Distributed computing deals with hardware and software systems containing more than one processing element or storage element, concurrent processes, or multiple programs, running under a loosely or tightly controlled regime. In distributed computing a program is split up into parts that run simultaneously on multiple computers communicating over a network. Distributed computing is a form of parallel computing, but parallel computing is most commonly used to describe program parts running simultaneously on multiple processors in the same computer. Both types of processing require dividing a program into parts that can run simultaneously, but distributed programs often must deal with heterogeneous environments, network links of varying latencies, and unpredictable failures in the network or the computers.

1. DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING Presented by Prashant Tiwari and ArchanaSahu

3. The entire BOINC averages over 1.5 PFLOPS as of March 15, 2009.

4. SETI@Home computes data averages more than 528 TFLOPS

5. Einstein@Home is crunching more than 150 TFLOPS

6. As of August 2008, GIMPS is sustaining 27 TFLOPS.The illustration Consider The Facts

7. DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING This What The Power of Distributed Computing Is. The illustration This What Distributed Computing Is.

8. OVERVIEW DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING 1 petaFLOPS = 10^15 flops or 1000 teraflops. No computer has achieved this performance yet. PETAFLoating point OPerations per Second One quadrillion floating point operations per second As of 2008, the fastest PC processors (quad-core) perform over 70 GFLOPS (Intel Core i7 965 XE) The illustration What is PetaFLOPS?

9. Introduction to DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING The Definition , The Concept, The Processes

10. DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING The Text Distributed computing deals with hardware and software systems containing more than one processing element or storage element, concurrent processes, or multiple programs, running under a loosely or tightly controlled regime. In distributed computing a program is split up into parts that run simultaneously on multiple computers communicating over a network. Distributed computing is a form of parallel computing Common Distributed Computing Model Introduction To Distributed Computing

11. The Elaboration DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING In distributed computing a program is split up into parts that run simultaneously on multiple computers communicating over a network The Elaboration PROBELEM INSTRUCTION SET TASK 2 T A S K 5 TASK 5 TASK 4 TASK 1 T 2 T4 T3 T5 T1 THE CONCEPT

12. DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING Consider If There Are n Systems Connected In A Network, Then We Can Split One Program Instruction Into n Different Tasks And Compute Them Concurrently. The illustration ReConsider The Facts

13. Why DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING ? Why we need Distributed Computing?

15. Silicon based (sequential) architectures reaching their limits in processing capabilities (clock speed) as they are constrained by.

16. Significant development in networking technology is paving a way for network-based cost-effective parallel computing.

17. The parallel processing technology is mature and is being exploited commercially.The Elaboration Need Of Distributed Computing

18. DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING S log2P P Speedup achieved by distributed computing Speedup = log2(no. of processors) The Elaboration Speedup Factor

19. Implementing DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING The Organization, The Architecture

20. DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING The Text Organizing the interaction between the computers that execute distributed computations is of prime importance. In order to be able to use the widest possible variety of computers, the protocol or communication channel should be universal. Software Portability Motivation Factor The human brain consists of a large number (more than a billion) of neural cells that process information. Each cell works like a simple processor and only the massive interaction between all cells and their parallel processing makes the brain's abilities possible. Implementing Distributed Computing

21. DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING There are many different types of distributed computing systems and many challenges to overcome in successfully designing one. The main goal of a distributed computing system is to connect users and resources in a transparent, open, and scalable way. Ideally this arrangement is drastically more fault tolerant and more powerful than many combinations of stand-alone computer systems. The Elaboration Implementing Distributed Computing

22. DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING The Elaboration Processor A Processor A Processor A MEM. Bus MEM. Bus MEM. Bus Memory System A Memory System A Memory System A Distributed Memory MIMD

23. Architectures of DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING Possible ways to Implement Distributed Computing

24. DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING Various hardware and software architectures are used for distributed computing. At a lower level, it is necessary to interconnect multiple CPUs with some sort of network, regardless of whether that network is printed onto a circuit board or made up of loosely-coupled devices and cables. At a higher level, it is necessary to interconnect processes running on those CPUs with some sort of communication system. The Text The Architectures

25. DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING Client-server — Smart client code contacts the server for data, then formats and displays it to the user. 3-tier architecture — Three tier systems move the client intelligence to a middle tier so that stateless clients can be used. Most web applications are 3-Tier. N-tier architecture — N-Tier refers typically to web applications which further forward their requests to other enterprise services. This type of application is the one most responsible for the success of application servers. Tightly coupled (clustered) — refers typically to a cluster of machines that closely work together, running a shared process in parallel. Peer-to-peer — architecture where there is no special machine or machines that provide a service or manage the network resources. Instead all responsibilities are uniformly divided among all machines, known as peers. Peers can serve both as clients and servers. The Elaboration The Architectures

26. DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING Distributed computing implements a kind of concurrency. It interrelates tightly with concurrent programming so much that they are sometimes not taught as distinct subjects. The Text The Concurrency

27. DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING Multiprocessor systems A multiprocessor system is simply a computer that has more than one CPU on its motherboard. Multicore Systems Intel CPUs from the late Pentium 4 era (Northwood and Prescott cores) employed a technology called Hyper-threading that allowed more than one thread (usually two) to run on the same CPU. Multicomputer Systems Computer Clusters A cluster consists of multiple stand-alone machines acting in parallel across a local high speed network. Grid computing A grid uses the resources of many separate computers, loosely connected by a network (usually the Internet), to solve large-scale computation problems. The Elaboration The Concurrency

28. Language that Use or make a distributed system and projects that been implemented Technical Issues

29. DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING The Text If not planned properly, a distributed system can decrease the overall reliability of computations if the unavailability of a node can cause disruption of the other nodes. Leslie Lamport famously quipped that: "A distributed system is one in which the failure of a computer you didn't even know existed can render your own computer unusable." Troubleshooting and diagnosing problems in a distributed system can also become more difficult, because the analysis may require connecting to remote nodes or inspecting communication between nodes. The Text Technical Issues

30. Language and Projects Language that Use or make a distributed system and projects that been implemented

31. DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING The Text Remote procedure calls distribute operating system commands over a network connection. Systems like CORBA, Microsoft DCOM, Java RMI and others, try to map object oriented design to the network. Loosely coupled systems communicate through intermediate documents that are typically human readable (e.g. XML, HTML, SGML, X.500, and EDI). The Text The Organization

33. Focused on simulations of protein folding to find disease cures and to understand biophysical systems.

35. Focused on analyzing radio-telescope data to find evidence of intelligent signals from space

36. SETI@Home computes data averages more than 528 TFLOPSReConsider The Facts

37. DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING ReConsider The Facts

38. Conclusion And Summary Implemented Distributed Computing

40. Threads concept utilized everywhere.

41. Clusters have emerged as popular data centers and processing engine:

42. E.g., Google search engine.

43. The emergence of commodity high-performance CPU, networks, and OSs have made parallel computing applicable to enterprise applications.

44. E.g., Oracle {9i,10g} database on Clusters/Grids.The Text The Organization

45. DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING Questions ? Thank You For Listening Any Questions ?