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3g and 4g
1. Third Generation (3G)Third Generation (3G)
VsVs
Fourth Generation (4G)Fourth Generation (4G)
Wireless SystemsWireless Systems
Pranay P. TawakePranay P. Tawake
CM 3rd
year
0813055
3. THIRD GENERATION (3G)THIRD GENERATION (3G)
3G Architecture Model3G Architecture Model
3rd generation mobile technologies focus on to aid deployment of resources by3rd generation mobile technologies focus on to aid deployment of resources by
improving the speed and effectiveness of delivery of critical communicationimproving the speed and effectiveness of delivery of critical communication
and information.and information.3G is based on 3 standards 1.W-CDMA 2.UMTS(TD-3G is based on 3 standards 1.W-CDMA 2.UMTS(TD-
CDMA & TD-SCDMA) 3.CDMA2000.3G provides frequency bandsCDMA & TD-SCDMA) 3.CDMA2000.3G provides frequency bands
between 1.6-2.5MHz and bandwidth ranges from 5-20MHz.It supports Highbetween 1.6-2.5MHz and bandwidth ranges from 5-20MHz.It supports High
speed Broadband Live streamingspeed Broadband Live streaming Video conferencingVideo conferencing Tele-medicineTele-medicine
Location-based services.Location-based services.
4. 3G Capabilities3G Capabilities
Voice quality comparable to the public switched telephone networkVoice quality comparable to the public switched telephone network
144 Kbps- user in high-speed motor vehicles.144 Kbps- user in high-speed motor vehicles.
384 Kbps- pedestrians standing or moving slowly over small areas.384 Kbps- pedestrians standing or moving slowly over small areas.
Up to 2 Mbps- fixed applications like stationary mode.Up to 2 Mbps- fixed applications like stationary mode.
Symmetrical/asymmetrical data transmission rates.Symmetrical/asymmetrical data transmission rates.
Support for both packet switched and circuit switched data servicesSupport for both packet switched and circuit switched data services
like Internet Protocol (IP) traffic and real time video.like Internet Protocol (IP) traffic and real time video.
It also provides high degree of connectivity and increasedIt also provides high degree of connectivity and increased
networking and most importantly the resistance to noise .networking and most importantly the resistance to noise .
The technology has in fact increased the bit rate thus enabling theThe technology has in fact increased the bit rate thus enabling the
service providers to provide high speed internet facilities, increasedservice providers to provide high speed internet facilities, increased
call volumes and host of the multimedia applications to theircall volumes and host of the multimedia applications to their
customers.customers.
All these services can be provided to the customers on the basis ofAll these services can be provided to the customers on the basis of
the amount of data they transmit and not on the time for which theythe amount of data they transmit and not on the time for which they
use the service thus making the services cheaper for us.use the service thus making the services cheaper for us.
5. WCDMA (Wideband Code Division MultipleWCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple
Access)Access)
W-CDMA is the radio access scheme used for third generationW-CDMA is the radio access scheme used for third generation
cellular systems which aims to ensure interoperability betweencellular systems which aims to ensure interoperability between
different 3G networksdifferent 3G networks
In WCDMA systems the CDMA air interface is combined withIn WCDMA systems the CDMA air interface is combined with
GSM based networksGSM based networks
In WCDMA, there are two different modes of operation possibleIn WCDMA, there are two different modes of operation possible
TDDTDD: In this duplex method, uplink and downlink transmissions: In this duplex method, uplink and downlink transmissions
are carried over the same frequency band by using synchronizedare carried over the same frequency band by using synchronized
time intervals. Thus time slots in a physical channel are dividedtime intervals. Thus time slots in a physical channel are divided
into transmission and reception part.into transmission and reception part.
FDDFDD: The uplink and downlink transmissions employ two: The uplink and downlink transmissions employ two
separated frequency bands for this duplex method. A pair ofseparated frequency bands for this duplex method. A pair of
frequency bands with specified separation is assigned for afrequency bands with specified separation is assigned for a
connection. Since different regions have different frequencyconnection. Since different regions have different frequency
allocation schemes, the capability to operate in either FDD orallocation schemes, the capability to operate in either FDD or
TDD mode allows for efficient utilization of the availableTDD mode allows for efficient utilization of the available
spectrum.spectrum.
7. W-CDMA Protocol StructureW-CDMA Protocol Structure
The 2 parts are the Core Network (CN) and Radio Access Network (RAN).The 2 parts are the Core Network (CN) and Radio Access Network (RAN).
The physical layer offers information transfer services to the MAC layer.The physical layer offers information transfer services to the MAC layer.
The MAC layer offers Data transfer to RLC and higher layers.The MAC layer offers Data transfer to RLC and higher layers.
The RLC layer offers the following services to the higher layersThe RLC layer offers the following services to the higher layers
Layer 2 connection establishment/release.Layer 2 connection establishment/release.
Transparent data transfer.Transparent data transfer.
Assured and un assured data transfer.Assured and un assured data transfer.
The RRC layer offers the core network the following services:The RRC layer offers the core network the following services:
General control service, used as an information broadcast service.General control service, used as an information broadcast service.
Notification service, which is used for paging & notification of a selectedNotification service, which is used for paging & notification of a selected
UE’s.UE’s.
Dedicated control service, which is used for establishment/release of aDedicated control service, which is used for establishment/release of a
connection & transfer of messages using the connection.connection & transfer of messages using the connection.
HAND OVER: Intra-mode, Inter-mode, Inter-system.HAND OVER: Intra-mode, Inter-mode, Inter-system.
POWER CONTROL: FastPOWER CONTROL: Fast Closed Loop PC, Inner Loop PC, Open loop pc.Closed Loop PC, Inner Loop PC, Open loop pc.
QoS (Quality of Service)QoS (Quality of Service):: The capability of a network to provide better serviceThe capability of a network to provide better service
to selected network traffic over various technologies.to selected network traffic over various technologies.
8. UMTSUMTS ((Universal Mobile Telecommunications System)Universal Mobile Telecommunications System)
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTSUniversal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS)) isis
one of the (3G) technologiesit is divided into 2 parts 1.TD-one of the (3G) technologiesit is divided into 2 parts 1.TD-
CDMA(alternative of W-CDMA) TD-SCDMA.CDMA(alternative of W-CDMA) TD-SCDMA. FrequenciesFrequencies
1885 - 2025 and 2110 - 2200 MHz were provided.1885 - 2025 and 2110 - 2200 MHz were provided.
9. A UMTS network consist of three interacting domains; CoreA UMTS network consist of three interacting domains; Core
Network (CN), UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkNetwork (CN), UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
(UTRAN) and UE(UTRAN) and UE..
Core network is to provide switching, routing and transit forCore network is to provide switching, routing and transit for
user traffic.user traffic.
The basic Core Network architecture for UMTS is based on GSMThe basic Core Network architecture for UMTS is based on GSM
network with GPRS.network with GPRS.
The Core Network is divided in circuit switched and packet switchedThe Core Network is divided in circuit switched and packet switched
domains. Circuit switched elements are MSC, GMSC, VLR. Packetdomains. Circuit switched elements are MSC, GMSC, VLR. Packet
switched elements are SGSN, GGSN.EIR, HLR, AUC,VLR are sharedswitched elements are SGSN, GGSN.EIR, HLR, AUC,VLR are shared
by both the domains.by both the domains.
The UTRAN provides the air interface access method for UserThe UTRAN provides the air interface access method for User
Equipment. Base Station is referred as Node-B and controlEquipment. Base Station is referred as Node-B and control
equipment for node -B is called Radio Network Controllerequipment for node -B is called Radio Network Controller
(RNC).(RNC).
Node-b performs air interface transmission, error handling,Node-b performs air interface transmission, error handling,
CDMA physical channel coding.CDMA physical channel coding.
RNC performs the following functions.RNC performs the following functions.
Radio Resource ControlRadio Resource Control
Admission ControlAdmission Control
Broadcast SignalingBroadcast Signaling
Channel AllocationChannel Allocation
10. CDMA2000CDMA2000
CDMA2000 (also known as IMT Multi Carrier) is a family ofCDMA2000 (also known as IMT Multi Carrier) is a family of
3G mobile technology standards, which use CDMA channel3G mobile technology standards, which use CDMA channel
access, to send voice, data, and signaling data between mobileaccess, to send voice, data, and signaling data between mobile
phones and cell sites.phones and cell sites.
It is a direct spread spectrum sequence design, also backwardIt is a direct spread spectrum sequence design, also backward
compatible with IS-95, uses 5 MHz bandwidth but it has notcompatible with IS-95, uses 5 MHz bandwidth but it has not
been designed to internetwork with GSM.been designed to internetwork with GSM.
CDMA2000 can support mobile data communications atCDMA2000 can support mobile data communications at
speeds ranging from 144 kbps to 2 mbps.speeds ranging from 144 kbps to 2 mbps.
The set of standards includes:The set of standards includes:
1X(60-100 kbps)1X(60-100 kbps)
1X EV-DO(2.4mbps)1X EV-DO(2.4mbps)
1X EV-DV(2mbps)1X EV-DV(2mbps)
CDMA2000 EV-DO Rev.A(140 kbps)CDMA2000 EV-DO Rev.A(140 kbps)
11. Fourth Generation (4G)Fourth Generation (4G)
4G refers to the fourth generation of cellular wireless standards.4G refers to the fourth generation of cellular wireless standards.
4G, which refers to all-IP packet switched networks, mobile ultra-4G, which refers to all-IP packet switched networks, mobile ultra-
broadband (gigabit speed) access and multi carrier transmissionbroadband (gigabit speed) access and multi carrier transmission..
An IMT-Advanced cellular systems have target peak data rates of up toAn IMT-Advanced cellular systems have target peak data rates of up to
approximately 100 MBPS for high mobility such as mobile access and upapproximately 100 MBPS for high mobility such as mobile access and up
to approximately 1 GBPS for low mobility such as nomadic/local wirelessto approximately 1 GBPS for low mobility such as nomadic/local wireless
access.access.
Scalable bandwidths up to at least 40 MHz should be provided.Scalable bandwidths up to at least 40 MHz should be provided. , but, but
currently applicable between 5-20MHz.currently applicable between 5-20MHz.
The 4G adoption of concatenated FEC (Forward Error Correction) willThe 4G adoption of concatenated FEC (Forward Error Correction) will
allow much larger data packets to be transmitted and at the same timeallow much larger data packets to be transmitted and at the same time
reduce the bit error rate. This will increase the overall data through-put.reduce the bit error rate. This will increase the overall data through-put.
In the context of 4G, IPv6 support is essential in order to support a largeIn the context of 4G, IPv6 support is essential in order to support a large
number of wireless-enabled devices. By increasing the number ofnumber of wireless-enabled devices. By increasing the number of
IPaddresses , IPv6 removes the need for Network AddressIPaddresses , IPv6 removes the need for Network Address
Translation(NAT), a method of sharing a limited number of addressesTranslation(NAT), a method of sharing a limited number of addresses
among a larger group of devices, and that is the reason to move towardamong a larger group of devices, and that is the reason to move toward
Ipv6.Ipv6.
4G provides support for Ubiquitous mobile access, Diverse user devices,4G provides support for Ubiquitous mobile access, Diverse user devices,
Autonomous networks.Autonomous networks.
12. Standards for 4GStandards for 4G
The existing 3G W-CDMA standard will be replaced in 4G byThe existing 3G W-CDMA standard will be replaced in 4G by
VSF-OFCDM and VSF-CDMA.VSF-OFCDM and VSF-CDMA.
VSF-OFCDM (Variable Spreading Factor OrthogonalVSF-OFCDM (Variable Spreading Factor Orthogonal
Frequency and code Division Multiplexing)Frequency and code Division Multiplexing)
VSF-OFCDM will have the power to enable transmission atVSF-OFCDM will have the power to enable transmission at
exceptional speeds of up to 100 Mbps outdoors and up toexceptional speeds of up to 100 Mbps outdoors and up to
1Gbps indoors.1Gbps indoors.
VSF-CDMA : (Variable Spreading Factor Code DivisionVSF-CDMA : (Variable Spreading Factor Code Division
Multiple Access)Multiple Access)
VSF-CDMA provides high-efficiency, high-speed packetVSF-CDMA provides high-efficiency, high-speed packet
transmissions for the uplink. Ttransmissions for the uplink. The peak throughput of greaterhe peak throughput of greater
than 100 Mbps and 20 Mbps is achieved by the implementedthan 100 Mbps and 20 Mbps is achieved by the implemented
base station and mobile station transceivers using the 100-base station and mobile station transceivers using the 100-
MHz and 40-MHz bandwidths in the uplink.MHz and 40-MHz bandwidths in the uplink.
13. Fifth Generation (5G)Fifth Generation (5G)
5th generation wireless systems is Future of mobile internet5th generation wireless systems is Future of mobile internet
accessaccess
Expected to be finalized between approximately 2011 andExpected to be finalized between approximately 2011 and
2013.2013.
Real wireless world with no more limitation with access andReal wireless world with no more limitation with access and
zone issueszone issues
Wearable devices with AI capabilitiesWearable devices with AI capabilities
Pervasive networks providing ubiquitous computing.Pervasive networks providing ubiquitous computing.
It is based on Beam Division Multiple Access (BDMA) andIt is based on Beam Division Multiple Access (BDMA) and
group cooperative relay techniques. IT is expected in terms ofgroup cooperative relay techniques. IT is expected in terms of
data streams, a 5th generation standard would have peakdata streams, a 5th generation standard would have peak
download and upload speeds of more than 1GBPSdownload and upload speeds of more than 1GBPS..
