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CHAPTER 2
                                                           INCIDENTS PREVENTION
Understand the concepts of incident
2.1.1 Define incidents
2.1.2 Define accidents
2.2 Understand principle of incidents prevention
2.2.1 Explain principle of incidents prevention
2.3 Recognize causes of incident
2.3.1 Classify the types of incident
2.3.2 Determine three model of accident theory
a. Heinrich’s Theory
b. Multiple Causation Theory
c. Bird Loss Causation Model
2.3.3 Discover the three basic causes of incident
a. Basic causes
b. Indirect causes
c. Direct causes
2.4 Understand incidents prevention costs
2.4.1 List the design costs
2.4.2 List the operational costs
2.4.3 List safe guarding of the future costs
2.5 Know accident prevention programme
2.5.1 State management commitment in accident prevention
2.5.2 Develop the accident prevention planning
2.5.3 Determine the accident prevention training
                                                                            1
                                                                                  1
What is An Incident???



•An unexpected, unplanned event in a sequence of events.
•That occurs through a combination of causes.

•Which result in :
        Physical harm ( injury, ill-health or disease ) to an individual
        Damage to property
        A near miss
        Any combination of these effects.




                                                                           2
Why Prevent Incident???



   •Legal
   •Human right
   •Business




                          3
6 Principles of
                             INCIDENTS PREVENTION by Ministry of
                            Labour and National Services UK ( 1956 )



•Accident prevention is an essential part of good management and of
good workmanship.
•Management and workers must fully cooperate.
•Top management must take the lead in organising safety.
•There must be definite and known safety policy in workplace.
•The organisation and resources necessary to carry out the policy
must exist.
•The best available knowledge and method must be applied.




                                                                      4
Types of INCIDENTS


Cause immediate injury or damage to
equipment or property
-a forklift dropping a load
- Someone falling off a ladder.



Occur over an extended period
-Hearing loss
- Illness resulting from exposure to chemicals.




                                                            5
Model of ACCIDENTS
                               THEORY


Domino Theory
Loss causation model
Multi – causality Accident Model




                                     6
Domino Theory
Introduced by Herbert W.Heinrich ( 1930 ).
Injury from an accident is the result of a series of events that is
dependent on each other.

-Injuries are caused by accidents
- Accidents are caused by unsafe acts and unsafe condition.
- Unsafe acts and unsafe condition are caused by the faults of
person.
- Faults of person are caused by a personal flaw such as violent
temper, nervousness or ignorance.
- The injured worker’ s ancestry and social environment.


       ancestry
                   person
                            Hazard
                                     accidents
                                                   Injuries

                                                                      7
Multicausality Accident
                                           Model
Refers to the facts that there may be more that one cause to
any accident.

Example: Someone who had tripping accident over a piece of
wood lying on a floor in a dark walkway.


         Cause A
     ( poor lighting )



        Cause B
    ( Not look where                        Accident ( Trip)
         going )


         Cause C
        ( Wood in
        walkway )



                                                               8
Loss Causation Model

             Introduced by Frank E. Bird ( 1970 ).
             Revised Heinrich Domino.
             Blaming management
                                                                           Threshold Limit

      Lack of               Basic                Immediate            Incidents           Loss
      Control              causes                  causes


    Inadequate sys      Personal factors   Substandard act/practice

                                                                        Event      Iunintended harm or
                                                                                         Damage
  Inadequate Stand

                         Job/syt factors        Subst. Conditio

Inadequate Compliance




                                                                                                         9
3 Basic Causes of
                                         Accident
                    Basic Causes
             Poor Management Safety Policy
                       & Decision
                    Peronal factors
                  Environment factors


Unsafe act      Indirect Causes              Unsafe condition




                    Unplanned
                     accidents

                                                ACCIDENTS
                direct Causes
                                              Personal injury,
                                             Property damage



                                                                 10
Cost of Incident
                     Prevention



                  Insured : RM 1



                  uninsured :
                  RM 8~36
Accident Cost
  Iceberg




                                   11
Cost of Incident
                                               Prevention

i ) Design cost: Installing machine guard to protect worker
ii) Operational cost : Running a Safety Department ( training, PPE )
iii) Planning and consequence- limiting cost
Safeguarding the future, cost for environmental sampling, safety
audit.




                                                                       12
Du Pont Ten Principles of
                       Safety Management

•All injuries and occupational illness are preventable
•Management is directly responsible for doing this
•Safety is condition of employment
•Training is required
•Safety audit and inspection must be carried out.
•Deficiencies must be corrected
•All unsafe practices, incidents and injury accidents will be
investigated.
•Safety away from work is as important as safety at work.
•Accident prevention is cost effective; the highest cost is human
suffering.
•Employees must be actively involved.




                                                                    13

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Bab 2 incident prevention

  • 1. CHAPTER 2 INCIDENTS PREVENTION Understand the concepts of incident 2.1.1 Define incidents 2.1.2 Define accidents 2.2 Understand principle of incidents prevention 2.2.1 Explain principle of incidents prevention 2.3 Recognize causes of incident 2.3.1 Classify the types of incident 2.3.2 Determine three model of accident theory a. Heinrich’s Theory b. Multiple Causation Theory c. Bird Loss Causation Model 2.3.3 Discover the three basic causes of incident a. Basic causes b. Indirect causes c. Direct causes 2.4 Understand incidents prevention costs 2.4.1 List the design costs 2.4.2 List the operational costs 2.4.3 List safe guarding of the future costs 2.5 Know accident prevention programme 2.5.1 State management commitment in accident prevention 2.5.2 Develop the accident prevention planning 2.5.3 Determine the accident prevention training 1 1
  • 2. What is An Incident??? •An unexpected, unplanned event in a sequence of events. •That occurs through a combination of causes. •Which result in : Physical harm ( injury, ill-health or disease ) to an individual Damage to property A near miss Any combination of these effects. 2
  • 3. Why Prevent Incident??? •Legal •Human right •Business 3
  • 4. 6 Principles of INCIDENTS PREVENTION by Ministry of Labour and National Services UK ( 1956 ) •Accident prevention is an essential part of good management and of good workmanship. •Management and workers must fully cooperate. •Top management must take the lead in organising safety. •There must be definite and known safety policy in workplace. •The organisation and resources necessary to carry out the policy must exist. •The best available knowledge and method must be applied. 4
  • 5. Types of INCIDENTS Cause immediate injury or damage to equipment or property -a forklift dropping a load - Someone falling off a ladder. Occur over an extended period -Hearing loss - Illness resulting from exposure to chemicals. 5
  • 6. Model of ACCIDENTS THEORY Domino Theory Loss causation model Multi – causality Accident Model 6
  • 7. Domino Theory Introduced by Herbert W.Heinrich ( 1930 ). Injury from an accident is the result of a series of events that is dependent on each other. -Injuries are caused by accidents - Accidents are caused by unsafe acts and unsafe condition. - Unsafe acts and unsafe condition are caused by the faults of person. - Faults of person are caused by a personal flaw such as violent temper, nervousness or ignorance. - The injured worker’ s ancestry and social environment. ancestry person Hazard accidents Injuries 7
  • 8. Multicausality Accident Model Refers to the facts that there may be more that one cause to any accident. Example: Someone who had tripping accident over a piece of wood lying on a floor in a dark walkway. Cause A ( poor lighting ) Cause B ( Not look where Accident ( Trip) going ) Cause C ( Wood in walkway ) 8
  • 9. Loss Causation Model Introduced by Frank E. Bird ( 1970 ). Revised Heinrich Domino. Blaming management Threshold Limit Lack of Basic Immediate Incidents Loss Control causes causes Inadequate sys Personal factors Substandard act/practice Event Iunintended harm or Damage Inadequate Stand Job/syt factors Subst. Conditio Inadequate Compliance 9
  • 10. 3 Basic Causes of Accident Basic Causes Poor Management Safety Policy & Decision Peronal factors Environment factors Unsafe act Indirect Causes Unsafe condition Unplanned accidents ACCIDENTS direct Causes Personal injury, Property damage 10
  • 11. Cost of Incident Prevention Insured : RM 1 uninsured : RM 8~36 Accident Cost Iceberg 11
  • 12. Cost of Incident Prevention i ) Design cost: Installing machine guard to protect worker ii) Operational cost : Running a Safety Department ( training, PPE ) iii) Planning and consequence- limiting cost Safeguarding the future, cost for environmental sampling, safety audit. 12
  • 13. Du Pont Ten Principles of Safety Management •All injuries and occupational illness are preventable •Management is directly responsible for doing this •Safety is condition of employment •Training is required •Safety audit and inspection must be carried out. •Deficiencies must be corrected •All unsafe practices, incidents and injury accidents will be investigated. •Safety away from work is as important as safety at work. •Accident prevention is cost effective; the highest cost is human suffering. •Employees must be actively involved. 13