks

8. Data from the US Census Bureau. Photographs from the Beryl Ford Collection.

9. cherry street blocks 156 blocks 519 acres 3.3 acre mean streets 115 acres 157 intersections 15 signalized intersections cardinal oriented grid inscribed in section roads overlapping sub-grids from subdivision plats rectangular blocks varying orientation collector streets with connections to arterials characteristics first developed: 1920’s

10. Data from the US Census Bureau. Photographs from the Beryl Ford Collection.

11. miracle mile blocks 59 blocks 575 acres 9.75 acre mean 66 acre maximum block streets 64 acres 126 intersections 6 signalized intersections dendritic street system inscribed in section roads curved streets and cul-de-sacs irregular blocks few collector streets discourages through traffic characteristics first developed: 1960’s

12. Data from the US Census Bureau.

14. density trends

15. Data from the US Census Bureau.

16. golden rectangle population: 97,000 28% of tulsa county Data from the US Census Bureau.

17. golden rectangle 97,000 people 28% of tulsa county broken arrow 7,800 people Data from the US Census Bureau.

18. Data from the US Census Bureau.

19. golden rectangle population: 50,000 9% of tulsa county Data from the US Census Bureau.

20. golden rectangle population: 50,000 9% of tulsa county broken arrow population: 75,000 Data from the US Census Bureau.

21. Data from the US Census Bureau. tulsa county 988 persons/sq.mi. city of tulsa 1,985 persons/sq.mi. urbanized area 2,752 persons/sq.mi.

22. tulsa county 988 persons/sq.mi. city of tulsa 1,985 persons/sq.mi. urbanized area 2,752 persons/sq.mi.

23. density comparison persons per square mile of urbanized area Data from the Alain Bertaud, Order without Design , 2003.

24. tulsa county 1.96 du/acre city of tulsa 2.31 du/acre urbanized area 2.56 du/acre Data from the US Census Bureau.

25. Data from the US Census Bureau. tulsa county 1.96 du/acre city of tulsa 2.31 du/acre urbanized area 2.56 du/acre

26. What kind of city have we shaped? A low-density environment with diffuse boundaries, weak centers…

28. Data from the USGS Earth Observation System.

29. Data from the USGS Earth Observation System.

30. Data from the USGS Earth Observation System.

31. LUIS land use intensification system Data from INCOG.

32. tulsa county total population: 563,299 minority population: 140,718 25% minority city of tulsa total population: 393,049 minority population: 117,561 30% minority Data from the US Census Bureau.

33. Data from the US Census Bureau. tulsa county total population: 563,299 minority population: 140,718 25% minority city of tulsa total population: 393,049 minority population: 117,561 30% minority

34. tulsa county total population: 563,299 african american population: 61,656 11% minority city of tulsa total population: 393,049 african american population: 60,794 16% minority Data from the US Census Bureau.

35. tulsa county total population: 563,299 hispanic population: 33,616 6% minority city of tulsa total population: 393,049 african american population: 28,111 7% minority Data from the US Census Bureau.

36. Data from the US Census Bureau. tulsa county total population: 563,299 hispanic population: 33,616 6% minority city of tulsa total population: 393,049 african american population: 28,111 7% minority

37. tulsa county median age: 35.1 Data from the US Census Bureau.

38. tulsa county median age: 35.1 Data from the US Census Bureau. Data from the US Census Bureau.

39. tulsa county average family size: 3.03 average household size: 2.43 tulsa public schools 1977 enrollment: 61,000 - 20% minority 2007 enrollment: 42,000 - 65% minority 85% below the poverty line

40. tulsa county 1980 median income: $17,350 Data from the US Census Bureau.

41. tulsa county 2000 median income: $41,666 Data from the US Census Bureau.

42. tulsa county 2000 median income: $41,666 gini coefficient denmark 24.7 eur. union 31.0 canada 32.1 usa 45.0 oklahoma 46.0 mexico 46.1 tulsa county 47.4 swaziland 50.4 city of tulsa 50.4 peru 52.0 namibia 76.0 Data from the US Census Bureau and the CIA Factbook.

43. What kind of city have we shaped? A low-density environment with diffuse boundaries, weak centers, segregated populations, and isolated land uses…

44. commuting mode share transportation average commute time: 19 minutes vehicle miles traveled per day: 29 average vehicle costs: $8,121 trips per household: 9.1 over 90% of all trips by automobile Data from Destination 2030 Regional Transportation Plan by INCOG.

45. street network florence park Photograph from Google Earth.

46. street network florence park Photograph from Google Earth.

47. street network florence park Photograph from Google Earth.

48. street network south tulsa Photograph from Google Earth.

49. street network south tulsa Photograph from Google Earth.

50. street network south tulsa Photograph from Google Earth.

51. street network downtown cherry street miracle mile Photographs from INCOG and Google Earth.

52. street design Sheridan Road Utica Avenue

53. Map and analysis by Kimley-Horn and Associates for PlaniTulsa: 2008.

54. Map and analysis by Kimley-Horn and Associates for PlaniTulsa: 2008.

55. Map and analysis by Kimley-Horn and Associates for PlaniTulsa: 2008.

56. average headways: 46 minutes transit riders per year: 2,661,245 Data from Tulsa Transit.

57. public transportation peer city comparison Data and analysis by Kimley-Horn and Associates for PlaniTulsa: 2008.

58. What kind of city have we shaped? A low-density environment with diffuse boundaries, weak centers, segregated populations, and isolated land uses designed for automobiles as the primary means of transport.

59. What kind of city have we shaped? How is our city shaping us? How do we envision a healthy community?

60. public health issues: then overcrowding sanitation and hygiene infectious diseases From How the Other Half Lives by Jacob Riis. Dr. John Snow and his London cholera epidemic map.

61. public health issues: now chronic disease motor vehicle accidents environmental quality obesity

62. air quality Mobile sources are a major source of air pollution. tulsa air shed annual average ozone alert days: 11 current 3-year average ozone level: .075 ppm EPA 3-year standard ozone level: .075 ppm Air quality data from INCOG.

63. crashes oklahoma fatalities: 765 injuries: 40,960 tulsa county fatalities: 63 pedestrian fatalities: 7 bicycle fatalities: 0 injuries: 8,774 pedestrian injuries: 162 bicycle injuries: 76 Accident data from the Oklahoma Highway Safety Office, 2006 crash data.

64. fitness In 1969, 90% of children walked or biked to school. In 2000, 50% of children were driven by their parents. oklahoma normal weight (bmi<25): 33.4% overweight (25<bmi<30): 35.3% obese (bmi>30): 30.3% Data from the Centers for Disease Control: 2008.

65. social capital Tulsa drivers travel 21,209,000 miles per day. Data from the Tulsa Congestion Management Process, INCOG: 2009.

66. mental health Little is known about the relationship between urban form and mental health. Estimates show 32.6% of Oklahoma adults report poor mental health. Data from the Centers for Disease Control: 2007.

67. special populations Approximately 1/3 of the Tulsa population cannot drive; many live miles from a grocery store.

68. How is our city shaping us? Low-density, segregated use environments designed around the automobile lower air quality, lead to more car crashes, reduce social capital and may contribute to decreased physical activity, chronic health risks and poor mental health.

69. What kind of city have we shaped? How is our city shaping us? How do we envision a healthy community?

70. Evidence Based Urban Design rooted in the emerging science of human settlements known as ekistics : public health sustainability climatology social justice transportation engineering urban economics

71. low density segregated uses automobile dependence compact development mixed uses multi-modal transport

72. low density segregated uses automobile dependence compact development mixed uses multi-modal transport values and principles at the root of the civilization

73. theistic model anthropomorphic model ecological model paradigm shift

77. interconnectivity diversity cycles succession boundaries feedback ecological principles

78. land use and transportation local food and resources complete streets interconnectivity

79. land use and transportation local food and resources complete streets interconnectivity

80. land use and transportation local food and resources complete streets interconnectivity

81. eliminate monocultures mixed uses social and biodiversity diversity

82. eliminate monocultures mixed uses social and biodiversity diversity

83. eliminate monocultures mixed uses social and biodiversity diversity

84. waste = food reuse, recycle, reduce renewable energy cycles

85. waste = food reuse, recycle, reduce renewable energy cycles

86. waste = food reuse, recycle, reduce renewable energy cycles

87. conserve undeveloped areas refill abandoned areas retrofit the suburbs succession

88. conserve undeveloped areas refill abandoned areas retrofit the suburbs succession

89. conserve undeveloped areas refill abandoned areas retrofit the suburbs succession

90. human scale active transportation limits on development boundaries

91. human scale active transportation limits on development boundaries

92. human scale active transportation limits on development boundaries

93. link externalities smaller organizations distributed decision making feedback

94. feedback link externalities smaller organizations distributed decision making

95. feedback link externalities smaller organizations distributed decision making

96. How do we envision a healthy community? Healthy communities are created using evidence based urban design founded on the values and principles of an ecological civilization and the rigorous study of human settlement.

97. theistic model anthropomorphic model ecological model paradigm shift

98. theistic model anthropomorphic model ecological model paradigm shift

99. theistic model anthropomorphic model ecological model paradigm shift

100. theistic model anthropomorphic model ecological model paradigm shift

101. before downtown

102. after downtown

103. before cherry street

104. cherry street after

105. before miracle mile

106. after miracle mile

107. more information? University of Oklahoma Urban Design Studio. http://tulsagrad.ou.edu/studio Strategies for Tulsa’s Comprehensive Plan. http://placesllc.wordpress.com Understanding the Relationship Between Public Health and the Built Environment . Reid Ewing and Richard Kruetzer. United States Green Building Council: 2006. http://www.usgbc.org/ShowFile.aspx?DocumentID=3901 Urban Sprawl and Public Health: Designing, Planning and Building for Healthy Communities. Howard Frumkin, Lawrence Frank and Richard Jackson. Island Press: 2004.

108. fieldwork