This document discusses the different types of skeletons and muscles found in organisms. It covers two main types of skeletons - hydroskeletons/hydrostatic skeletons and hard skeletons which include exoskeletons and endoskeletons. It also discusses the different muscle tissues - smooth, skeletal and cardiac muscle. Additionally, it covers the structure of bones and joints, muscle contraction, and the connection between skeleton and muscles.

3. 

*

4. (animal skeleton)
2
1. Hydroskeleton or hydrostatic skeleton
2. Hard skeleton
 2.1 Exoskeleton
 2.2 Endoskeleton

5. amoeba

6. 
2
ectoplasm( ) endoplasm( )
 Actin Miosin
microfilament( )
 pseudopodium
 amoebiod
movement

7. pseudopodium
actin
filaments

8. flagellum

9. Euglena

10. cilia

11. A comparison of the beating of flagella and cilia

12. Microtubules flagellum
cilia

14. Centrosome containing a pair of centrioles

16. 


Hydra

18. planaria

19. planaria
 Phylum platyhelminthes
 3 circular muscle
,longitudinal muscle,oblique muscle



20. round worm
 Phylum nematoda

longitudinal muscle


21. earth
worm

22.  earth
worm
- Phylum annelida
- 2
circular
muscle
longitudinal muscle
- setae

24. jelly
fish

25.  Phylum coelenterata


26. squid

27. squid

28. sea
star

31. Exoskeleton
- mollusk
-
crystallized
mineral salt
(acellular)
mollusk, chitin
-exoskeleton

32. -
2
1. Flexors
2. Extensors
-
(antagonism)

34. insect
Exoskeleton

ball and socket

flexer
extensor antagonism

35. Moving the exoskeleton: Joints and
Flexor =
Extensor =

39. 

cadal fin
drosal fin

 pectoral fin

43. 
flipper

45. 

- pectoralis
major
- pectoralis
minor
 air sac
 feather

46. air sac

47. Endoskeleton
-
- (soft
tissues)
-endoskeleton living and
metabolizing cells exoskeleton)
1. cartilage protein collagen
complex polysaccharide
2. bone collagen apatite
(calcium and phosphate salt)
- 2
1. Axial skeleton: (skull)
(vertebral column)
(rib)
2. Appendicular skeleton:

48. 1. long bone
2. short bone
3. flat bone
4. irregular

49. (pectoral
girdle)
ilium
sacrum
pubis
ischium

52. articulation Joint)
- :
synovial
memebranes
synovial fluid

53. 1. fibrous joint
2. cartilagenous joint
3. sylnovial joint

54. sylnovial
joint




55. The skeleton-muscle connecti
-
nerves, bones,
muscles
- -
2

56. The power arm-load arm conc
-
(falcum)
-
power arm
load arm
-power arm:
-load arm:

57. Origin and insertion
-
origin
insertion

58. (Muscular tissue)
(muscle fiber)
2

59. 3

60. 3
(smooth muscle)
(skeletal
muscle)
(cardiac muscle)

61. Cell membrane
= Sarcolemma
Cytoplasm = Sarcoplasm
Endoplasmic reticulum
= Sarcoplasmic reticulum

62. (Skeletal
muscle)
voluntory
muscle

63. www.udomsuksa.ac.th/Latphrao/knowledge/cai/biology/unit1.ppt
www.skr.ac.th/link/web_education/web_teacher/science/.../cheva.ppt
www.pil.in.th/.../ - -
www.sl.ac.th/html_edu/sl/temp_e_learning/temp.../355.1move