The document provides an in-depth analysis of emerging trends, drivers, and market forecasts for adopting dc power in buildings. It examines opportunities for dc power in four sectors: data centers, commercial/industrial facilities, telecom central offices, and residential installations. For each sector, it estimates threshold and saturation adoption rates. Data centers and commercial/industrial facilities are projected to reach threshold adoption by 2019 due to supporting standards, regulations, and pilot programs. Telecom has a lower threshold but must reach a higher saturation. Residential has few standards and the highest thresholds/saturation rates. The report provides illustrations of power systems, efficiency comparisons, and company profiles. It also discusses the roles of standards organizations and estimates dollar market projections

1. DC Building Power: Emerging Trends, Application Drivers and Market
Adoption Forecasts - Second Edition
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DC Building Power: Emerging Trends, Application Drivers and Market Adoption
Forecasts - Second Edition
Summary
The introduction of dc power to industries that traditionally rely on ac power is expected to cause a
fundamental shift in how new and existing buildings are designed and operated. It will require

2. manufacturers to design new products, adopt new standards and completely re-design their approach to
power delivery systems. It must also be determined where a dc power system will completely replace
the existing ac architecture and where the deployment of dc power delivery systems as part of a ac-dc
hybrid architecture would be appropriate. Despite the challenges, the addition of dc power delivery
systems offers the potential for improvements in energy efficiency, reliability, flexibility, power quality
and cost of operation as compared to traditional power systems.
The Darnell Group identified the potential market for dc power solutions in four specific sectors: data
centers, commercial/industrial facilities, residential installations and telecom central offices. For each
sector an analysis identifying two key market penetration rates of adoption for dc power was used. The
first is the “threshold” rate of market penetration required for dc technology to achieve in each sector in
order to continue expanding. The second penetration rate is the “saturation” rate, which represents the
percentage of the market the technology expects to eventually capture in order to be considered
mainstream. Once these market penetration rates are determined, a high level estimate of the dollar
market for dc power systems and components for each sector covered will be presented.
This analysis was applied to each of the four areas covered in this report. Each area recorded a distinct
threshold and saturation rate based on key market drivers specific to each industry. Two areas of
immediate opportunity for the adoption of dc power are projected to be in the data center and
commercial/industrial facilities segments. Both of these sectors are projected to reach their adoption
stages by 2019. These facilities each have the advantages of strong standards activity, supporting
government regulations, and a number of demonstration facilities. In addition, a small but growing
number of products have been developed by companies like Delta Electronics, Emerson Network Power,
Nextek Power Systems and others.
Although the telecom industry maintains a lower threshold penetration rate, due to its size it must reach
a higher market saturation rate for adoption. The market drivers for this segment are much different
than the other applications mentioned. Telecom central offices are already dc facilities and the
technological, regulatory and economic factors needed for them to adopt a higher-voltage dc
architecture, in addition to their current 48Vdc configuration, must be more compelling. In light of the
eventual adoption of ETSI EN 300-132-3, there are a number of strong arguments for this industry to
adopt an architecture combining both low and high voltage dc power, as well as a hybrid dc power
architecture, combining 48Vdc for existing telecom equipment and higher-voltage dc for additional
datacom equipment.
The residential dc industry is in a much earlier stage of development than the other industries covered in
this report. Despite the trend towards zero net energy (ZNE), this sector does not have an established set
of standards or any large bodies or organizations actively promoting technology or products. (A ZNE
building is defined as one that produces as much energy as it uses in a year.) As a result, both the
threshold and saturation rates are quite high. However, there are a number of factors, including the large
PV market and several government mandated programs that may provide the industry with a significant
push.
A ZNE building could significantly cut dependence on fossil-based energy and supply the required energy

3. through on-site distributed generation, such as solar, wind, fuel cells, or microturbines. A market is
already emerging for zero energy buildings today, but it remains a small fraction of the overall building
construction industry. However, a number of government initiatives designed to encourage development
have been enacted.
In fact, in 2008 the California Public Utilities Commission introduced the state’s Zero Net Energy Action
Plan for Buildings. Updated in 2011, the plan calls for all new residential construction in California to be
zero net energy or equivalent to zero net energy by 2020. The same applies to commercial developments
by 2030. (Equivalency allows the goal to be applicable to all buildings –even those unable to produce all
net energy needs on site.) This will require an intense focus on reducing energy consumption through
state-of-the-art design and technology, with grid-connected renewable energy to minimize each
building’s residual carbon footprint.
As an emerging technology, the further development of dc power is highly reliant on the adoption of
standards and regulations. At the lower power level, the EMerge Alliance has concentrated on the
development of a 24Vdc standard for commercial, industrial and residential buildings. The EMerge
Alliance Standard 1.0 regarding 24Vdc power creates an integrated, open platform for power, interior
infrastructures, controls and a wide variety of peripheral devices to facilitate the hybrid use of ac and dc
power within buildings.
In cooperation with other industry associations and standards-making bodies, the EMerge Alliance
started working on a dc power standard for data center facilities in 2009. The selection of 380Vdc as the
distribution voltage is based on the agreement of engineering data from a number of organizations in
the United States, Europe, and Japan. In addition, EPRI developed the first dc voltage tolerance envelope
plotting voltage variations versus time for 380Vdc powered equipment. The new dc voltage tolerance
envelope provides the technical details of the electrical operating environment, including allowable
voltage surges and sags that could enable engineers to design power converters for use with 380Vdc
distribution systems for next-generation data center equipment.
This standard is being developed in parallel to an effort taking place with the European
Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), and is expected to be in harmony with ETSI EN 300 132-
3. It will address the problem of compatibility between the power supply equipment and both
datacom/telecom equipment and to the different load units connected to the same interface. The
eventual adoption of EN 300-132-3 poses both an opportunity and a challenge to the advocates of
higher-voltage dc power in telecom central office facilities, as it allows equipment designed to this
standard to be powered by either high voltage ac, single or three phase rectified ac, or dc current.
A dc microgrid is an emerging concept that could gain traction as other emerging technologies become
more established. Defined by the Department of Energy as a group of interconnected loads and
distributed energy resources within clearly defined electrical boundaries that act as a single controllable
entity with respect to the grid, these microgrids are expected to play an important role in the
development of dc power. In fact, a number of companies are already offering products to support the
dc microgrid concept.

4. The implementation of a system that allows the delivery of dc power to a microgrid has the potential to
provide a facility with a number of advantages, such providing reliability and power quality. In addition,
as renewable energy technologies such as solar PV become more widespread, the development and use
of a dc microgrid could evolve into a cheaper and more efficient alternative. A possible course of action
is to install a dc network linking dc devices to dc power supplies.
The development of products and power supplies designed to work in a dc power environment is critical
to the further expansion of dc power. Although power supplies and components for data centers are
currently designed specifically for demonstration facilities and not widely available as standard products,
a number of prominent companies are starting to see the potential of introducing dc power to data
center facilities. Delta Electronics recently launched a state-of-the-art data center dc power solution that
includes a complete product portfolio of dc UPS systems, power distribution units (PDUs), and server
power supplies for more energy-efficient data center applications.
Additional factors contributing to the advancement of dc power include the large consumer electronics
market, which operates exclusively on dc power and currently requires conversion from ac sources.
These devices are common in every household and include televisions, set-top boxes and many others.
In aggregate, the millions of conversions performed for the operation of these electronic devices extract
a huge loss in energy during conversion and therefore represent a long-term opportunity.
Although dc power is still an emerging industry, it is already providing opportunities for a number of
industries and applications. In this report over 35 illustrations are presented depicting a variety of power
system schematics and comparisons, architectural standards, efficiency standards and other relevant
information. The focus of this comprehensive analysis provides decision makers with an insightful look
into the current and future opportunities and threats available in the dc building power supply market.
Table of Contents :
Introduction
Emerging Trends and Developments
Hybrid AC-DC Facilities
DC Microgrids
Zero Net Energy Facilities
Additional Applications and Drivers
Lighting
Consumer Devices
Electric Vehicles
Energy Storage
Uninterruptable Power Supplies
Variable Frequency Drives
Intelligent Universal Transformers (IUT)
Pending Issues in the Development of DC Power
Standards and Regulations

5. Current Areas of Development
DC Data Center Facilities
Containerized Data Centers
Telecommunications
Commercial/Industrial Facilities
Residential Installations
Key Organizations Involved in Advancing DC Power
EMerge Alliance
European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)
Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan (IEEJ)
Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI)
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA)
China Communications and Standards Association (CCSA)
Japan’s New Energy and Industrial Technology Organization (NEDO)
Estimated Market Projections
Technology Life Cycle Analysis Methodology
DC Data Centers
Telecommunications (Central Offices)
Commercial/Industrial Facilities
Residential Installations
Estimated Market Projection Summary
Selective Company Profiles
ABB Ltd.
Anderson Power Products.
Armstrong World Industries
Cooper Industries
Crestron Electronics
Delta Electronics
Direct Power Technologies
Emerson Network Power
Focal Point
Fujitsu Components Ltd.
GE Lineage Power
Lunera Lighting
Nextek Power Systems
Osram Sylvania
TE Connectivity
List of Figures:

6. Figure 1 – Hybrid AC DC Coupled Power System .
Figure 2 – DC Microgrid Configuration.
Figure 3 – Zero Net Energy Facility Illustration
Figure 4 – Zero Net Energy Building Configuration.
Figure 5 – Lighting Technology Opportunities for DC Power
Figure 6 – Consumer Electronics Products Operating on DC
Figure 7 – Comparison of the Structure between a DC and AC UPS & Load .
Figure 8 – Example of Variable Frequency Drive Using DC Power
Figure 9 – Example of DC House in the Future Using an IUT.
Figure 10 – EMerge Alliance First Standard for Occupied Space
Figure 11 – Various DC Voltage Configurations 380Vdc Sweet Spot
Figure 12 – Basic Configuration of a 380Vdc Power System
Figure 13 – AC vs. DC Data Center Architecture A Typical Comparison
Figure 14 – Multiple Conversion Steps Generate Inefficiency
Figure 15 – Duke Energy Data Center Configuration
Figure 16 – 300 - 400Vdc Operational and Demo DC Data Sites Worldwide
Figure 17 – Containerized Data Center
Figure 18 – Modular Containerized Data Center Units
Figure 19 – Typical Telecom -48Vdc Power Supply system
Figure 20 – Comparison of AC, 48Vdc and HVDC Systems
Figure 21 – Representative Existing Broadband Telecom System
Figure – DC Power Distribution in Commercial Facilities
Figure 23 – Nextek Power Server
Figure 24 – Examples of DC Power in Commercial and Industrial Facilities.
Figure 25 – Impact of Energy Savings in the Residential Sector.
Figure 26 – Proposed DC Powered House of the Future.
Figure 27 – Residential DC Distribution Architecture
Figure 28 – Proposed Hybrid Home Scenarios.
Figure 29 – Residential DC Microgrid.
Figure 30 – DC Powered Products save Energy
Figure 31 – DC vs. AC House
Figure 32 – AC vs. Direct DC Distribution in Residential Buildings
Figure 33 – Data Center Technology Life Cycle Analysis
Figure 34 – DC Power Solutions Projected Dates of Threshold Rates
Figure 35 –.Telecom Central Offices Technology Life Cycle Analysis
Figure 36 – DC Power Solutions Projected Dates of Saturation Points
Figure 37 – Commercial/Industrial Technology Life Cycle Analysis.
Figure 38 – Residential Technology Life Cycle Analysis.
Figure 39 – Power Systems and Components Projected Dollar Market
at the Threshold Date
Related Keywords : DC ,Building, Power,Emerging, Trends, Application, Drivers,Market Adoption,Forecasts ,Second ,Edition
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