1. Refer to Campbell and Reece, 2010 –
Chapter 6 and 7 p. 96-123 and 125-131,
Edulink and learning guide notes

2.  The study of cells and micro organisms has
changed over time with the change in
technology.
 These were studied in the beginning with hand
lenses, single lens microscope, light microscope
 Today we have electron microscopes.
 Two types of electron microscopes are used
today: SEM – Scanning electron microscope
and TEM – Transmission electron microscope.

3.  Developed a microscope
with one lens.
 Discovered
- bacteria
- blood cells
- spermatozoa
- protozoa

4.  Uses the concept cell
for the first time.
 He used it when he
looked at the
microscopic
structure of cork
cells.

5.  Describes the nucleus of a cell

6.  Developed the cell theory:
- Plants and animals are made of groups
of cells.
- The cell is the basic unit of living
organisms

7.  Expanded the cell theory:
 He said that new cells formed by the
division of existing cells

8.  Expanded the cell
theory more:
 He said that all cells
can be traced to their
origin

9.  All living organisms are made out of cells
 New cells are formed by the division of
existing cells
 The cell houses genes, which are the
blueprint for growth, functioning and
development of cells
 The cell is the functional unit of life
because all chemical reactions of life take
place inside the cell

10.  A cell is the basic unit of
structure and function in
organisms.
 Cells differ in size, shape and in
function.
 A cell consist of smaller
structures called organelles.

11.  Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic cells.
 Only organisms of the domains Bacteria
and Archaea consist of prokaryotic cells –
cells without a membrane bound nucleus.
 Protists, fungi, animals and plants all
consist of eukaryotic cells – cell with a
membrane bound nucleus.

16. PLANT CELL ANIMAL CELL

17. Chapter 6 p. 98 – 131

18.  Porous
 Varies in thickness
 Consist of pectin (elasticity), cellulose fibrils
held together with non-cellulose substances
(hardens the cell when mature) and lignin
(adds strength to cell especially in woody
plants)
 Cell wall is permeable and protects the inside
of the cell.
 Middle lamella (layer of adhesive substances) –
holds the cells together
 Plasmodesmata (pores) that connects the
cytoplasm of the connecting cells – selectively
permeable

20.  Consist of 2
phospholipid layers
and proteins in
between.
 The phospholipid
layers are part
hydrophillic and
part hydrophobic

21.  +/- 5µm, largest organelle in cell.
 Enclosed by a nucleomembrane
with nuclear pores. Function:
Protection and add to selective
permeability.
 Filled with nucleoplasma, a
nucleolus and chromatin. Function
of chromatin: carries genetic
material in the form of
chromosomes.
 Function of nucleolus: Produce r-
RNA

22.  Consist of 2 membranes: Outer –
and a highly convoluted inner
membrane- These folds are
called cristae – they increase the
surface area.
 Filled with matrix called stroma
that contains DNA and
ribosomes.
 Function: Produce energy in the
form of ATP by means of
cellular respiration

23.  Enclosed by a double
membrane
 Filled with stroma and
thylakoids filled with
chlorophyll arranged in
groups called grana.
 Ribosomes and starch grains
in stroma.
 Function: Photosynthesis

24.  Membranous sac
 Filled with cell sap.
 Causes turgor pressure in the
vacuole.
 Function: Stores various
substances, including waste.
 Helps with osmotic potential of
cell.

25.  Endoplasmic Reticulum – Transport
system in cell
 Ribosomes – Protein synthesis
 Golgi-apparatus – Make lysosomes and
acts as transport system.
 Lysosomes – Intracellular digestion.
 Plastids e.g.– Leucoplasts – Stores
starch
- Chromoplast – gives colour
to flowers and fruit.
* Centrioli – Mitosis in animal cells

26.  The cell membrane has the ability to
regulate transport molecules across
its structure.
 This function is essential to the cell’s
existence.
 The fluid mosaic model helps to
explain how membranes regulate the
cell’s molecular traffic.

27.  Hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide and
oxygen – non-polar
 So they can dissolve in the lipid bilayer of
the membrane.
 They can cross the membrane without
the aid of membrane proteins.
 Polar molecules like, water and glucose
move slowly across the membrane and
need the aid of proteins to get across
the membrane.

28.  Hydrophyllic substances can avoid
contact with the hydrophobic lipid bilayer
by passing through transport proteins that
span the membrane.
 Channel proteins – tunnel for polar
molecules to pass through membrane
 Aquaporins – channel proteins for the
transport of water

29.  Carrier protein: Hold onto solutes that
want to move across the membrane and
changes shape as it moves through the
membrane.
 Each carrier protein is specific to what it
transports.

30.  The microscope is an instrument
designed to observe objects too small to
be seen with the naked eye.
 The human eye cannot distinguish
objects much smaller than 0.1mm.
 The microscope act as an extension of
the eye, allowing one to see smaller
objects.

32.  STUDY HOW TO TAKE CARE OF THE
MICROSCOPE AND HOW TO MAKE A
MICROSCOPE SLIDE.