Grade 10 - Modern Technology in Increased Food Production Let's have fun

1. sir awan

3. a very useful agricultural machine, with wheels or designed
to move easily on the ground and pulling power enabling
successful agricultural work, even in flooded fields. Its main
function is to cultivate the soil

4. Operated by handles, can work in strong fields, but is
preferably used in construction of gardens

5. a powerful engine agricultural machine, comb cutter to cut
the plants mature grain and a long rake that goes before the
machine and rotates about a horizontal axis.

6. designed to open furrows in the earth.

7. designed to break up the parts and parcels of land that have
been removed by the plough.

8. Designed to spray, where the liquid to spray out insecticide,
fungicide or herbicide

9. is a machine to place the seeds on the seedbed

10. Designed to distribute fertilizer

11. Designed for packaging or packing cereal straw or other
baled forage grasses (also called bales or alpacas)

13. Introduction
a manufactured product containing one or more
essential plant nutrients
in amounts without carrying any harmful
substance above permissible limits.
Many prefixes such as synthetic, mineral,
inorganic, artificial or chemical are often used to
describe fertilizers and these are used
interchangeably.

14. Introduction
Fertilizers have classified into following two
group, depending on the number of nutrients
available in them.
Straight
fertilizers
Complex/ compound
fertilizers

15. Straight
fertilizers
• Straight fertilizers contain one of the three major
nutrients N, P or K.
• that contain and are used for one major nutrient as
opposed to multinutrient fertilizers.
• For secondary nutrients, these include products containing
elemental S, magnesium sulphate, calcium oxide, etc.
• In the case of micronutrients, borax, Zn and Fe and
sulphate salts of micronutrients are straight fertilizers.

16. Complex/compound
fertilizers
• Complex or compound fertilizers contain at least two out of
the three major nutrients.
• These include both two-nutrient (NP) and three nutrient (NPK)
fertilizers.
• These are also referred to as maltinutrient fertilizers, but do
not include fertilizer mixture or bulk blends as no chemical
reaction is involved.

18. 
PEST = any organism that interferes in
some way with human welfare or activities.

19. 
PESTICIDE = toxic chemicals used to
reduce the size of and control the pest
population.


Grouped by their target organism
Insecticide, Herbicide,
Fungicide, Rodenticide
85% of pesticides worldwide used for
Agriculture.

20. 
“Ideal Pesticides ”



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Narrow-Spectrum = kill only target
organism.
Breaks down easily into safe materials
Does not move around in the environment.
“Non-Ideal Pesticides ”


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Broad-Spectrum = kill more than just the target.
Persistent or Can degrade into other
CMPDs (Chronic Myeloproliferative
Diseases) that can be more dangerous
Move around in the environment.

21. 
Pre-1940s (First-generation pesticides )

Inorganics (Minerals)



Organics (Botanicals)



Contain lead, mercury, and arsenic
Very persistent & bioaccumulate
Plant-derived
Break down readily
Post-1940s (Second-generation pesticides )

Synthetic Botanicals


Made by altering natural botanicals
Ex: dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)

22. INSECTICIDES : Classified by chemical structure

Chlorinated Hydrocarbons = organic CMPDs + Cl

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
Organophosphates = organic CMPDs + P


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Broad-spectrum, persistent
Most are banned (DDT, endosulfan, etc)
Rachel Carson: Silent Spring
more poisonous than most others
not persistent, so they’ve replaced most
chlorinated hydrocarbons
Carbamates = broad-spectrum, derived from
carbamic acid

Less toxic to mammals (Carbaryl, Aldicarb)

23. HERBICIDES
 Are pesticides used to kill unwanted plants
 Classified by how they act & what they kill
 Selective Herbicides = kill only certain
types of plants

Broad-leaf Herbicides


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2,4-D & 2,4,5-T common in 1940s
2,4,5-T banned by EPA (Environmental Protection
Agency) in 1979 due to possible harmful side effects
realized after its use in the Vietnam War
Grass Herbicides
Nonselective Herbicides = kill all
vegetation

24. VIETNAM WAR & HERBICIDES
 US used mixtures of herbicides to kill vegetation in
S.Vietnam to expose hiding places & destroy crops
planted by Vietcong: Agent White, Agent Blue, &
Agent Orange
 Negative environmental impacts:

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Mangrove forests & hardwood forests destroyed
Harmed ecology & economy of S.Vietnam
Negative health impacts:



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Agent Orange = 2,4-D & 2,4,5-T combined.
Created highly toxic Dioxins during creation
Birth defects, stillbirths, female reproductive disorders,
soft-tissue cancers
Bioaccumulated in fish = very high levels in Vietnamese
people

26. 

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Artificial selection is the process by which
heritable traits favored by human actions
become more common in successive
generations.
Also called “selective breeding.” Very well known
to farmers and breeders, artificial selection is
how they harness evolution to produce the
varieties of plants and animals that they want.
Artificial selection can be intentional, or
unintentional on our parts.

29. 

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All of our domesticated species - pets, crops,
farm animals - evolved through artificial
selection. In many cases, it was intentional.
Corn, or maize, is the result of domestic
breeding of teosinte by Mesoamerican famers
~9,000 years ago.
Artificial selection applied to the wild mustard,
Brassica oleracea

30. 
There have also been many cases where we’ve
imposed a selective pressure on a population
without even knowing it. These cases can also
be called artificial selection.

Most cereal crops were unintentionally developed
12,000 years ago. There’s no evidence that the first
farmers premeditated and decided to breed certain
plants in order to keep and enhance their desired
traits, they just kept plants because they liked them.