history of animation

2. What is Animation??
simple!!
moving pictures… no…pictures r not
moving…they r
still…!!!
then…what??
its jst an illusion
of movement…
how??

3. Animation
• A simulation of movement created by
displaying series of pictures or frames at a
rapid speed.
• Generated from word ‘anime’ which means
life.
• ‘To animate’ means to bring to life.

4. Animation
• Animation on computers is one of the chief
ingredients of multimedia presentations.
• Video takes continuous motion and breaks it
up into discrete frames, whereas animation
starts with independent pictures and puts
them together to form the illusion of
continuous motion.

5. Animation-an illusion!!
First you should understand the
principles of how the eye interprets
the changes it sees as motion.

6. Persistence of vision
 Given by Peter Roget in 1824.
 It states that an object seen by the human
eye remains chemically mapped on the eye’s
retina for a brief time after viewing.
 The fractional skips between images are not
noticed because the persistence fills in the
momentary gap.
 This makes it possible for a series of images
that are changed very slightly and very
rapidly, one after the other, seem like
continuous motion.

7. How it works??
These six frames when
displayed at a speed of
10 frames per second
creates an illusion of
motion(bouncing of
ball).

9. The earliest example existed 4000 years ago in Persia
Thaumatrope(1827) phenakistoscope

10. (Early 1900s-late 1920s)
•Cartoonist Emile Cohl experimented with stop motion animation
•The first animated film created- "Humorous Phases of Funny Faces“ by
Stuart Blackton.
•The first animated character in animation history, Gertie the Dinosaur.
She was created by Winsor McCay in 1914.
•Earl Hurd patented the cel technique in 1914.

11. (Late 1920s-late 1950s)
•First animated film with synchronized sound was Steamboat
Willie in 1928 by Walt Disney.
•Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs in 1937 by Walt Disney was
the first full length animated film in color.
•Memorable characters- Mickey Mouse, Bugs Bunny, Donald
Duck, Daffy Duck, Popeye, Woody Woodpecker,
Mighty Mouse, Tom And Jerry, and
a popular adaptation of Superman.

12. Late 1950s-1980s
•During this time limited animation was the rule.
•Initially it was a way to stand out from Disney, but in very short
order it was recognized as a way to save time and money, too.
•cartoons moved to television.
•Animation quality was down.
•The failure of Disney's films seemed to spell the end of Disney's
animation

13. 1980s-2000s
•The return of animation to a point of artistic respect.
• Limited Animation was still the rule on television.
•Rebirth of Theatrical Feature.
•Computer animation
•Toy Story, produced by Walt Disney Productions and Pixar
Animation Studios, became the first full length feature film animated
entirely on computers when it was released in 1995.

14. Early 2000s-present
•Animations are generated using computers.
•Many softwares are available for this purposes.
•CGI and Flash animation are the rule.
•New techniques are used like – motion capture, algorithms, etc.

15. •Hand drawn Animation (cel animation)
•Stop motion Animation
-Cutout Animation
-Clay Animation
-Object Animation
-Puppet Animation
•Sand Animation
•Drawn on film Animation
•Computer Animation

16. Cel Animation: Cel stands for celluloid which is a clear sheet with
images drawn on them. It is transparent so that it can be laid over
other cels and/or a painted background, then photographed. It
includes the following steps:-
•Drawing and painting of Cels
•Filming of Cels
The processed film, vocal
tracks, music and sound tracks
are then synchronized and
edited together. The final film
is sent to the lab to make a film
project print.

17. •Cel animation or Hand drawn or traditional animation is the oldest
and historically the most popular form of animation. Cel animation
was invented by Winsor McCay in 1915.
•McCay first used cel animation to create the 25 minute film The
Sinking of the Luisitania which used over 25,000 drawings.
•Walt Disney also used this technique in Snow White and the Seven
Dwarfs in 1937 which marked the first time that traditionally
animated films began to be taken seriously.
•Cel animation is incredibly time consuming and requires incredible
organization and attention to detail.
Cntd…

18. •Stop motion animation is a frame-by-frame process in which real-world
objects are used.
•The objects are photographed, moved a bit then photographed
again. The camera used is a special camera known as Rostrum
camera.
This process is repeated for a number of times & then the photos
are patched together in order to create animation.
•There are many different types of stop-motion animation, usually
named after the type of media used to create the animation, these
include:
Cutout animation
Clay animation
Object animation
Puppet animation

19. •Cutout animation is a technique for
producing animations using flat
characters, props and backgrounds
cut from materials such as paper,
card, stiff fabric or
even photographs.
•The world's earliest known
animated feature films were cutout
animations.
•The first episode of South
park(American animated sitcom) was
made with paper cut outs.

20. •Also known as Claymation, is a form of Stop motion animation.
•In this form, each object is sculpted in clay or a similarly pliable
material such as Plasticine, usually around a wire skeleton called an
armature.

21. In sand animation, the animator is using sand on a flat
surface, usually made of either wood or backlit glass.
Once the single frame is complete, the animator captures it
on camera, then adjusts the sand art to the image for the
next frame in the animation.

22. •Animation without camera!!
•Drawn directly on either of
blank or black(already
developed) film reel.
•Black film can be
scratched, etched, sanded,
or punched.
•On blank film the artist can
draw, paint, stamp, or even
glue objects.

24. An animator’s job is to take a static image or object and
literally bring it to life by giving it movement and
personality. In computer animation, animators
use softwares to draw, model and animate objects and
characters in vast digital landscapes.
Computer animation consists of relative movement between
rigid bodies and possibly movement of the view point or
virtual camera.
There are two basic kinds of computer animation:
•Computer-assisted animation,
•Computer-generated animation.

25. The computer is used to make the animation process quicker
and easier.
It is typically 2-D.
•Objects are drawn either by hand or a computer
•Then the animations are computerized
•Then, keyframing and
•Tweening is done.
Functions like in-betweening and motion capture are examples
of computer-assisted animation

26. •Keyframing and Tweening is the process of generating in-between
frames from the user-specified key frames.
•Keyframes are the particular frames chosen by the
animators that describe the transformation of this object,
and that all other intermediate positions can be figured
out from these.
• Key frames can be computed
--at equal time intervals
--according to some other rules.
•The process of figuring out the frames in between two
keyframes is called "in-betweening" or simply "tweening“.

27. Example:
keyframes
tweening Final animation

28. •Its is 3-D i.e. objects and characters are modeled on a plane with
an X, Y and Z axis.
• here the animation is designed solely on the computer system.
•Keyframing and tweening are also done in this.

29. 2D animation 2D animation figures are created and/or edited on the
computer using 2D bitmap graphics or created and edited using 2D
Vector graphics. This includes automated computerized versions of
traditional animation techniques such as of tweening, morphing.

30. Digitally modeled and manipulated by an animator. To manipulate
a mesh, it is given a digital skeletal structure that can be used to
control the mesh. (rigging) Other techniques can be applied such
as mathematical functions, simulated fur or hair, fire/water
effect and the use of Motion Capture. Many 3D animations are
very believable and are commonly used as Visual Effects for
recent movies

31. To create a 3-D computer-generated object, you'll need
modeling software like Maya, 3ds Max or Blender. These programs
come loaded with a large number of basic 3-D shapes, called
primitives or prims, which are the building blocks of more complex
objects. For example, you could model a car by connecting cubes,
cylinders, pyramids and spheres of different shapes and sizes. Since
these are 3D objects, they're modeled on the X, Y and Z axes and
can be rotated and viewed from any angle.
•To create 2-D animation, you’ll need 2-D animation softwares like
Pencil, Toon Bomb Studio, Flash, etc.

32. •Development of ideas and story
--idea of animation
--characters and story
--scripts
•Create storyboard
•Voice actors to record sound
•Design the characters, locations, props
(The characters and props are modeled in 3-D or scanned
into the computers from clay models.)
•Blocking – placing the characters on the sets that brings the
virtual world to life.
•Keyframing and tweening
•Rendering - all of the digital information that the animators
have created -- character models, key frames, tweens,
textures, colors, sets, props, lighting, etc -- is assembled into
a single frame of film.

33. •Motion capture : Motion capture uses reflective dots that are
placed at an actor's joints. When he moves, a computer picks up
the dots and creates a model of the performance, which is stored
in the computer.
•Procedural techniques : to describe the motion algorithmically
or to express animation as a function of small number of
parameteres.

36. •Morphing is a special effect in animations that changes (or
morphs) one image into another through a seamless transition.
•Using morphing technique one image is gradually turned into
another.
•Morphing is done with similar objects; for example,
transforming one car model into another.
Morphed image

37. The Indian animation industry is currently at US $1.5
billion.
NASSCOM has projected a creation of an additional
300,000 jobs in this sector in next few years.
TASI – The Animation Society of India is one of main
society in Indian Animation industry.

38. Summary
•Animation process of creating images one at a time to be displayed rapidly in
sequence giving the illusion of movement.
•Persistence of vision blending together by the eye and brain of rapidly
displayed sequential images, giving the illusion of movement.
•Pioneers of animation include Winsor McCay of the United States and Emile
Cohl of France.